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 Red Capsicum and longitudinal section
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Capsicum is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to the Americas, where it was cultivated for thousands of years by the people of the tropical Americas, and is now cultivated worldwide. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The Solanaceae is a family of Flowering plants that contains a number of important agricultural plants as well as many toxic plants The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Some of the members of Capsicum are used as spices, vegetables, and medicines. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The fruit of Capsicum plants have a variety of names depending on place and type. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. They are commonly called chili pepper, capsicum, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in Britain, and typically just capsicum in Australia and Indian English. The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the Genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Australian English ( AuE, AusE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia. Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora The large mild form is called bell pepper in the US. "Green pepper" redirects here For green peppercorns see Black pepper. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. They are called paprika in some other countries (although paprika can also refer to the powdered spice made from various capsicum fruit). Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried sweet red or green Bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum)
The original Mexican term, chilli (now chile in Spanish) came from Nahuatl word chilli or xilli, referring to a huge Capsicum variety cultivated at least since 3000 BC, according to remains found in pottery from Puebla and Oaxaca[1]. Nahuatl ( is a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan or Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family Is a Mexican state located in the center east of the country to the east of Mexico City. The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), in Spanish phonemically /oa'xaka/ named for its largest city, is one of the
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Capsaicin
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For more details on this topic, see Capsaicin. Capsaicin /ˌkæpˈseˌɪsɪn/ (8- Methyl - N - Vanillyl -6-nonen Amide) is the active component of Chili peppers
The fruit of most species of Capsicum contains capsaicin (methyl vanillyl nonenamide), a lipophilic chemical that can produce a strong burning sensation in the mouth (and, if not properly digested, the anus) of the unaccustomed eater. Capsaicin /ˌkæpˈseˌɪsɪn/ (8- Methyl - N - Vanillyl -6-nonen Amide) is the active component of Chili peppers Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. Most mammals find this unpleasant; however, birds are unaffected[2][3]. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The secretion of capsaicin is an adaptation to protect the fruit from consumption by mammals while the bright colors attract birds that will spread the seeds. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The amount of capsaicin in Capsicums is highly variable and dependent on genetics, giving almost all types of Capsicums varied amounts of perceived heat. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is The only Capsicum without capsaicin is the bell pepper, a cultivar of Capsicum annuum, which has a zero rating on the Scoville scale. "Green pepper" redirects here For green peppercorns see Black pepper. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to Mexico. The Scoville scale is a measure of the hotness or piquancy of a Chili pepper. Chili peppers are of great importance in Native American medicine, and capsaicin is used in modern Western medicine — mainly in topical medications — as a circulatory stimulant and pain reliever. The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the Genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In Medicine, a topical Medication is applied to body surfaces such as the Skin or Mucous membranes for example the Vagina This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness
Although black pepper and Sichuan pepper cause similar burning sensations, they are caused by different substances—piperine and alpha-hydroxy-sanshool, respectively. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is the outer pod of the tiny Fruit of a number of species in the genus Zanthoxylum (most commonly Piperine is the Alkaloid responsible for the Pungency of Black pepper and Long pepper, along with Chavicine (an Isomer
Cuisine
Capsicum fruits and peppers can be eaten raw or cooked. The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the Genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade Those used in cooking are generally varieties of the C. annuum and C. frutescens species, though a few others are used as well. They are suitable for stuffing with fillings such as cheese, meat or rice.
They are also frequently used both chopped and raw in salads, or cooked in stir-fries or other mixed dishes. They can be sliced into strips and fried, roasted whole or in pieces, or chopped and incorporated into salsas or other sauces.
They can be preserved by drying, pickling or freezing. Dried peppers may be reconstituted whole, or processed into flakes or powders. Pickled or marinated peppers are frequently added to sandwiches or salads. Extracts can be made and incorporated into hot sauces.
According to Richard Pankhurst, C. frutescens (known as barbaré) was so important to the national cuisine of Ethiopia, at least as early as the 19th century, "that it was cultivated extensively in the warmer areas wherever the soil was suitable. ( Can't see the fonts? Ethiopian cuisine characteristically consists of spicy vegetable and meat dishes usually in the form of wot (With a hard 't' noise, a thick "[4] Although it was grown in every province, barbaré was especially extensive in Yejju, "which supplied much of Showa as well as other neighboring provinces. Shewa ( Ge'ez ሽዋ šawā, modern šewā also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia " He singles out the upper Golima river valley as being almost entirely devoted to the cultivation of this plant, where thousands of acres were devoted to the plant and it was harvested year round. [5]
In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the capsicum pepper to be Britain's 4th favourite culinary vegetable [6]. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Species and varieties
Capsicum contains approximately 20-27 species,[7] five of which are domesticated: C. The jalapeño ( Nahuatl: xalapeño ( or /ˌhæləˈpeɪnjoʊ/ Castilian, Mexican) is a medium to large size Chili pepper Peperoncini are a variety of the species Capsicum annuum, like Bell peppers and Chili peppers They are also known as Tuscan Peppers The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the Genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade The habanero chile ( Capsicum chinense Jacquin (sometimes incorrectly spelled "habañero" is one of the most intensely spicy species of Chili peppers This is a list of Capsicum varieties cultivars and breeds. The hotness of the fruit in this list is indicated in the Scoville scale, which ranges from no heat annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens . [8] Phylogenetic relationships between species were investigated using biogeographical,[9] morphological,[10] chemosystematic,[11] hybridization,[12] and genetic[7] data. Fruits of Capsicum can vary tremendously in color, shape, and size both between and within species, which has led to confusion over the relationships between taxa. [13] Chemosystematic studies helped distinguish the difference between varieties and species. For example, C. baccatum var. baccatum had the same flavonoids as C. baccatum var. pendulum, which led researchers to believe that the two groups belonged to the same species. [11]
Many varieties of the same species can be used in many different ways; for example, C. annuum includes the "bell pepper" variety, which is sold in both its immature green state and its red, yellow or orange ripe state. This same species has other varieties as well, such as the Anaheim chiles often used for stuffing, the dried Ancho chile used to make chili powder, the mild-to-hot Jalapeño, and the smoked, ripe Jalapeño, known as a Chipotle. Chili powder is a Generic name for any powdered Spice mix composed chiefly of Chili peppers, most commonly either red peppers or cayenne peppers The jalapeño ( Nahuatl: xalapeño ( or /ˌhæləˈpeɪnjoʊ/ Castilian, Mexican) is a medium to large size Chili pepper A chipotle (tʃɨˈpoʊtleɪ chee-POTE-lay; Spanish tʃiˈpotle) is a smoke-dried Jalapeño chili used primarily in Mexican,
Most of the capsaicin in a pungent (hot) pepper is concentrated in blisters on the epidermis of the interior ribs (septa) that divide the chambers of the fruit to which the seeds are attached. [14] A study on capsaicin production in fruits of C. chinense showed that capsaicinoids are produced only in the epidermal cells of the interlocular septa of pungent fruits, that blister formation only occurs as a result of capsaicinoid accumulation, and that pungency and blister formation are controlled by a single locus, Pun1, for which there exist at least two recessive alleles that result in non-pungency of C. chinense fruits. [15]
The amount capsaicin in hot peppers varies very significantly between varieties, and is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU). The Scoville scale is a measure of the hotness or piquancy of a Chili pepper.
Synonyms and common names
The name given to the Capsicum fruits varies between English-speaking countries. Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to Mexico.
In Australia, New Zealand and India, heatless species are called "capsicums" while hot ones are called "chilli/chillies" (double L). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pepperoncini are also known as "sweet capsicum". The term "bell peppers" is rarely used, and then usually in reference to C. annuum and other varieties which have a bell-shape and are fairly hot, they are more usually called "bell chillies".
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the heatless varieties are called "capsicums", "sweet peppers" or "peppers" (or "green peppers," "red peppers," etc) while the hot ones are "chilli/chillies" (double L) or "chilli peppers". The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.
In the United States and Canada, the common heatless species is referred to as "bell peppers," "sweet peppers," "red/green/etc peppers," or simply "peppers", while the hot species are collectively called "chile/chiles," "chili/chilies," or "chili/chile peppers" (one L only), "hot peppers", or named as a specific variety (e. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page g. , banana pepper). Peperoncini are a variety of the species Capsicum annuum, like Bell peppers and Chili peppers They are also known as Tuscan Peppers In many midwestern regions of the United States the Sweet Bell Pepper is commonly called a mango. Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting Trees in the Flowering plant family Anacardiaceae [1] With the modern advent of fresh tropical fruit importers exposing a wider latitude of individuals to the tropical fruit variety of the mango, this usage is becoming archaic. However many menus still call a stuffed bell pepper a mango.
The name "pepper" came into use because the plants were hot in the same sense as the condiment black pepper, Piper nigrum. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried Piper, the pepper plants or pepper vines (a term used for certain Clematis in older times are an economically and ecologically But there is no botanical relationship with this plant, nor with Sichuan Pepper. Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is the outer pod of the tiny Fruit of a number of species in the genus Zanthoxylum (most commonly
In Polish there is different confusion. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The term "papryka" is used for all kinds of capsicum peppers (the sweet vegetable, and the hot spicy) as well as for dried and grind spice made from them (named paprika in US-English). Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried sweet red or green Bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum) Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Also fruit and spice can be attributed as "papryka ostra" (hot pepper) or "papryka słodka" (sweet pepper). The term "pieprz" (pepper) instead means only grained or grind black pepper (incl. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried its green, white, and red forms) but not capsicum. Sometimes the hot capsicum spice is also called "chilli" (what is actually improperly spelled).
In Italy the sweet varieties are called "peperoni" and the hot varieties "peperoncini" (literally "small peppers"). Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In France and Canada, by the French Canadians, capsicum are called "poivron". This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In German and Dutch, confusingly, capsicum are called "paprika". The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried sweet red or green Bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum)
In Spanish-speaking countries there are many different names for each variety and preparation. In Mexico the term chile is used for "hot peppers" while the heatless varieties are called pimiento (the masculine form of the word for pepper which is pimienta). The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Several other countries, such as Chile, whose name is unrelated, Perú, and Argentina, use ají. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. In Spain, heatless varieties are called pimiento and hot varieties guindilla. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
In Indian English, the word "capsicum" is used exclusively for Capsicum annuum. All other varieties of hot capsicum are called chilli. In northern India and Pakistan, Capsicum annuum is also commonly called "Shimla Mirch" in the native languages. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Shimla incidentally is a popular hill-station in India (and "Mirch" means chilli in local languages). Shimla [ʃɪmla] ( Hindi: शिमला originally called Simla, is a city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh
Pictures of capsicum cultivars
 Capsicum annuum cultivars |
 A variety of coloured Capsicum |
 Pepperoncini (C. Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to Mexico. Peperoncini are a variety of the species Capsicum annuum, like Bell peppers and Chili peppers They are also known as Tuscan Peppers annuum) |
 Cayenne pepper (C. The Cayenne is a red hot Chili pepper used to flavor dishes and for medicinal purposes annuum) |
 Compact plant of orange Capsicum |
.jpg/120px-Habanero_chile_-_fruits_(aka).jpg) Habanero chili (C. The habanero chile ( Capsicum chinense Jacquin (sometimes incorrectly spelled "habañero" is one of the most intensely spicy species of Chili peppers chinense Jacquin)- plant with flower and fruit |
 Scotch bonnet (C. chinense) in a Caribbean market |
 Scotch bonnet (C. chinense) |
 Thai peppers (C. Thai pepper ( Thai: prik ki nu) refers to any of three cultivars of Chili pepper, found commonly in Thailand, and also in neighbouring countries Frutescens) |
 Fresh Indian Green chillies in a Bangalore market |
 Piri piri (C. African birdseye (or African devil or African red devil) is a Cultivar of the Chili pepper that grows both wild and domesticated frutescens 'African Devil') |
 Naga Jolokia pepper aka Bhut Jolokia (C. The Naga Jolokia (also known as Bhut Jolokia, Ghost Chili, Ghost Pepper, Naga Morich) is a Chili pepper that grows in Bangladesh chinense x C. frutescens) |
References
- ^ Gil-Jurado, A. T. , Il senso del chile e del piccante: dalla traduzione culturale alla rappresentazione visiva in (G. Manetti, ed. ), Semiofood: Communication and Culture of Meal, Centro Scientifico Editore, Torino, Italy, 2006:34-58
- ^ Mason, J. R. , Bean, N. J. , Shah, P. S. & Clark, L. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17,2539–2551 (1991)
- ^ Norman, D. M. , Mason, J. R. & Clark, L. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 104, 549–551 (1992).
- ^ Richard Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1968), p. 193.
- ^ Pankhurst, Economic History, p. 194.
- ^ "Onions come top for British palates", The Guardian, 2005-05-23. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.
- ^ a b Walsh, B. M. ; Hoot, S. B. (2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Capsicum (Solanaceae) Using DNA Sequences from Two Noncoding Regions: The Chloroplast atpB-rbcL Spacer Region and Nuclear waxy Introns". International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (6): 1409-1418. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Heiser Jr, C. B. ; Pickersgill, B. (1969). "Names for the Cultivated Capsicum Species (Solanaceae)". Taxon 18 (3): 277-283. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Tewksbury, J. J. ; Manchego, C. ; Haak, D. C. ; Levey, D. J. (2006). "Where did the Chili Get its Spice? Biogeography of Capsaicinoid Production in Ancestral Wild Chili Species". Journal of Chemical Ecology 32 (3): 547-564. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Eshbaugh, W. H. (1970). "A Biosystematic and Evolutionary Study of Capsicum baccatum (Solanaceae)". Brittonia 22 (1): 31-43. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ a b Ballard, R. E. ; McClure, J. W. ; Eshbaugh, W. H. ; Wilson, K. G. (1970). "A Chemosystematic Study of Selected Taxa of Capsicum". American Journal of Botany 57 (2): 225-233. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Pickersgill, B. (1971). "Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus capsicum)". Evolution 25 (4): 683-691. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Eshbaugh, W. H. (1975). "Genetic and Biochemical Systematic Studies of Chili Peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae)". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102 (6): 396-403. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Zamski, E. ; Shoham, O. ; Palevitch, D. ; Levy, A. (1987). "Ultrastructure of Capsaicinoid-Secreting Cells in Pungent and Nonpungent Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivars". Botanical Gazette 148 (1): 1-6. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Stewart Jr, C. ; Mazourek, M. ; Stellari, G. M. ; O'Connell, M. ; Jahn, M. (2007). "Genetic control of pungency in C. chinense via the Pun1 locus". Journal of Experimental Botany 58 (5): 979. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
External links
- Capsicum pepper factsheet as of 2002-06-10
- IBPGR (1985). Solanacaea. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy.
- Descriptors for Capsicum (Capsicum spp.)
- over 2000 different Names of Capsicum spp. (www. ethno-botanik. org)
- Chile growing guide
Dictionary
capsicum
-noun
- any of several tropical American plants, of the genus Capsicum, that are cultivated as edible peppers, known as 'pepper' since the 16th century but botanically completely distinct and from another continent; various names are used for one or more species, e.g. Cayenne or Guinea pepper, Jamaica pepper, paprika
- the spicy fruit of these plants, the bell peppers
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