Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Caprimulgiformes
Large-tailed Nightjar, Caprimulgus macrurus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
(unranked) Cypselomorphae
Order: Caprimulgiformes
Ridgway, 1881
Families

see text

The Caprimulgiformes is an order of birds that includes a number of birds with global distribution (except Antarctica). UserPolbot. -->The Large-tailed Nightjar ( Caprimulgus macrurus) is a species of Nightjar in the UserPolbot. -->The Large-tailed Nightjar ( Caprimulgus macrurus) is a species of Nightjar in the Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Cypselomorphae is a Clade of Birds It includes the living families and orders Caprimulgidae (nightjars nighthawks and allies This article is about the American ornithologist For the Virginia congressman lawyer and editor see Robert Ridgway (congressman. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. They are generally insectivorous and nocturnal. An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that consists chiefly of Insects and similar small creatures As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal The order gets its name from the Latin for "goat-sucker", an old name based on an erroneous view of the European Nightjar's feeding habits. The European Nightjar, or just Nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus, is the only representative of the Nightjar family of Birds in most of Europe

Contents

Systematics

The classification of the various birds that make up the order has long been controversial and difficult, particularly in the case of the nightjars. All things considered, the nightjar order would probably best be limited to potoos, nightjars, and eared-nightjars, all other lineages being elevated to order level, and the owlet-nightjars being altogether distant:

Traditionally, they were regarded, on morphological grounds, as being midway between the owls (Strigiformes) and the swifts. The frogmouths are a group of Nocturnal Birds related to the Nightjars They are found from India across southern Asia to The potoos are a family, Nyctibiidae of Near passerine Birds related to the Nightjars and Frogmouths They are sometimes This article is about the bird For the aircraft see Gloster Nightjar. Nighthawks are Birds of the Nightjar family in the New World subfamily Chordeilinae. This article is about the bird For the aircraft see Gloster Nightjar. The Eared-nightjars are a small family of Birds related to Nightjars. The Owls are an order of birds of prey. Most are Solitary, and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e The swifts are a family Apodidae, of highly aerial Birds They are superficially similar to Swallows but are actually not closely related to those Like the owls, they are nocturnal hunters with a highly developed sense of sight, and like the swifts they are excellent flyers with small, weak legs. At one time or another, they have allied with owls, swifts, kingfishers, hoopoes, mousebirds, hornbills, rollers, bee-eaters, woodpeckers, trogons and hummingbirds. Kingfishers are small bright colored Birds of the three families Alcedinidae ( River kingfishers, Halcyonidae ( Tree kingfishers, and Cerylidae ( Water The Hoopoe (ˈhuːpuː Upupa epops is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers The mousebirds are a small group of (possibly Near passerine) Birds which have no real close affinities to other groups though they and the parrots and cockatoos Hornbills ( family Bucerotidae) are a group of Birds characterized by a long down-curved bill sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible The rollers are an Old World family of Near passerine Birds related to the Kingfishers and Bee-eaters The group gets its name The bee-eaters are a group of Near passerine Birds in the family Meropidae The woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks are a family, Picidae, of Near-passerine Birds. The trogons and quetzals are Birds in the order Trogoniformes which contains only one family the Trogonidae. Hummingbirds are Birds in the family Trochilidae, and are endemic to the Americas.

Based on analysis of sequence data - notably β-fibrinogen intron 7 -, Fain & Houde (2004) considered the families of the Caprimulgiformes to be members of the proposed clade Metaves, which also includes the hoatzin, tropicbirds, sandgrouse, pigeons, kagu, sunbittern, mesites, flamingos, grebes and swifts and hummingbirds. A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a Protein involved in the clotting of blood Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence (IVS are DNA regions in a Gene that are not translated into The Hoatzin ( Opisthocomus hoazin) also known as the Hoactzin, Stinkbird, or Canje "Pheasant", is an unusual species Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic Seabirds There are three species in one Genus Phaethon Sandgrouse is also the name of the journal of the Ornithological Society of the Middle East - see Sandgrouse (journal The sandgrouse are a KAGU is a Classical music Radio station run by Gonzaga University in Spokane Washington. The Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias is a Bittern -like Bird of tropical regions of the Americas, and the sole member of the family The mesites ( Mesitornithidae) are a family of Birds of uncertain affinities Flamingos or flamingoes ( are gregarious Wading birds in the Genus Phoenicopterus and family Grebes are members of the Podicipediformes order, a widely distributed order of freshwater diving birds some of which visit the sea when migrating The swifts are a family Apodidae, of highly aerial Birds They are superficially similar to Swallows but are actually not closely related to those Hummingbirds are Birds in the family Trochilidae, and are endemic to the Americas. This clade was also found by the expanded study of Ericson et al. (2006), but support was extremely weak.

While only the latter study recovered monophyly of the Cypselomorphae (see below) within Metaves, the former was based on only a single locus and could not resolve their relationships according to standard criteria of statistical confidence. Cypselomorphae is a Clade of Birds It includes the living families and orders Caprimulgidae (nightjars nighthawks and allies No morphological synapomorphies have been found that uniquely unite Metaves (or Caprimulgiformes for that matter), but numerous unlinked nuclear genes independently support their monophyly either in majority or whole. In Evolutionary biology, a synapomorphy is a derived Character state shared by two or more terminal groups ( taxa included in a Cladistic analysis Ericson et al. (2006) concluded that if valid, the "Metaves" must originate quite some time before the Paleogene, and they reconciled this with the fossil record. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65

While the relationships of cypselomorphs are a subject of ongoing debate, the phylogeny of the individual lineages is better resolved. Much of the remaining uncertainty regards minor details.

Initial mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analysis (Mariaux & Braun 1996) agreed with earlier morphological (Cracraft 1981) and DNA-DNA hybridization (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) studies insofar as that the oilbird and the frogmouths seemed rather distinct. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. Cytochrome b/b6 is main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule DNA-DNA hybridization generally refers to a Molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences The other lineages appeared to form a clade, but this is now known to have been caused by methodological limitiations. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor

The Aegothelidae (owlet-nightjars) with about a dozen living species in one genus are apparently closer to the Apodiformes (Mayr 2002); these and the Caprimulgiformes are closely related, being grouped together as Cypselomorphae. Owlet-nightjars are small Nocturnal Birds related to the Nightjars and Frogmouths Most are native to New Guinea, but some species Cypselomorphae is a Clade of Birds It includes the living families and orders Caprimulgidae (nightjars nighthawks and allies The oilbird and the frogmouths seem quite distinct among the remaining Caprimulgiformes, but their exact placement cannot be resolved based on osteological data alone (Mary 2002).

Even the study of Ericson et al. could not properly resolve the oilbird's and frogmouths' relationships beyond the fact that they are quite certainly well distinct. It robustly supported, however, the idea that the owlet-nightjars should be considered closer to Caprimulgiformes, unlike the methodologically weaker studies of Mariaux & Braun (1996) and Fain & Houde (2004).

Alternatively, Mayr's phylogenetic taxon Cypselomorphae might be placed at order rank and substitute the two present orders Caprimulgiformes and Apodiformes. Phylogenetic nomenclature (PN is an alternative to rank-based nomenclature. Such a group would be fairly uninformative as regards its evolutionary history, as it has to include some very plesiomorphic and some extremely derived lineages (such as hummingbirds) to achieve monophyly. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry

Evolution

The fossil record of caprimulgiform birds (in the loose sense) is rather scant. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Nonetheless, it supports the emerging consensus phylogeny well. The genus Paraprefica, probably from the Early Eocene (though this is somewhat uncertain), seems to be a basal form that at times has been allied with the oilbird and the potoos, but cannot be assigned to either with certainty. The Ypresian is the first stage of the Eocene Epoch and usually corresponds to the Early Eocene subepoch though sometimes the Lutetian In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram In the consensus scenario, it would represent a record of the initial divergence of the three lineages.

This nicely agrees with fossils suggesting that the basal divergence of the owlet-nightjar and apodiform branch also occurred during that time. In addition, Eocypselus, a Late Paleocene or Early Eocene genus of north-central Europe, cannot be assigned to any one cypselomorph lineage with certainty but appears to be some ancestral form. The Thanetian (also known as the Landenian or Heersian) is the last stage of the Paleocene Epoch, corresponding to the Late Paleocene The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in

These Paleogene birds strongly suggest that the 2 main extant lineages of cypselomorphs separated about 60-55 mya (Selandian-Thanetian), and that some time around the Lutetian-Bartonian boundary, some 40 mya, the common ancestors of Nyctibiidae, Caprimulgidae and Eurostopodidae diverged from those of oilbird and frogmouths. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". Selandian or Middle Paleocene is a stage of the Paleocene Epoch. The Thanetian (also known as the Landenian or Heersian) is the last stage of the Paleocene Epoch, corresponding to the Late Paleocene The Lutetian is a stage of the Eocene Epoch. It spans the time between 48 The Bartonian (also known as the Auversian) is a stage of the middle Eocene Epoch.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Apparently not a valid taxon (yet), and thus it must not be written without quotation marks.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic