Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Turkey
Type	Mixed
Criteria	i, iii, v, vii
Reference	357
Region†	Europe
Inscription history
Inscription	1985  (9th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

In ancient geography, Cappadocia or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya (from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía, which in turn is from the Persian: Katpatuka meaning "the land of beautiful horses"^[1]), was the name of an extensive inland district of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). Göreme ( Greek: Κόραμα ("Korama" located among the " Fairy chimney " Rock formations is a town in Cappadocia A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This article explores the History of Geography. Ancient geography See also Ancient Greek geography Ancient Greeks environment Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The name continued to be used in western sources and in the Christian tradition throughout history and is still widely used as an international tourism concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders characterized by fairy chimneys and a unique historical and cultural heritage. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of archaeological and historical sites and on Seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean A fairy chimney is a conical Rock formation, typically found in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. The History of Anatolia encompasses the region known as Anatolia ( Turkish Anadolu) known by the Latin name of Asia Minor, considered to be The culture of Turkey is diverse combining elements derived from Ottoman, European and Middle Eastern traditions The term, as used in tourism, roughly corresponds to present-day Nevşehir Province of Turkey. Nevşehir is a province in central Turkey with its capital in Nevşehir.

It is impossible to define Cappadocia's limits with any real accuracy. In the time of Herodotus, the Cappadocians are supposed to have occupied the whole region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine (Black Sea). Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded in the south by the chain of Mount Taurus, to the east by the Euphrates, to the north by Pontus, and to the west vaguely by the great salt lake, Lake Tuz, in Central Anatolia. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Lake Tuz ( Turkish: Tuz Gölü meaning Salt Lake is the second biggest Lake in Turkey, located in central Anatolian region 105 km But Strabo, the only ancient author who gives any circumstantial account of the country, greatly exaggerated its dimensions. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. It is now believed that 400 km (249 mi) east-west by 200 km (124 mi) north-south is a more realistic appraisal of Cappadocia's extension. ^[1]

Etymology

The earliest record of the name of Cappadocia dates from the late 6th century BC when it appears in the trilingual inscriptions of two early Achaemenid kings, Darius I and Xerxes, as one of the countries (Old Persian dahyu-) which are part of the Persian Empire. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of In these lists of countries the Old Persian name is Katpatuka, but it is clearly not a native Persian word. The Elamite and Akkadian language versions of the inscriptions contain a similar name from Akkadian katpa "side" (cf. Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. Heb katef) and a chief or ancestor's name, Tuka. ^[2]

Herodotus tells us that the name of the Cappadocians was applied to them by the Persians, while they were termed by the Greeks "Syrians" or "White Syrians" (Leucosyri). Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca One of the Cappadocian tribes he mentions are the Moschoi, associated by Flavius Josephus with the biblical figure Meshech, son of Japheth, "and the Mosocheni were founded by Mosoch; now they are Cappadocians". Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus In the Bible Meshech, משך, [ me'ʃek ], "price" or "precious" literally "a drawing up (getting" is named as a son of Japheth (ˈdʒeɪfɪθ Hebrew. יפת Greek Ιάφεθ, Iapheth, Latin Iafeth or Iapetus Arabic يافث AotJ I:6. Antiquities of the Jews ( Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the important Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about the Also see Ketubot 13:11 in the Mishna. A ketubah ( pl ketubot) is a Jewish Prenuptial agreement. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage. The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism

Cappadocia is also mentioned in the Biblical account given in the book of Acts 2:9, with the Cappadocians being named as one of the people groups hearing the Gospel account from Galileans in their own language on the day of Pentecost shortly after the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Acts 2:5 seems to suggest that the Cappadocians in this account were "God-fearing Jews". Jews {ref|name|§}} have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) for more than 2400 years See Acts of the Apostles. The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament.

Under the later kings of the Persian Empire they were divided into two satrapies, or governments, with one comprising the central and inland portion, to which the name of Cappadocia continued to be applied by Greek geographers, while the other was called Pontus. See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient This article explores the History of Geography. Ancient geography See also Ancient Greek geography Ancient Greeks environment Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges This division had already come about before the time of Xenophon. Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca As after the fall of the Persian government the two provinces continued to be separate, the distinction was perpetuated, and the name Cappadocia came to be restricted to the inland province (sometimes called Great Cappadocia), which alone will be the focus of this article.

The kingdom of Cappadocia was still in existence in the time of Strabo as a nominally independent state. Cilicia was the name given to the district in which Caesarea, the capital of the whole country, was situated. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Kayseri ( Ottoman Turkish:قیصریه Greek: Καισάρεια / Kaisareia: Latin: Caesarea Mazaca Zazaish The only two cities of Cappadocia considered by Strabo to deserve that appellation were Caesarea (originally known as Mazaca) and Tyana, not far from the foot of the Taurus. For the Genus of nolid Moths see Tyana (moth. Tyana (or Tyanna) was an ancient city of Anatolia

History

Fairy chimneys in Cappadocia

Location of Cappodocia (in the east)

Photo of a 15th-century map showing "Capadocia"

A rock-cut temple in Cappadocia

Uçhisar Hill and Castle, the highest point in Cappadocia, is in the triangle between the cities of Nevşehir, Ürgüp and Avanos. Rock-cut architecture is the practice of creating buildings by carving natural rock. Nevşehir, formerly Muşkara, ancient Nyssa, is a city and the capital district of Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia Ürgüp ( Greek: Προκόπιο / Prokópio or Προκόπι / Prokópi Burgut Kalesi) is a town and district of Nevşehir Province Avanos is a town and district of Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, located north of Nevşehir, the capital city

See also: Cappadocia (satrapy)

Cappadocia was known as Hatti in the late Bronze Age, and was the homeland of the Hittite power centred at Hattusa. Cappadocia (from Old Persian Katpatuka) was a Satrapy (province of the Achaemenid Empire used by the Achaemenids to administer the regions beyond The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Hattusa (URU Ḫa-at-tu-ša 𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 Unicode cuneiform article to display these cuneiform characters--> After the fall of the Hittite Empire, with the decline of the Syro-Cappadocians (Mushki) after their defeat by the Lydian king Croesus in the 6th century, Cappadocia was left in the power of a sort of feudal aristocracy, dwelling in strong castles and keeping the peasants in a servile condition, which later made them apt for foreign slavery. The Mushki ( Muški) were an Iron Age people of Anatolia, known from Assyrian sources Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy This article refers to the historical King of Lydia For the opera by Reinhard Keiser, see Croesus (opera. It was included in the third Persian satrapy in the division established by Darius, but long continued to be governed by rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country and all more or less tributary to the Great King. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Great King and the equivalent in many languages is a semantic model for historical titles of Monarchs suggesting an elevated status among the host of Kings and minor

After bringing the Persian Empire to an end, Alexander the Great met with great resistance in Cappadocia. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' He tried to rule the area through one of his commanders named Sabictus, but the ruling classes and people resisted and declared Ariarathes, a Persian aristocrat, as king. This sent a message to Alexander that not all Persians would submit to his rule. Ariarthes I (332 - 322 BC) was a successful ruler, and extended the borders of the Cappadocian Kingdom as far as the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The kingdom of Cappadocia lived in peace until the death of Alexander, when the kingdom fell, in the general partition of the empire, to Eumenes. Eumenes of Cardia ( Greek: Ευμένης ca 362 BC—316 BC was a Greek general and scholar His claims were made good in 322 BC by the regent Perdiccas, who crucified Ariarathes; but in the dissensions which brought about Eumenes's death, the son of Ariarathes recovered his inheritance and left it to a line of successors, who mostly bore the name of the founder of the dynasty. Perdiccas ( Greek: Περδίκας, Perdikas; died 321 BC or 320 BC was one of Alexander the Great 's generals This page lists Kings of Cappadocia, an ancient Kingdom in central Anatolia.

Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon. Ariarathes IV Eusebes (in Greek Aριαράθης Eυσεβής; reigned 220&ndash163 BC son of the king of Cappadocia Ariarathes III The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Antiochus III the Great, ( Greek; ca 241&ndash187 BC ruled 222&ndash187 BC younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus Perseus ( Greek Περσεύς) (ca 212 BC - 166 BC) was the last king ( Basileus) of the Antigonid dynasty Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most The kings henceforward threw in their lot with the Republic as against the Seleucids, to whom they had been from time to time tributary. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Ariarathes V marched with the Roman proconsul Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated (130 BC). Ariarathes V Eusebes Philopator (in Greek Aριαράθης Eυσεβής Φιλoπάτωρ; reigned 163&ndash130 BC or 126 BC was son of the preceding king Ancient Rome In the Roman Republic, a proconsul was a Promagistrate (like a Propraetor) who after serving as Consul, spent a year Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus (born c 180 BC died 130 BC was the son by blood of Publius Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 175 BC and brother of Publius Mucius Eumenes III (originally named Aristonicus, in Greek Aristonikos) was the pretender to the throne of Pergamon. The imbroglio which followed his death ultimately led to interference by the rising power of Pontus and the intrigues and wars which ended in the failure of the dynasty. Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges

The Cappadocians, supported by Rome against Mithridates VI of Pontus, elected a native lord, Ariobarzanes, to succeed (93 BC); but in the same year Armenian troops under Tigranes the Great (Tigran) entered Cappadocia, dethroned king Ariobarzanes and crowned Gordios as the new client-king of Cappadocia, thus creating a buffer zone against the encroaching Romans. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates Ariobarzanes I, named Philiromaios ( Greek lover of Rome) was the king of Cappadocia from 95 BCE to ca This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BCE. Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs ^[3] It was not until Rome had deposed the Pontic and Armenian kings that the rule of Ariobarzanes was established (63 BC). In the civil wars Cappadocia was now for Pompey, now for Caesar, now for Antony, now against him. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark The Ariobarzanes dynasty came to an end and a certain Archelaus reigned in its stead, by favour first of Antony and then of Octavian, and maintained tributary independence until AD 17, when the emperor Tiberius, on Archelaus' death in disgrace, reduced Cappadocia at last to a Roman province. Archelaus IV (in Greek ο Αρχέλαος, flourished 1st century BC & 1st century died 17 was the last King of Cappadocia. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Much later it was a region of the Byzantine Empire.

Cappadocia contains several underground cities (see Kaymaklı Underground City), largely used by early Christians as hiding places before they became a legitimate religion. An underground city is a network of Tunnels that connect buildings beneath street level Kaymaklı Underground City is contained within the citadel of Kaymaklı Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c The Cappadocian Fathers of the 4th century were integral to much of early Christian philosophy. The Cappadocians (or Cappadocian philosophers, Cappadocian Fathers) are significant figures in the history of the Church Fathers, who significantly It also produced, among other people, another Patriarch of Constantinople, John of Cappadocia, who held office 517–520. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. John or Joannes II, surnamed Cappadox or Cappadocia, less commonly known as John the Cappadocian, Patriarch of Constantinople, (518 For most of the Byzantine era it remained relatively undisturbed by the conflicts in the area, first with the Sassanid Empire and later against the Islamic expansion led by Arabs. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Cappadocia shared an always changing relation with the neighbouring Armenia, by that time a region of the Empire. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Arab historian Abu Al Faraj purports the following about Armenian settlers in Sivas, during the 10th century: "Sivas, in Cappadocia, was dominated by the Armenians and their numbers became so many that they became vital members of the imperial armies. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Abu al-Faraj may refer to Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Arab scholar of the tribe of the Quraysh and a direct descendant of the last of the Umayyad caliphs Marwan II The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian These Armenians were used as watch-posts in strong fortresses, taken from the Arabs. They distinguished themselves as experienced infantry soldiers in the imperial army and were constantly fighting with outstanding courage and success by the side of the Romans in other words Byzantine". ^[4] As a result of the Byzantine military campaigns, the Armenians spread into Cappadocia and eastward from Cilicia into the mountainous areas of northern Syria and Mesopotamia. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding This immigration was increased further after the decline of the local imperial power and the establishment of the Crusader States following the 4th Crusade. The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Cappadocia became part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, a state formed in the 12th century by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia and a close ally of the Crusaders. Seljuk ( Arabic: السلاجقة Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks

Following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, various Turkish clans under the leadership of the Seljuks began settling in Anatolia. The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26 1071 near Manzikert The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black With the rise of Turkish power in Anatolia, Cappadocia slowly became tributary to the Turkish states that were established to the east and to the west, and some of the population converted to Islam. By the end of the early 12th century, Anatolian Seljuks had established their sole dominance over the region. With the decline and the fall of the Konya-based Seljuks in the second half of the 13th century, they were gradually replaced by the Karaman-based Beylik of Karamanoğlu, who themselves were gradually succeeded by the Ottoman Empire over the course of the 15th century. Konya ( قونیه; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium ( Latin For the village in Azerbaijan see Qaraman. Karaman (formerly Larende) is a town in south central Turkey, located north Beylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu ( Karamanoğulları in Turkish plural also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Cappadocia remained part of the Ottoman Empire for the centuries to come, and remains now part of the modern state of Turkey. The Republic of Turkey is the Successor state of the Ottoman Empire, created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the A fundamental change occurred in between when a new urban center, Nevşehir, was founded in the early 18th century by a grand vizier who was a native of the locality (Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha), to serve as regional capital, a role the city continues to assume to this day. Nevşehir, formerly Muşkara, ancient Nyssa, is a city and the capital district of Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia Grand Vizier, in Turkish Sadr-ı Azam ( Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha (??? &ndash October 16, 1730) was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire during the Tulip Era.

In the meantime many former Cappadocians had shifted to a Turkish dialect (written in Greek alphabet, Karamanlıca), and where the Greek language was maintained (Sille, villages near Kayseri, Pharasa town and other nearby villages), it became heavily influenced by the surrounding Turkish. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This dialect of Greek is known as Cappadocian Greek. Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey Following the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the language is now only spoken by a handful of the former population's descendants in modern Greece. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Modern tourism

The area is a famous and popular tourist destination, as it has many areas with unique geological, historic and cultural features.

The region is southwest of the major city Kayseri, which has airline and railroad service to Ankara and Istanbul. Kayseri ( Ottoman Turkish:قیصریه Greek: Καισάρεια / Kaisareia: Latin: Caesarea Mazaca Zazaish An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license Turkish Republic State Railways (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları or TCDD) is the state corporation that operates the public Railway system in Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey

The Cappadocia region is largely underlain by sedimentary rocks formed in lakes and streams, and ignimbrite deposits erupted from ancient volcanoes approximately 9 to 3 million years ago (late Miocene to Pliocene epochs). Ignimbrite is a Volcanic Pyroclastic rock often of Dacitic or Rhyolitic composition The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The rocks of Cappadocia near Göreme eroded into hundreds of spectacular pillars and minaret-like forms. Göreme ( Greek: Κόραμα ("Korama" located among the " Fairy chimney " Rock formations is a town in Cappadocia For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة The volcanic deposits are soft rocks that the people of the villages at the heart of the Cappadocia Region carved out to form houses, churches, monasteries. Göreme became a monastic center between 300-1200 AD. First period settlement in Göreme reaches to the Roman period from Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Yusuf Koç, Ortahane, Durmus Kadir and Bezirhane churches in Göreme, houses and churches carved into rocks till to Uzundere, Bağıldere and Zemi Valley carries the mystical side of history today. The Göreme Open Air Museum is the most visited site of the monastic communities in Cappadocia and is one of the most famous sites in central Turkey. It is a complex comprising more than 30 rock-carved churches and chapels containing some superb frescoes, dating from the 9th to the 11th centuries. A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or

Mesothelioma

In 1975 a study from three small villages in central Cappadocia—Tuzköy, Karain and Sarhdr—found that mesothelioma cases caused 50% of all deaths. Mesothelioma is a form of Cancer that is almost always caused by previous exposure to Asbestos. Initially, this was attributed to erionite, a mineral with similar properties to asbestos, but detailed epidemiological investigation demonstrated that the substance causes the disease mostly in families with a genetic predisposition to mineral fiber carcinogenesis. Zeolites (Greek zein, "to boil" lithos, "a stone" are hydrated Aluminosilicate Minerals and have a micro-porous structure Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective The studies are being extended to other parts of the region. ^[5][6]

Cappadocians in popular culture

• In The Simpsons episode "Brother from Another Series", the character Sideshow Bob grudgingly acknowledges the Cappadocians as the only "civilization in history [that] considered 'chief hydrological engineer' a calling". " Brother from Another Series " is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season and originally aired February 23 1997 Robert Underdunk Terwilliger, better known by his stage name Sideshow Bob, is a recurring character in the animated television series The Simpsons This referred to the Cappadocians being famous for underground cities, although not specifically dams. ^[7]

• Dama the Cappadocian merchant is a major character in several early heroic fantasy stories set around the third century A. D. written by David Drake, Latin scholar and science fiction and fantasy author. David Drake (born September 24, 1945) is an author of Science fiction and Fantasy literature The physical and temporal locale was a Roman frontier society in Asia Minor exposed to new conflicts with Christianity and continuing old conflicts with bandits and Persian invaders, where a merchant could experience exotic cultures and find occasion to demonstrate some skill with personal arms. ^[8]

• Wu tang Affiliate Darryl Hill styles himself as "Cappadonna" in reference to this civilization and also goes by the pseudonym "Lebanon don" in reference to Lebanon being a part of this civilization. Cappadonna is an American Rapper, friend and affiliate of the Wu-Tang Clan, and has appeared on many of their albums as well as having a successful Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية

• In the popular role playing game series Vampire: The Masquerade, a fallen Clan of Vampires known as the Cappadocians played an integral part in the existence of the modern clan known as the Giovanni. Created by Mark Rein·Hagen, Vampire The Masquerade was the first of White Wolf Game Studio's World of Darkness live-action Created by Mark Rein·Hagen, Vampire The Masquerade was the first of White Wolf Game Studio's World of Darkness live-action Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living In White Wolf Game Studio 's Role-playing game Vampire the Masquerade, a clan (often spelled Clan, with capitalization is a group of vampires The Giovanni is a Fictional Clan of Vampires from White Wolf Game Studio 's Vampire The Masquerade Books and Their relation to Cappadocia seems to be only titular and possibly geographical.

• The Fairy Chimneys of Cappadocia are shown in the film The Stone Merchant.

• The Fairy Chimneys also appear in a short story featured in volume 28 of the manga series Red River. also known as Anatolia Story, is a historical Shōjo manga series made by Chie Shinohara.

• In the computer game Rome: Total War, by The Creative Assembly, one can recruit a heavy cavalry unit called Cappadocian Cavalry, a Cataphract unit, but with weaker defence and attack, in comparison with the other Cataphracts (for example, the Armenian Cataphract). Rome Total War (often abbreviated to RTW or Rome) is a critically acclaimed Strategy game composed of both Turn-based Creative Assembly (officially The Creative Assembly Ltd) is a British Video game developer established on 28 August 1987 A cataphract was a form of Heavy cavalry used by nomadic eastern Iranian tribes and dynasties and later Ancient Greeks and Romans.

• Electronic musicians Autechre feature the Cappadocians on the cover of their second album, Amber. Autechre are an English Electronic music group consisting of Rob Brown and Sean Booth both natives of Rochdale, England. Amber, released by Warp Records in 1994, is the second full-length Album by the Electronic music group Autechre.

• In "The Last Days of Judas Iscariot" by Stephen Adly Guirgis, Satan appears to a drunk Judas claiming to be "Clementine from Cappadocia" which Judas mistakenly calls "Cappa-douche-ah" and belives it to be in Egypt.

Media

See also

• Ürgüp
• Mokissos
• Tourism in Turkey
• Cappadocia under the Achaemenids
• List of traditional Greek place names
• Cappadocian Fathers

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Ürgüp ( Greek: Προκόπιο / Prokópio or Προκόπι / Prokópi Burgut Kalesi) is a town and district of Nevşehir Province Mokissos is the formal name for a now inactive Diocese of the Greek Orthodox Church. Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of archaeological and historical sites and on Seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Cappadocia (from Old Persian Katpatuka) was a Satrapy (province of the Achaemenid Empire used by the Achaemenids to administer the regions beyond This is a list of Greek place names. That is a list of the names of places as they exist in the Greek language. The Cappadocians (or Cappadocian philosophers, Cappadocian Fathers) are significant figures in the history of the Church Fathers, who significantly The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• Cappadocia on Livius
• Aksaray Governor's Office

Coordinates: 38°40′14″N 34°50′21″E / 38.67056, 34.83917