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Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was abolished for murder in 1965. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The debate about Capital punishment, colloquially known as the death penalty, is highly controversial Most major world religions take an ambiguous position on the morality of Capital punishment. Wrongful execution is a Miscarriage of justice occurring when an innocent person is put to death by Capital punishment, the "death penalty Capital punishment was last used in Australia in 1967, when Ronald Ryan was hanged in Victoria, he was the last Capital punishment in Brazil was last used in 1861 and has not been officially used since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889. The only method used in Canada for Capital punishment was Hanging. The People's Republic of China currently uses Capital punishment for many crimes from Tax evasion and Political corruption to The death penalty has been totally abolished in almost all European countries (47 out of 50 Capital punishment in France existed officially from the Middle Ages and was abolished in 1981 Capital punishment in Germany has been abolished The current Constitution of Germany ("Grundgesetz" as adopted in 1949, does not allow Capital Capital punishment in India is legal but rareDuring the late 1900's, about 40 people were executed In Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the Death penalty was the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as of November 30, 1786, under the reign Capital punishment in Iraq was commonly used by the government of Saddam Hussein. Capital punishment is legal in Japan, with the only crimes for which this is the statutory punishment being Homicide and Treason. Capital punishment in Malaysia applies to Murder, Drug trafficking, Treason, and waging war against Yang di-Pertuan Agong Capital punishment in New Zealand first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British territory in 1840 and was first employed in in 1842 Capital punishment was legal in Pakistan since its inception till 2008 Capital punishment in the Philippines has a varied history and on June 24 2006, was abolished Both the legal and moral status of Capital punishment in Russia are currently controversial Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in Singapore. Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in the Republic of China ( Taiwan) Capital punishment of a Felon in the United States, in modern times is employed and in practice only in cases involving murder Methods of capital punishment Methods of execution used to carry out Capital punishment have varied over time and include Burning, especially Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal Execution by electrocution (usually referred to after its method of implementation as the Electric Chair) is an execution method originating in the United States in which the Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Execution by shooting is a form of Capital punishment whereby an executed person is shot by one or more Firearms It is the most common method of execution Methods of capital punishment Methods of execution used to carry out Capital punishment have varied over time and include Burning, especially Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Although never applied, it remained on the statute book for cetain other offences until 1998.

Contents

Origins in English law

Hanging by the neck until dead as form of capital punishment was introduced to England by the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th century. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. By the 10th century it had become a common method of execution. William I of England decreed that hanging should only be used for conspirators or in times of war and ordered that criminals should instead be blinded and emasculated. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria was the only lord to be formally executed during his reign. William Rufus re-introduced hanging but only for those found guilty of poaching royal deer. William II (c 1056 &ndash 2 August 1100) the third son of William I of England (William the Conqueror was King of England from 1087 He too is known to have executed only a single aristocrat, William of Aldrie. William of Aldrie was a first generation Anglo-Norman and rebel Henry I brought hanging back as the main means of execution for many crimes. Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman William Fitz Osbern was the first recorded execution at Tyburn in 1196. William Fitz Osbern (died 1196 was a citizen of London who took up the role of the advocate of the poor in a popular uprising in the spring of 1196 History The village was one of two manors of the Parish of St Marylebone, which was itself named after the stream St Marylebone being The hanging tree (near present-day Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park) became notorious. A Speakers' Corner is an area where Public speaking is allowed Hyde Park is one of the largest Parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner

Under the reign of Henry VIII some 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed by various methods including boiling, burning at the stake, decapitation and hanging, sometimes with the added punishment of drawing and quartering while still alive. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Boiling to death is a crude and torturous method of execution. Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason.

Sir Samuel Romilly speaking to the House of Commons on capital punishment in 1810, declared that "…[there is] no country on the face of the earth in which there [have] been so many different offences according to law to be punished with death as in England. Sir Samuel Romilly ( March 1, 1757 – November 2, 1818) was an English legal reformer The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland " Known as the "Bloody Code", at its height the criminal law included some 220 different crimes punishable by death. These crimes included such offences as "being in the company of Gypsies for one month", "strong evidence of malice in a child aged 7–14 years of age" and "blacking the face or using a disguise whilst committing a crime". Many of these offences had been introduced to protect the property of the wealthy classes that emerged during the first half of the eighteenth century; a notable example being the Black Act of 1723 which created fifty capital offences for various acts of theft and poaching. The Black Act (9 Geo 1 c 22 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1723 during the reign King George I of Great Britain in response

Whilst executions for murder, burglary and robbery were common, the death sentences of minor offenders were often not carried out. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. However, children were commonly executed for such minor crimes as stealing. A sentence of death could be commuted or respited (permanently postponed) for reasons such as benefit of clergy, official pardons, pregnancy of the offender or performance of military or naval duty[1] Between 1770 and 1830, 35,000 death sentences were handed down in England and Wales, but only 7,000 executions were carried out. In English law the benefit of clergy was originally a provision by which Clergymen could claim that they were outside the jurisdiction of the secular courts and be Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display [2]

Reform

In 1808 Romilly had the death penalty removed for pickpockets and lesser offenders, starting a process of reform that continued over the next 50 years. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Since the death penalty was mandatory (although it was frequently commuted by the government), the Judgement of Death Act 1823 gave judges the power to commute the death penalty for all capital crimes except treason and murder. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it The Judgement of Death Act 1823 (c48 repealed was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (although it did not apply to Scotland) In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries The Punishment of Death, etc. Act 1832 reduced the number of capital crimes by two-thirds. Gibbeting was abolished in 1832 and hanging in chains was abolished in 1834. A gibbet is any of several different devices used in the public execution of criminals and the deterrence of future crime In 1861, several acts of Parliament (24 & 25 Vict; c. 94 to c. 100) further reduced the number of civilian capital crimes to five: murder, treason, espionage, arson in royal dockyards, and piracy with violence; there were other offences under military law. In English law, murder is considered the most serious form of Homicide, in which one person kills another either intending to cause death or intending to Under British law high treason is the crime of disloyalty to the Sovereign amounting to an intention to undermine their authority or the actual attempt to do so Arson in royal dockyards was among the last offences that were punishable by execution in the United Kingdom. The Piracy Act 1837 (c88 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Military law is a distinct legal system to which members of Armed forces are subject The death penalty remained mandatory for treason and murder, unless commuted. A mandatory sentence is a court decision setting where Judicial discretion is limited by Law. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it

The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1864–66) concluded (with one dissenter) that there was not a case for abolition but did recommend an end to public executions and this proposal was included in the Capital Punishment (Amendment) Act 1868. The term Royal Commission may also be used in the United Kingdom to describe the group of Lords Commissioners who may act in the stead of the Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common From then executions on the island of Great Britain were carried out in prison. The practice of beheading and quartering executed traitors was stopped in 1870.

In 1885 John 'Babbacombe' Lee was convicted of murder and sentenced to hang though he maintained that he was innocent. On February 23 at Exeter prison, three attempts were made to carry out his execution, all of which failed (because when the gallows had been reassembled in the new shed the draw bar was misaligned by one eighth of an inch; thus one of the hinges of the trap caught on the bar and failed to drop - see Home Office documents on the affair). Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable As a result, Home Secretary Sir William Harcourt commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon Harcourt ( October 14, 1827 - October 1, 1904) was a British Lawyer, Journalist Lee continued to petition successive Home Secretaries and was finally released from gaol in 1907, having become notorious as the man they couldn't hang.

Juveniles under 16 could no longer be executed from 1908 with the Children's Charter. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Children Act 1908, also known as Children and Young Persons Act, was a piece of government legislation passed by the Liberal government as part of the British Liberal In 1922 a new offence of Infanticide was introduced to replace the charge of murder for mothers killing their children in the first year of life. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Infanticide Act is the name for a number of laws introduced into UK law ( England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) that recognised the special In 1930 a parliamentary Select Committee recommended that capital punishment be suspended for a trial period of five years, but no action was taken. See also Committee A Select Committee is a committee made up of a small number of parliamentary members appointed to deal with particular areas or issues From 1931 pregnant women could no longer be hanged (following the birth of their child), and in 1933 the minimum age for capital punishment was raised to 18 with the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Children and Young Persons Act 1932 broadened the powers of juvenile courts and introduced supervision orders for children at risk The last known execution of a person under 18 years of age was that of Charles Dobel, 17, hanged at Maidstone together with his accomplice William Gower, 18, in January 1889. Maidstone is the County town of Kent, England, south-east of London. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament. A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five-year suspension of the death penalty. When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed. It was revived after the war and to everyone's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons (245 in favour to 222 against). In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts over such an unpopular issue. The Parliament Acts are two Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed in 1911 and 1949 that form part of the Constitution of the United

Instead, the Home Secretary, James Chuter Ede, set up a new royal commission (the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, 1949–1953) with instructions to determine "whether the liability to suffer capital punishment should be limited or modified". The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office James Chuter Ede Baron Chuter-Ede, CH, PC ( September 11, 1882 &ndash November 11, 1965) was a British Labour The Commission's report discussed a number of alternatives to execution by hanging (including the US methods of electrocution and gassing, and the then-theoretical lethal injection), but rejected them. It had more difficulty with the principle of capital punishment. Popular opinion believed that the death penalty acted as a deterrent to criminals, but the statistics within the report were inconclusive on this issue. Whilst the report recommended abolition from an ethical standpoint, it made no mention of possible miscarriages of justice. It concluded that unless there was overwhelming public support in favour of abolition, the death penalty should be retained.

Between 1900 and 1949, 621 men and 11 women were executed in England and Wales. Thirteen German agents were executed during the Second World War. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Treachery Act 1940 was the only law in the twentieth century to create a new capital offence in civilian law. The Treachery Act 1940 (3 & 4 Geo VI c 40 was a British law created during World War II to prosecute and execute enemy spies.

By 1957 a number of controversial cases had highlighted the issue of capital punishment once again. Campaigners for abolition were partially rewarded with the Homicide Act 1957. The Homicide Act 1957 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (5 & 6 Eliz The Act brought in a distinction between capital and non-capital homicide. Only six categories of murder were now punishable by execution. They were:

The police and the government were of the opinion that the death penalty deterred offenders from carrying firearms and it was for this reason that such offences remained punishable by death.

Abolition

Murder

In 1965 the Labour MP Sydney Silverman, who had committed himself to the cause of abolition for more than 20 years, introduced a private member's bill, which was passed on a free vote in the House of Commons by 200 votes to 98. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the (Samuel Sydney Silverman ( 8 October 1895 - 9 February 1968) was a British Labour politician and opponent of Capital A Private Member's Bill is a proposed Law introduced by a backbench member of Parliament, whether from the government or the opposition side to that (A free vote, traditional for issues of conscience such as abortion and capital punishment, is one in which the political parties do not direct MPs how to vote. A conscience vote or free vote is a type of vote in a legislative body where legislators are each expected to vote according to their own personal conscience rather ) The bill was subsequently passed by the House of Lords by 204 votes to 104.

The Murder (Abolition of the Death Penalty) Act 1965 suspended the death penalty in England, Wales and Scotland (but not Northern Ireland) for murder for a period of five years, and substituted a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment; it further provided that if, before the expiry of the five-year suspension, each House of Parliament passed a resolution to make the effect of the Act permanent, then it would become permanent. Under English law, the Murder (Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1965 is a statute abolishing the Death penalty for Murder in the United Kingdom England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of A mandatory sentence is a court decision setting where Judicial discretion is limited by Law. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most In 1969 the Home Secretary, James Callaghan, proposed a motion to make the Act permanent, which was carried in the Commons on 18 December 1969, and a similar motion was carried in the Lords in the same month. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The death penalty for murder was abolished in Northern Ireland under the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973. The Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions Act 1973 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which abolished the death penalty for murder in Northern

After abolition of the death penalty for murder, die-hards began a tradition requiring the Commons to hold a free vote on a motion during each Parliament proposing the restoration of capital punishment. This motion was always defeated. However, the death penalty still survived for other crimes, namely:

  1. causing a fire or explosion in a naval dockyard, ship, magazine or warehouse (until 1971);
  2. espionage[3] (until 1981);
  3. piracy with violence (until 1998),
  4. treason (until 1998), and
  5. certain purely military offences under the jurisdiction of the armed forces, such as mutiny (until 1998). Arson in royal dockyards was among the last offences that were punishable by execution in the United Kingdom. In English law causing criminal damage was originally a Common law offence. The Piracy Act 1837 (c88 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament. Under British law high treason is the crime of disloyalty to the Sovereign amounting to an intention to undermine their authority or the actual attempt to do so The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament. The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces Mutiny is a conspiracy among members of a group of similarly-situated individuals (typically members of the Military; or the Crew of any ship even The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998 and mostly came into force [4]

However, no more executions were carried out under UK law.

Last executions

On 13 August 1964 at 9 a. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. m. Peter Anthony Allen, at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans, at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, were each executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year. Peter Anthony Allen ( 4 April 1943 &ndash 13 August 1964) was one of the two last people in the United Kingdom to be executed Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Gwynne Owen Evans ( 1 April 1940 &ndash 13 August 1964) (real name John Robson Walby or Welaby was 24 years old when he and his accomplice HM Prison Manchester is a Prison located in the city of Manchester, England, also known (now unofficially since it was renamed in the 1990s John Alan West (born 1911 died 7 April 1964) was a 53 year-old laundry van driver of Workington, Cumberland, England, murdered by Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor [5] These were the last executions in England and in the United Kingdom.

The last execution in Scotland was of 21 year old Henry John Burnett on 15 August 1963 in Craiginches Prison, Aberdeen, for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan. Henry John Burnett (1941/2 - executed August 15, 1963) was the last man to be Hanged in Scotland and the first in Aberdeen since Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. HMP Aberdeen (known as 'Craiginches is a prison located in the city of Aberdeen in Scotland, run by the Scottish Prison Service. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council

The last execution in Northern Ireland was of Robert McGladdery, 25, on 20 December 1961 in Crumlin Road Gaol, Belfast, for the murder of Pearl Gamble. Robert Andrew McGladdery (died December 20 1961) was the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. HMP Belfast, also known as Crumlin Road Gaol is a former Prison situated in north Belfast, Northern Ireland.

The last execution to take place in Wales was of murderer Vivian Teed, hanged in Swansea on 6 May 1958. Swansea ( Abertawe "mouth of the Tawe " is a city and county in Wales. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.

The last woman to be executed in the UK was Ruth Ellis on 13 July 1955. Ruth Ellis ( October 9 1927 — July 13 1955) was a British Murderess who was the last woman to receive the Death penalty Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar)

Last death sentences

The last person to be sentenced to death in the United Kingdom was William Holden in 1973 in Northern Ireland, for the capital murder of a British soldier during the Troubles. Holden was removed from the death cell in May 1973.

The last person sentenced to death in England was David Chapman, who was sentenced to hang in November 1965 for the capital murder of a swimming-pool night-watchman in Scarborough. Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. He was released from prison in 1979 and later died in a car accident.

The last person to be sentenced to death in Scotland was Patrick McCarron in 1964 for fatally shooting his wife. He hanged himself in prison in 1970.

The last person to be sentenced to death in Wales was Edgar Black, who was reprieved on 6 November 1963. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He had fatally shot his wife's lover in Cardiff. Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales.

Final abolition

The Criminal Damage Act 1971 abolished the offence of arson in royal dockyards. In English law causing criminal damage was originally a Common law offence. Arson in royal dockyards was among the last offences that were punishable by execution in the United Kingdom.

The Naval Discipline Act 1957 reduced the scope of capital espionage from "all spies for the enemy" to spies on naval ships or bases. The Naval Discipline Act 1957 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom governing Discipline in the Royal Navy. [6] Later, the Armed Forces Act 1981 abolished the death penalty for espionage. [2] (In 1911 the Official Secrets Act had created another offence of espionage which carried a maximum sentence of fourteen years. The Official Secrets Act is any of several Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the protection of official information mainly related to National )

Under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell, the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence, replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament. Peter Kingsley Archer Baron Archer of Sandwell, PC (born 20 November 1926) is a Labour Party member of the House of Lords. The Treason Act 1814 (citation 54 Geo III c 146 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which modified the penalty for Treason for male convicts The Piracy Act 1837 (c88 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These were the last civilian offences punishable with death.

On 20 May 1998 the House of Commons voted to ratify the 6th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibiting capital punishment except "in time of war or imminent threat of war. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the " The last remaining provisions for the death penalty under military jurisdiction (including in wartime) were removed when section 21(5) of the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 9 November 1998. The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998 and mostly came into force Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The UK later (10 October 2003; effective from 1 February 2004[7]) acceded to the 13th Protocol, which prohibits the death penalty under all circumstances,[8] so that the UK may no longer legislate to restore the death penalty while it is subject to the Convention. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

As a legacy from colonial times, several islands in the West Indies still had the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the court of final appeal; although the death penalty has been retained in these islands, the Privy Council would sometimes delay or deny executions. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest courts in the United Kingdom, established by the Judicial Committee Act 1833 In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision Some of these islands severed links with the British court system in 2001 in order to speed up executions. [9]

Crown dependencies

Further information: Capital punishment in the Isle of Man

Although not part of the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey are British Crown dependencies. The Isle of Man formally abolished Capital punishment in 1993 but in practice had not used it for many decades The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The Crown Dependencies are possessions of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United

In the Channel Islands, the last death sentence was passed in 1984; however, the last execution in the Channel Islands was in Jersey on 9 October 1959, when Francis Joseph Hutchet was hanged for murder. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [10] The Human Rights (Amendment) (Jersey) Order 2006[11] amends the Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000[12] to give effect to the 13th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights providing for the total abolition of the death penalty. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the Both of these laws came into effect on 10 December 2006. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The 13th Protocol was extended to Guernsey in April 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [13]

The last execution on the Isle of Man took place in 1872. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Nevertheless, capital punishment was not formally abolished by Tynwald (the island's parliament) until 1993. Tynwald (Tinvaal or more formally the High Court of Tynwald (Ard-whaiyl Tinvaal is the Bicameral Legislature of the Isle of Man. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) [14] Five persons were sentenced to death (for murder) on the Isle of Man between 1973 and 1992, although all sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. The last person to be sentenced to death in the UK or its dependancies was Anthony Teare, who was convicted at the Manx Court of General Gaol Delivery in Douglas in 1992; he was subsequently retried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1994. The High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man is governed by the High Court Act 1991 Douglas (Doolish is the capital of the Isle of Man and its largest town Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) [15] In 2004 the 13th Protocol was adopted,[16] with an effective date of 1 November 2006. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [17]

Notable executions

Note: This list does not include the beheadings of nobility.

See also

References

  1. ^ Punishments at the Old Bailey--Late 17th Century to Early 19th Century. Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war In English law, the Black Cap was worn by a judge when passing a sentence of death. The United Kingdom does not have a single unified Judicial system, but separate judicial systems serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern This is a list of people who have acted as official Executioners Algeria Austria Belgium The Shot at Dawn Memorial is a British Monument located at the National Memorial Arboretum near Alrewas, in Staffordshire, England The Old Bailey Proceedings Online (2003). Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
  2. ^ Gatrell, V. A. C. , The Hanging Tree, OUP, Oxford, 1994
  3. ^ Naval Discipline Act 1957, section 93; previously Naval Discipline Act (1866), section 6.
  4. ^ Statutelaw.gov.uk
  5. ^ Last executions in the UK
  6. ^ Naval Discipline Act 1957, section 93. [1]
  7. ^ Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment) Order 2004
  8. ^ 13th Protocol
  9. ^ Bowcott, Owen (2001). Caribbean severs link to privy council. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
  10. ^ http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/islands.html
  11. ^ Human Rights (Amendment) (Jersey) Order 2006
  12. ^ Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000
  13. ^ Report by the Bailiwick of Guernsey (page 5)
  14. ^ UN Human Rights report para. 46
  15. ^ http://firedrake.org/drpete/manx2.htm
  16. ^ Human Rights Act 2001 (13th Protocol) Order 2004
  17. ^ Human Rights Act 2001 (Appointed Day) (No. 2) Order 2006
  18. ^ Moles, Dr Robert N. ; Bibi Sangha. R v Mahmoud Hussein Mattan (Hanged) Court of Appeal 24 February 1998. Networked Knowledge. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.

External links

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