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Caphtor (Hebrew: כפתור) is a locality mentioned in the Book of Amos, 9. The Book of Amos is one of the books of the Nevi'im (Hebrew "prophets" and of the Christian Old Testament. 7: "Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir?. " It is named as the place of origin of the Caphtorites, said in Genesis 10:13-14 to descend from Ham's son Mizraim (Egypt). Caphtor (כפתור is a locality mentioned in the Book of Amos, 9 Mizraim (; cf Arabic مصر, Miṣr) is the Hebrew name for the land of Egypt, with the dual suffix -āyim, perhaps referring

The Aramaic Targums translate the name as "Caphutkia" that is Pelusium. A targum ( Hebrew: תרגום plural targumim, lit "translation interpretation" is an Aramaic Translation of the Hebrew Pelusium was a city in the eastern extremes of Egypt 's Nile Delta, 30 km to the southeast of the modern Port Said. This identification is also made by Benjamin of Tudela who wrote that "Damiata" (the name for Pelusium in his day) was Caphtor. Benjamin of Tudela (Binyamin MeTudela was a medieval Navarrese rabbi and explorer who traveled through Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 12th [1]. The Septuagint translates it as "Kappadokias" and similarly the Vulgate renders it as "Cappadocia" which are understood to refer to the same location. The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Nevertheless, the seventeenth-century scholar Samuel Bochart[2] understood these to be references to Cappadocia in Anatolia. Samuel Bochart ( Rouen, 30 May 1599 - Caen, 16 May 1667) was a French Protestant biblical scholar a student of Thomas Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: Modern commentators and translators commonly identify it with Crete (Hertz 1936) although it has also been linked to Cyprus, and the nearby coasts of Anatolia. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black By some accounts, both Cyprus and Crete together were known as "the isles of the Caphtorim".

The name has been compared to Egyptian Keftiu and Akkadian Kaptara (a term found in the Mari Tablets, dated to c. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of 1780 BC). The name keftiu is found written in hieroglyphics in the temple of Kom Ombo in Upper Egypt and possibly in the Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire. The Temple of Kom Ombo is an unusual double Temple built during the rule Ptolemaic dynasty in the Egyptian town of Kom Ombo. Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر Sa'id Misr) is a narrow strip of land that extends from the cataract boundaries of modern-day Aswan to the area between The Ancient Egyptian noble Rekhmire was an 18th dynasty official serving as Governor of the Town (Thebes and Vizier during the reigns of

The Caphtorites (or Caphtorim) were a people first mentioned in Genesis 10:13-14 in the Table of Nations which lists them as a descendant of Mizraim thereby making them an Egyptian people. The Table of Nations or Sons of Noah is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing within the Torah at Genesis 10 representing Mizraim (; cf Arabic مصر, Miṣr) is the Hebrew name for the land of Egypt, with the dual suffix -āyim, perhaps referring

Deuteronomy 2:23 records that the Caphtorites came from Caphtor, destroyed the Avvites and usurped their land. The Talmud (Chullin 60b) notes that the Avvites were the original Philistine people in the days of Abraham while the Philistines of later times were descended from the conquering Caphtorites. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, This accords with Genesis 10:13 which lists the Philistines as a distinct people to the Caphtorites while Jeremiah 47:4 and Amos 9:7, set in a much later period, speak instead of Philistines having come from Caphtor.

The name Caphtor is identical to the Biblical Hebrew word for a knob-like structure [3].

Contents

Keftiu and its location

The Egyptian cognate Keftiu is attested in numerous inscriptions. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages [4] The identity of Semitic Caphtor and Egyptian Keftiu is of long standing. The original thesis, that Keftiu corresponded to Caphtor, and that Caphtor was to be identified with Cyprus or Syria,[5] shifted to an association with Crete under the influence of Sir Arthur Evans. Sir Arthur John Evans ( July 8 1851 &ndash July 11 1941) was a British Archaeologist most famous for unearthing the palace of It was effectively criticised in 1931 by G. A. Wainwright, who located Keftiu in Cilicia, on the Mediterranean shore of Asia Minor,[6] and drew together evidence from a wide variety of sources: in geographical lists and the inscription of Tutmose III's "Hymn of Victory",[7] where the place of Keftiu in lists is among recognizable regions in the northwesternmost corner of the Mediterranean, in the text of the "Keftiuan spell" śntkppwymntrkkr, of ca 1200 BC,[8] in which Cilician and Syrian deities Sanda[9] Tarku and Kubaba have been detected,[10] in personal names associated in texts with Keftiu and in Tutmose's "silver shawabty vessel of the work of Keftiu" and vessels of iron, which were received as gifts from Tinay in northern Syria. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Thutmose III (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis III and meaning Thoth is Born) was the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Kubaba (in the Esagila "Chronicle" Sumerian Kug-Bau) is the only queen on the Sumerian king list. The ushabti (also called shabti In 1980 J. Strange drew together the most complete collection of documents that mention Caphtor or Keftiu. His examination showed conclusively that Keftiu could not be identified with Crete, for crucial texts dissociate Keftiu from "the Islands in the Middle of the Sea", by which Egyptian scribes denoted Crete. Strange made a painstaking argument that Keftiu correspondes geographically with Cyprus.

Notes

  1. ^ The New John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible, Amos 9:7
  2. ^ Geographia Sacra seu Phaleg et Canaan (Caen 1646) l. 4. c. 32. [1].
  3. ^ Exodus 37:17
  4. ^ J. Strange, Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation (Leiden: Brill) 1980, has brought together all the attestations for Caphtor and Keftiu.
  5. ^ Steindorf 1893; W. Max Müller 1893; the history of the locating of Keftiu is set out briefly in Wainwright 1952:206f.
  6. ^ Wainwight, "Keftiu: Crete or Cilicia?" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 51 (1931); in response to critics who shifted the locale to the mainland of Greece, Wainwright assembled his various interlocking published arguments and summarised them in "Asiatic Keftiu" American Journal of Archaeology 56. 4 (October 1952), pp. 196-212.
  7. ^ Text in Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt II, 659-60.
  8. ^ The spell is a rosary of divine names according to Gordon (JEA 18 (1932) pp 67f. )
  9. ^ A deity that occurs in Luwian contexts, in theophoric names in Hittite texts and at Ugarit and Alalakh, and later in Greek Sandos, in Lycian and Cilician contexts, according to Albrecht Goetze, "The Linguistic continuity of Anatolia as shown by its proper names" Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the See technical note on viewing special characters A theophoric name (Greek "bearing a deity" embeds the name of a god both invoking Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel Alalakh (or Alalah, modern Tell Atchana near Antakya (ancient Antioch) Turkey) is the name of an ancient Amorite "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria 2 (1954, pp. 74-81) p. 78.
  10. ^ Wainwight 1952:199.

References

External links

See also

Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah ( יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew) is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism The Book of Amos is one of the books of the Nevi'im (Hebrew "prophets" and of the Christian Old Testament. The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan,
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