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This article is about the peninsula located in the Australian state of Queensland; it should not be confused with either Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, or Cape York, Greenland. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent Yorke Peninsula is in South Australia and should not be confused with Cape York Peninsula, in Queensland. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country There is also a Cape York Peninsula in Australia Cape York is a cape at the north-west coast of Greenland, in
Cape York Peninsula from space
Cape York Peninsula from space

Cape York Peninsula is a large peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. Far North Queensland, or FNQ is the northernmost part of the Australian state of Queensland. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This remote peninsula is one of the last remaining wilderness areas on Earth. [1] Its undisturbed tropical rainforests and savannas are now recognized for their global environmental significance. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. [2] A nomination for World Natural Heritage is currently being considered by the Queensland and Australian Federal governments. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [3]

The Cape York Peninsula region encompasses an area of approximately 137,000 km² north of 16°S latitude. [4] It has a population of only about 18,000, of which a large percentage (~60 %) are Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. [5] [6]

At the tip of the peninsula lies Cape York, the northernmost point on the Australian continent. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions It was named by Lt. James Cook in 1770 after His Royal Highness the Duke of York. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. The title Duke of York is a title of Nobility in the British Peerage [4] From the tip, it is about 160 km to New Guinea across the island-studded Torres Strait. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. The west coast borders the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast borders the Coral Sea. The Gulf of Carpentaria is a large shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea (the body of water that lies The Coral Sea is a Marginal sea off the north-east coast of Australia.

Contents

Geography and geology

As a peninsula, Cape York is bordered on three sides (north, east and west) by water. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. There is no clear demarcation to the south. The official boundary of the Cape York Peninsula Region as referred to in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland runs along approximately 16°S latitude. [7] The entire region covers an area of approximately 137,000 km². [4] At the peninsula’s widest points, it is 430 km from the Bloomfield River, in the southeast, across to the west coast (just south of Kowanyama), and some 660 km from the southern border of Cook Shire, to the tip of Cape York. Kowanyama is a town on the Gulf of Carpentaria side of Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia.

Geological history

Around 40 million years ago, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. The Indo-Australian Plate is a major Tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and surrounding Ocean, and extends northwest to include the In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago As it collided with the Pacific Plate on its northward journey, the high mountain ranges of central New Guinea emerged around 5 million years ago. The Pacific Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known [4] In the lee of this collision zone, the ancient rock formations of what is now Cape York peninsula remained largely undisturbed.

Throughout the Pleistocene epoch Australia and New Guinea have been alternately land-linked and separated by water on a number of occasions. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period During periods of glaciation and resulting low sea levels, Cape York Peninsula provided a low-lying land link. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface A land bridge, in Biogeography, is an Isthmus or other land connection between otherwise separate areas which allows Animals and Plants [2] Another link existed between Arnhem Land and New Guinea, at times enclosing an enormous freshwater lake (Lake Carpentaria) in the centre of what is now the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Gulf of Carpentaria is a large shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea (the body of water that lies [5] In this way, Australia and New Guinea remained connected until the shallow Torres Strait was last flooded around 8,000 years ago. The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. [1]

Landforms

The tropical landscapes of Cape York are among the most stable in the world. [2] Long undisturbed by tectonic activity, Cape York is an extremely eroded, almost level plain, with some very low hills on the eastern side.

The backbone of Cape York is the Peninsula Ridge, part of Australia’s Great Dividing Range. The Great Dividing Range, also known as the Eastern Highlands, is Australia 's most substantial Mountain range. This mountain range is made up of ancient (1,500 million year-old) Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks and rises to some 800m elevation in the McIlwraith Range around Coen. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" [4][2] To the East and West of the Peninsula Ridge lie the Carpentaria and Laura Basins, themselves made up of ancient Mesozoic sediments. The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. [4] Those lowlands are dominated by mighty meandering rivers and vast floodplains. A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse also known as an oxbow loop or simply an Oxbow. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic

There are also several outstanding landforms on the Cape York Peninsula: the large expanses of undisturbed dunefields at the eastern coast around Shelburne Bay and Cape Bedford-Cape Flattery; the huge piles of black granite boulders at Black Mountain National Park and Cape Melville; or the limestone karsts around Palmerston in the Cape’s far south. In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. Black Mountain is a national park in Queensland ( Australia) 1539 km northwest of Brisbane, and 21 km from Cooktown along the Mulligan Highway Cape Melville is a headland on the eastern coast of the Cape York Peninsula. [2]

Rivers

The Peninsula Ridge forms the drainage divide between the [Gulf of Carpentaria] and the Coral Sea. To the west, a series of large, winding river systems including the Mitchell, Coleman, Holroyd, Archer, Watson, Wenlock, Ducie and Jardine catchments empty their waters into the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Mitchell River is a river in Far North Queensland, Australia. The Jardine River National Park is a national park Queensland ( Australia) 2137 km northwest of Brisbane and about 900 km northwest of Cairns A catchment is any device or structure that captures Water. The Gulf of Carpentaria is a large shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea (the body of water that lies During the Dry season, those rivers are reduced to a series of waterholes and sandy beds. The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics. Yet, with the arrival of torrential rains in the Wet season, they swell to mighty waterways, spreading across extensive floodplains and coastal wetlands and giving life to a vast array of freshwater and wetland species. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased [4]

On the Eastern slopes, the shorter, faster-flowing Jacky Jacky Creek, Olive, Pascoe, Lockhart, Stewart, Jeannie and Endeavour Rivers flow towards the Coral Sea, providing important freshwater and nutrients to the healthiest section of the Great Barrier Reef. The Endeavour River ( Guugu Yimithirr: Wabalumbaal) on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral reef system in the world composed of over 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2600 kilometres (1600 mi On their way, those wild, undisturbed rivers are lined with dense rainforests, sand dunes or mangroves. A wild river is a free flowing River system that has all or almost all of its natural features intact [4]

The floodplains of the Laura Basin, which are protected in the Lakefield and Jack River National Parks, are crossed by the Morehead, Hann, North Kennedy, Laura, Jack and Normanby Rivers. Lakefield is a National Park in Queensland ( Australia) 1707 km northwest of Brisbane. The Normanby River is a major river in northern Queensland, located on the edge of the Wet Tropics and flowing in a generally north-northwestward direction through seasonally

Cape York’s river catchments are noted for their exceptional hydrological integrity. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of With little disturbance on both water flows and vegetation cover throughout entire catchments, Cape York has been identified as one of the few places where tropical water cycles remain essentially intact. The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above [2] Cape York Peninsula contributes as much as a quarter of Australia's surface runoff. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows Indeed, with only about 2. 7 percent of Australia's land area it produces more runoff than all of Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn. For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Capricorn (novel. Tapping those heavy tropical rainfalls, Cape York’s rivers are also of particular importance for replenishing central Australia’s Great Artesian Basin. The Great Artesian Basin provides the only reliable source of Water through much of inland Australia. [2] The Queensland Government is currently poised to protect 13 of Cape York’s wild rivers under the Wild Rivers Act 2005. [8]

Soils

The soils on Cape York are remarkably infertile even compared to other areas of Australia, being almost entirely laterised and in most cases so old and weathered that very little development is apparent today (classified in USDA soil taxonomy as Orthents). Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Laterite (from the Latin word "later" meaning brick or tile is a surface formation in hot and wet tropical areas which is enriched in Iron and Aluminium USDA Soil Taxonomy developed by United States Department of Agriculture and the National Cooperative Soil Survey provides an elaborate classification of In USDA soil taxonomy, Orthents are defined as Entisols that lack horizon development due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable It is because of this extraordinary soil poverty that the region is so thinly settled: the soils are so unworkable and unresponsive to fertilisation that attempts to grow commercial crops have usually failed. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant

Climate

The climate on Cape York Peninsula is tropical and monsoonal, with a wet season extending from November to April and a dry season from May to October. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The temperature across it is warm to hot, with a cooler climate in higher areas. The mean annual temperatures range from 18 °C at higher elevations to 27 °C on the lowlands in the far south-west. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Temperatures over 40 °C and below 5 °C are rare. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale.

Annual rainfall is high, ranging from over 2000 mm. in the Iron Range and north of Weipa to about 700 mm. at the southern border. Almost all this rain falls between November and April, and only on the eastern slopes of the Iron Range is the median rainfall between June and September above 5mm (0. In Probability theory and Statistics, a median is described as the number separating the higher half of a sample a population or a Probability distribution 2 inches). Between January and March, however, the median monthly rainfall ranges from about 170mm (6. 5 inches) in the south to over 500mm (20 inches) in the north and on the Iron Range.

Ecology and biology

Ecosystems

Sand dunes around Cape Flattery
Sand dunes around Cape Flattery

Cape York Peninsula supports a complex mosaic of intact tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, heathlands, wetlands, wild rivers and mangrove swamps. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central Tropical and subtropical grasslands savannas and shrublands are a Grassland Biome located in Semi-arid to semi- Humid Climate regions Heaths are Shrubland habitats characterised by open low growing woody Vegetation, found on mainly infertile Acidic soils A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog A wild river is a free flowing River system that has all or almost all of its natural features intact Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. [2] Almost the entire area of Cape York (99. 6%) still retains its native vegetation and is little fragmented. [9] Therefore, the Peninsula has also been noted for its exceptionally high wilderness quality. [10]

The majority of Cape York is covered in tropical savannas. Tropical and subtropical grasslands savannas and shrublands are a Grassland Biome located in Semi-arid to semi- Humid Climate regions On Cape York, this ecosystem is typically comprised of a tall dense grass layer and varying densities of trees (dominantly eucalypts), making it a tropical savanna woodland. Eucalypts are woody plants belonging to three closely related genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora. [5] Although abundant and fully functioning on Cape York, tropical savannas are now rare and highly degraded in other parts of the world. [2]

Cape York’s tropical rainforests cover an area of 748,000 ha, or 5. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central 6 percent of the total land area. [11] Rainforests depend on some level of rainfall throughout the long Dry season, climatic conditions that are mostly found on the eastern slopes of the Cape’s coastal ranges. The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics. Being almost exclusively untouched, old-growth forests and supporting a disproportionately high biodiversity, all those forests are of high conservation significance. [10] The largest contiguous rainforest area on the Cape occurs in the McIllwraith Range-Iron Range area. Iron Range is a National Park located in Queensland, Australia, 1940 km northwest of Brisbane and 100 km east of Weipa in the Cape York [5] This area contains at least 1000 different plants, including 100 rare or threatened species, supports 16% of Australia's orchid species and 200 species of butterfly including 11 endemic butterflies.

On poor, dry soils tropical heathlands can be found. Heaths are Shrubland habitats characterised by open low growing woody Vegetation, found on mainly infertile Acidic soils North-east Cape York supports Australia’s largest areas of this highly diverse ecosystem. [5]

The extensive wetlands on Cape York Peninsula are “among the largest, richest and most diverse in Australia”. A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog [10] 19 wetlands of national significance have been identified, mostly on the large floodplains and in coastal areas. Important wetlands include the Jardine Complex, Lakefield, and the estuaries of the great rivers of the western plains. The Jardine River National Park is a national park Queensland ( Australia) 2137 km northwest of Brisbane and about 900 km northwest of Cairns Lakefield is a National Park in Queensland ( Australia) 1707 km northwest of Brisbane. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open [10] Many of these wetland come into existence only during the Wet season and support rare or uncommon plant communities, provide important fish habitat, crocodile habitat and drought refuge. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased [11]

Cape York’s coastal areas and river estuaries are lined with mangrove forests. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. Australia’s largest mangrove forest can be found at Newcastle Bay. They are noted for their importance as a fish nursery and crocodile habitat. The saltwater or estuarine crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus) is the largest of all living Crocodilians and Reptiles It is found in suitable [5][10]

Flora and fauna

The Cape harbours an extraordinary biodiversity, with more than 700 vertebrate land animal species and about 3300 species of flowering plants. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group [9] As a result from its geological history, “the flora and fauna of Cape York Peninsula are a complex mixture of Gondwanan relicts, Australian isolationists and Asian or New Guinean invaders” (p. 41). [4] Cape York Peninsula also contains one of the highest rates of endemism in Australia, with more than 260 endemic plant species and 40 terrestrial vertebrate animal species found so far. [2][10]

The rainforests of the Iron Range support species that are also found in New Guinea, including the Eclectus Parrot and Southern Common Cuscus. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Iron Range is a National Park located in Queensland, Australia, 1940 km northwest of Brisbane and 100 km east of Weipa in the Cape York New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Eclectus Parrot, Eclectus roratus, is a Parrot native to the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, northeastern Australia and the The Southern Common Cuscus ( Phalanger mimicus) is also known as Grey Cuscus, Grey Phalanger, and To-ili.

People and culture

Aboriginal culture

Some of the world's most extensive and ancient rock painting galleries surround the town of Laura, some of which are available for public viewing. Laura is a small town (population about 120 north of Lakeland in Cook Shire, Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland, Australia There is also a new Interpretive Centre from which information on the rock art and local Aboriginal culture is available and tours can be arranged. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands.

Settlements

The administrative centre for Cape York Peninsula is Cooktown, located in its far south-eastern corner. Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, Cape York’s largest settlement is the mining town Weipa on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Weipa is the largest town on the Gulf of Carpentaria coast of the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. The remainder of the Cape is extremely sparsely populated. Along the Peninsula Developmental Road, there are small service centres at Lakeland, Laura and Coen. Lakeland, Queensland - also known as ' Lakeland Downs' - is a small farming centre in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. Laura is a small town (population about 120 north of Lakeland in Cook Shire, Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland, Australia Coen is a small inland town on the main road heading up the Cape York Peninsula in far northern Queensland, Australia. At the tip of Cape York, there is a sizeable service centre on nearby Thursday Island. Aboriginal communities are at Hopevale, Pormpuraaw, Kowanyama, Aurukun, Lockhart River, Napranum, Mapoon, Injinoo, New Mapoon and Umagico. Hopevale, (or Hope Vale) Queensland, Australia is an Aboriginal community on Cape York Peninsula about 46 km west of Cooktown Kowanyama is a town on the Gulf of Carpentaria side of Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia. Aurukun is an Indigenous community situated approximately 100 km south of Weipa in far North Queensland, Australia. Lockhart River is an Aboriginal community on Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. Injinoo refers to Australian Aborigine people in Cape York Peninsula. New Mapoon is an area South of Seisia and West of Bamaga at the tip of Cape York Peninsula, The people who live at New Mapoon were forcibly moved Torres Strait Islander communities on the mainland are at Bamaga and Seisia. Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. Bamaga ( is a town near the northern tip of Cape York in the north of Queensland, Australia. Seisia is an area north of New Mapoon and west of Bamaga at the tip of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. [2][6]

Economy

Land tenure

Pastoral land leases occupy about 57% of the total area, mostly located in central and eastern Cape York. Indigenous land comprises about 20%, with the entire West coast being held under Native title. Native title is a concept in the Law of Australia that recognises in certain cases there was and is a continued beneficial legal interest in land held by local Indigenous The remainder is mostly declared as [National Park] and managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, or QPWS is a sub-section of the Environmental Protection Agency within the Queensland government Land uses include broad acre pastoralism, bauxite and silica sand mining, nature reserves, tourism and fishing (Sattler & Williams, 1999). [12]

Infrastructure

A completely sealed inland road links Cairns and the Atherton Tableland to Lakeland Downs and Cooktown. The Atherton Tableland is a fertile plateau which is part of the Great Dividing Range in Queensland, Australia. Lakeland, Queensland - also known as ' Lakeland Downs' - is a small farming centre in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, The road north of Lakeland Downs to the tip of the Peninsula is sometimes cut after heavy rains during the wet season (roughly December to May).


Tourism

Cape York is a popular destination from May to October for 4WD enthusiasts who come to test their driving skills and their vehicles on the remaining sections of the Overland Telegraph Track.

Major national parks include the Jardine River National Park in the far north, Mungkan Kandju National Park near Aurukun, and Lakefield National Park, in the south-east of the bioregion.


Mining

There are extensive deposits of bauxite along the west or Gulf of Carpentaria coast. The Gulf of Carpentaria is a large shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea (the body of water that lies Weipa is the centre for this mining activity. Weipa is the largest town on the Gulf of Carpentaria coast of the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia.


References

  1. ^ a b Mittermeier, R. E. et al. (2002). Wilderness: Earth’s last wild places. Mexico City: Agrupación Sierra Madre, S. C.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mackey, B. G. , Nix, H. , & Hitchcock, P. (2001). The natural heritage significance of Cape York Peninsula. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00582aj.pdf.
  3. ^ Valentine, Peter S. (2006). Compiling a case for world heritage on Cape York Peninsula. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p02227aa.pdf/Compiling_a_case_for_World_Heritage_on_Cape_York_Peninsula_Final_report_for_QPWS_/_compiled_by_Peter_S_Valentine_James_Cook_University.pdf.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Frith, D. W. , Frith, C. B. (1995). Cape York Peninsula: A Natural History. Chatswood: Reed Books Australia. Reprinted with amendments in 2006. ISBN 0-7301-0469-9.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Woinarski, J. , Mackey, B. , Nix, H. , Traill, B. (2007). The nature of northern Australia: Natural values, ecological processes and future prospects. Canberra: ANU E press.
  6. ^ a b Cape York Peninsula Development Association. Homepage. Accessed April 23, 2008, http://www.cypda.com.au/front_page.
  7. ^ Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel. (2007). Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/C/CapeYorkPHA07.pdf
  8. ^ Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel. (2005). Wild Rivers Act 2005. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/ACTS/2005/05AC042.pdf.
  9. ^ a b Neldner, V. J. , Clarkson, J. R. (1994). Vegetation Survey of Cape York Peninsula. Cape York Peninsula Land Use Study (CYPLUS). Office of the Co-ordinator General and Department of Environment and Heritage, Government of Queensland: Brisbane.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Abrahams, H. , Mulvaney, M. , Glasco, D. , Bugg, A. (1995). Areas of Conservation Significance on Cape York Peninsula. Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy. Office of the Co-ordinator General of Queensland,Australian Heritage Commission. Accessed January 15, 2008, http://www.environment.gov.au/erin/cyplus/lup/index.html.
  11. ^ a b Cofinas, M. , Creighton, C. (2001). Australian Native Vegetation Assessment. National Land and Water Resources Audit. Accessed April 20, 2008, http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/vegetation/pubs/native_vegetation/nat_veg_contents.html.
  12. ^ Australian Government. Australian Natural Resource Atlas. Accessed April 20, 2008, http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/rangelands/overview/qld/ibra-cyp.html.

Further references

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