| Cao Rui | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of Cao Wei | |
| Born | 205 |
| Died | 22 January 239 |
| Predecessor | Cao Pi |
| Successor | Cao Fang |
| Names | |
| Simplified Chinese | 曹叡 |
| Traditional Chinese | 曹叡 |
| Pinyin | Cáo Rùi |
| Wade-Giles | Ts'ao Jui |
| Courtesy name | Yuanzhong (元仲) |
| Posthumous name |
Emperor Ming of Wei (魏明帝)
|
| Temple name | Liezu (烈祖, liè zǔ) |
Cao Rui (205-22 January 239[1]) was the son of Cao Pi and the second emperor of the Cao Wei. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period Events By Place Roman Empire Hadrian's Wall is restored after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was For the singer see Cao Fang (singer. Cao Fang, ch 曹芳, py. Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Events By Place Roman Empire Hadrian's Wall is restored after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period He is also known as the Emperor Ming of Wei, ch. 魏明帝, py. wèi míng dì, wg. Wei Ming-ti. His courtesy name was Yuanzhong (元仲). A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life
Cao Rui's reign was viewed in many different ways throughout Chinese history. He was an emperor who was known to have been a strong military strategist and a supporter of the arts. He was also known to be astute in commissioning capable officials. However, he also expended great amounts of money and labor on excessive projects of building palaces and ancestral temples, and his reign saw the stalemate between his empire, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu become more entrenched. Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a His building projects and his desire to have many concubines (who numbered in the thousands) greatly exhausted the imperial treasury. On his deathbed, he entrusted his son Cao Fang to the regency of Cao Shuang and Sima Yi -- a fatal mistake for his empire, as Cao Shuang monopolized power and governed incompetently, eventually drawing a violent reaction from Sima, who overthrew him in a coup d'etat and became in control of the Cao Wei government, eventually allowing his grandson Sima Yan to usurp the Wei throne. For the singer see Cao Fang (singer. Cao Fang, ch 曹芳, py. Cao Shuang (died 249 was the son of Cao Zhen, a famous commander of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period Sima Yi (179 - 251 was a strategist general and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Life before establishment of the Jìn Dynasty Sīmǎ Yán was born to Sima Zhao and his wife Wang Yuanji, daughter of the Confucian scholar Wáng
Contents |
Family background
When Cao Rui was born (likely in 205), his grandfather Cao Cao was the paramount warlord of Han Dynasty, who had rendered Emperor Xian of Han a mere figurehead. Events By Place Roman Empire Hadrian's Wall is restored after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Cáo Cāo ( 曹[[wikt 操|操]] 155 &ndash March 15, 220) was a regional Warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Emperor Xian of Han ( Traditional 漢獻帝 Simplified 汉献帝 Pinyin Hàn Xiàn dì, Wade-Giles Han Hsien-ti; His father Cao Pi was Cao Cao's oldest surviving son and the heir apparent. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was His mother Zhen Luo had been the wife of Yuan Shao's son Yuan Xi, but when she was seized by Cao Cao's army in 204, Cao Pi forced her to marry him, and she gave birth to Cao Rui only eight months after the wedding -- leading to rumors that Cao Rui was actually biologically Yuan Xi's son and not Cao Pi's. Zhen Luo (Chinese甄洛 other name甄宓 (183-221 formally Empress Wenzhao (文昭皇后 literally "the civil and diligent empress" was the first wife Yuan Shao (? - 202 was a powerful warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China. Yuán Xī (176 &ndash 207 was the second son of the Warlord Yuán Shào and a military general under his father during the late Eastern Han Dynasty For the area code see Area code 204. For the car see Peugeot 204. This eventually was used to great advantage by Cao Pi's concubine Guo Nüwang to create tension between Cao Pi and Lady Zhen. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Empress Guo Nüwang (郭女王 (184 - 235 formally Empress Wende (文德皇后 literally "the civil and virtuous empress" was an Empress of Cao Cao Pi, after his father's death in 220, forced Emperor Xian to yield the throne to him and established Cao Wei. Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans. Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period Lady Zhen was not allowed to accompany him to the new capital Luoyang, and in 221 he forced her to commit suicide. Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Events By Place Roman Empire June 26 — Emperor Elagabalus adopts Alexander Severus as his heir
Because of what happened to Lady Zhen, even though Cao Rui was the oldest of Cao Pi's sons, he was not created crown prince early in his father's reign, but was only created the Prince of Pingyuan in 222. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. Sometimes during his years as the Prince of Pingyuan, he married a daughter of an aristocrat, Lady Yu, as his wife and princess. He apparently had a cordial relationship with Lady Guo, who was created empress (also in 222), and as she was sonless, his status as heir apparent was not seriously challenged. It is said that any thoughts that Cao Pi had at not making him heir was dissipated by a hunt; during that hunt, Cao Pi and Cao Rui had encountered a mother deer and a young deer. Cao Pi killed the mother deer with an arrow, and then ordered Cao Rui to kill the young deer. Cao Rui wept and said, "Your imperial majesty had already killed the mother, and I do not have the heart to kill the son as well. " Cao Pi dropped his bow and arrows and became mournful.
In 226, when Cao Pi became ill, he finally created Cao Rui crown prince. Events By Place Asia Cao Rui becomes emperor of the Kingdom of Wei of China. He died soon thereafter, and Cao Rui became emperor at the age of 21.
As emperor
Cao Rui's reign was a paradoxical one in many ways. He was clearly intelligent and capable, and yet never fulfilled his potential in his governance of the country or in his military campaigns. He showed great compassion at times, and yet was capable of great cruelty. He carried out many acts that were beneficial for the empire and yet at least as many that were hurtful. Despite his uncle Cao Zhi's successive petitions, however, he continued the severe prohibitions against princes' holding of offices that his father Cao Pi had put in place, and this was commonly viewed by traditional historians as an eventual factor in the downfall of Cao Wei, as the Simas took power after Cao Rui's death without the imperial princes having any real ability to oppose them. Cao Zhi (曹植 192 &ndash 232 was a Chinese Poet during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period
Treatment of officials
Cao Rui, a young adult when he became emperor, quickly showed a knack for finding capable officials to empower while maintaining steady control over them. His father had appointed three regents for him -- his distant cousin Cao Zhen, the steady administrator Chen Qun, and the shrewd strategist Sima Yi. Cao Zhen (曹真，185 &ndash 231 was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao and the succeeding rulers of Cao Wei during the late Eastern Chen Qun (? - 236 was a minister serving Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Sima Yi (179 - 251 was a strategist general and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Once Cao Rui became emperor, however, he, while knowing the value of the advice of these senior officials, chose perhaps the best path to deal with them: honoring them and making them regional governors with full authority in the provinces they governed. By doing this, he showed that he was his own man while at the same time continued to receive the wisdom of their advice.
Throughout Cao Rui's reign, he showed great diligence in seeking out advice from multiple officials, rather than concentrating on listening to several, before making important decisions. He was generally cautious and not willing to take risks, but at the same time was therefore able to avoid major disasters for his empire.
Campaigns against Shu Han
- See also: Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
One immediate threat that Cao Rui had to deal with after he became emperor were attacks from Shu Han's regent, Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions (諸葛亮北伐 were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Zhuge Liang (181–234 was Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China Zhuge had, after the death of Shu Han's founding emperor, Liu Bei, initially taken a passive posture militarily with regard to the Shu Han-Cao Wei border, while reestablishing an alliance with Sun Quan's Eastern Wu, in order to rest the people and the troops. Liu Bei (161– June 21 223) styled Xuándé (玄徳 was a general warlord and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a In 227, he, under the theory that Shu Han was naturally a weaker state than Cao Wei and, if it had just sat and done nothing, would eventually be swallowed up by Cao Wei anyway, started a seres of five campaigns north. Events By Place Europe Ireland — The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate
During these campaigns, Cao Rui's response was generally to head to Chang'an -- which Zhuge was ultimately aiming after -- and then commissioning generals to the frontlines to ward off Zhuge's attacks. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. This strategy had the effect of calming the troops and allowing him to be fairly quickly updated as to the events at the frontlines, while still keeping the central empire under his watch. At least partly because of Cao Rui's effectiveness, Zhuge's campaigns largely were futile, and after his death in 234 were largely abandoned by his successors Jiang Wan and Fei Yi. Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus buys peace from the Alemanni. Jiang Wan (? &ndash 245 Courtesy name Gongyan (公琰 was an official of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Fei Yi (* after 200 † 253 Courtesy name Wenwei (文偉 was an official of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of China That did not mean that there was peace on the borders with Shu Han, however, as nearly yearly there were battles between the two states. However, there would be no major confrontations on the scale of Zhuge's campaigns for the rest of Cao Rui's reign.
Campaigns against Eastern Wu
During Cao Rui's reigns, there were also many battles waged against the other rival empire, Eastern Wu. The very first came only two months after Cao Rui had become emperor in 226. It was during that campaign that Cao Rui showed his acumen for judging a situation correctly -- believing that by the time that reinforcements could be sent, Eastern Wu's monarch Sun Quan would have already withdrawn, and therefore sending reinforcements was pointless. Throughout his reign, he would generally take a similar stance during campaigns against Eastern Wu as he did with Shu Han -- head east personally to be close to the theater of the war, while remaining some distance away from the frontlines, which also proved to be effective. He also entrusted the southeastern border to the capable Man Chong, and Man's stewardship averted many disasters. Man Chong (? &ndash 242 courtesy name Boning (伯寧 was an officer for the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China.
A major exception to Cao Rui's effectiveness came in 228, when the Eastern Wu general Zhou Fang tricked Cao Rui's distant cousin and regional governor Cao Xiu into believing that he was ready to surrender his troops to Cao Wei, while instead laying a trap for Cao Xiu. Events By Place Roman Empire The Praetorian guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their Zhou Fang (d 240? courtesy name Ziyu (子魚 was an Eastern Wu general during the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Xiu (174 &ndash 228 was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao and succeeding rulers of the Kingdom of Wei during the late Eastern Han Instead of realizing that it was indeed a trap, Cao Rui enthusiastically approved Cao Xiu's plan, and this led to a major military disaster, but Cao Xiu's forces were saved by Jia Kui from total annihilation. Jia Kui, (174 modern day Lifen Shanxi &ndash ca 230 courtesy name Liangdao (梁道 was a general and bureaucrat of the Han Dynasty and subsequently
The greatest challenge posed by Eastern Wu occurred in 234, when Eastern Wu, in a semi-coordinated effort with Shu Han, launched an attack against Cao Wei simultaneously with Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions (諸葛亮北伐 were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A During the campaign, Cao Rui was again effective as a coordinator of the various forces that Cao Wei had on Eastern Wu's borders, and Eastern Wu was unable to make substantial gains.
Campaigns against Liaodong
The only real military gain for Cao Wei during Cao Rui's reign was the end of the Gongsun clan's hold on Liaodong (modern central and eastern Liaoning), started by Gongsun Du in 190. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Gongsun Du (?-204 was a general of the Late Eastern Han Dynasty Events By Place Roman Empire A part of Rome burns and Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt under the name In 228, when Gongsun Du's grandson Gongsun Yuan deposed his uncle Gongsun Gong in a coup and asked for an official commission from Cao Rui. Events By Place Roman Empire The Praetorian guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their Gongsun Yuan (?-238 was a general of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period Gongsun Gong was the younger brother of Gongsun Kang and son of Gongsun Du. Against Liu Ye (劉曄)'s advice to attack the Gongsuns while there was dissension within, Cao Rui gave Gongsun Yuan an official commission as the governor of Liaodong Commandery.
In 232, Cao Rui, angry that Gongsun Yuan had repeatedly communicated with and sold horses to Eastern Wu, ordered his generals Tian Yu and Wang Xiong (王雄) to attack Liaodong, against Jiang Ji (蔣濟)'s advice; the attacks were not successful, although Tian was able to intercept the Eastern Wu horse-buying fleet and destroy it. Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a Tian Yu (? - 251 an officer of the Three Kingdoms Period that served under the Kingdom of Wei. After the incident, Gongsun appeared to have formally still remained a vassal of Cao Wei, but the relationship was damaged.
The next year, however, that relationship would be somewhat repaired. Gongsun, apprehensive of another attack from Cao Wei, sent ambassadors to Eastern Wu to formally submit to its emperor Sun Quan. Sun was so pleased that he immediately created Gongsun the Prince of Yan and granted him the nine bestowments, which were typically reserved for officials so powerful that the bestowments were typically viewed as a sign that the emperor was about to abdicate to them. The nine bestowments ( were awards given by Chinese emperors to extraordinary officials ostensibly to reward them for their accomplishments Once Sun's ambassadors arrived in Liaodong, however, Gongsun, realizing that Eastern Wu would be of little help in an expedition against him, betrayed Eastern Wu, slaughtering Sun's ambassadors and seizing their troops. In response, Cao Rui created Gongsun the Duke of Lelang. (Part of the Eastern Wu troops were able to escape and eventually return home with the assistance of Goguryeo, a rival of the Gongsuns. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and )
In 237, however, Cao Rui again considered attacking Liaodong, angered by reports that Gongsun had repeatedly defamed him. Events By Place Asia Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. He commissioned Guanqiu Jian to prepare for an attack, and then ordered Gongsun to come to Luoyang for an official visit. Guanqiu Jian ( Courtesy name: 仲恭 Zhòng Gōng died 255 was a Chinese general of the Kingdom of Wei and renowned for his campaigns against Gongsun refused and declared independence. Guanqiu attacked him, but was stopped by torrential rains. Gongsun then declared himself the Prince of Yan and entered into alliances with the Xianbei tribes to harass Cao Wei's borders. The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan.
The following year, Cao Rui sent Sima Yi instead and gave him 40,000 men. Gongsun, upon hearing this, again requested aid from Eastern Wu. Sun, angry at Gongsun's last betrayal, pretended to agree, but did not send Gongsun any actual help. Sima's expeditory force was, as Wuqiu's, also initially halted by torrential rains, but Sima waited out the rains and surrounded Gongsun's capital of Xiangping (襄平, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning), starving Gongsun's troops. Liaoyang ( is a city in China Liaoning province located in the middle of the heavily polluted Liaodong Peninsula. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. After nearly three months of siege, Xiangping fell, and Gongsun fled, but was captured and executed by Sima. Liaodong became part of Cao Wei's domain.
Building projects and collection of concubines
Almost immediately after Cao Rui ascended the throne, he started out large scale palace and temple-building projects. Part of it was to be expected -- the Luoyang palaces had been remnants of the ones not destroyed by Dong Zhuo, and the temples were needed for the cults of his ancestors. Dong Zhuo (died May 22, 192) was a powerful warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China. However, he went beyond the minimally required, and continued to build temples and palaces throughout the rest of his reign, severely draining the imperial treasury. While he occasionally halted projects at the officials' behest, the projects would restart after brief breaks. He not only built palaces in Luoyang, but also built a palace in Xuchang. Xuchang ( is a Prefecture-level city in central Henan province, People's Republic of China. In 237, he further moved many of the magnificent statutes and monuments that were commissioned by Emperor Wu of Han from Chang'an to Luoyang, costing great expenses and lives. Background birth and years as crown prince Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite Concubines, He further built gigantic bronze statutes of his own and placed them on a man-made hill inside his palace, surrounded by rare trees and plants and populated by rare animals.
Cao Rui was also increasing his collection of women, as his concubines and ladies in waiting numbered thousands. His palace-building projects might have been with intent to house them. In 237, he even ordered that beautiful married women all be formally seized unless their husbands were able to ransom them, and that they would be married to soldiers instead -- but that the most beautiful among them would become his concubines. Despite some officials' protestations, this decree was apparently carried out, much to the distress of his people.
Marriages, succession issues and death
When Cao Rui became emperor, it was commonly expected that his wife, Princess Yu, would be created empress, but she was not. Rather, he created a favorite concubine, Consort Mao, empress in 227. Empress Mao (毛皇后 personal name unknown (died 237 formally Empress Mingdao (明悼皇后 literally "the all-seeing and lamentable empress" was an Empress Events By Place Europe Ireland — The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate Princess Yu was exiled back to their original palace. He loved Empress Mao dearly, and a number of her relatives, including her father and brother, became honored officials (but without actual powers).
Despite his collection of women, however, Cao Rui was without any son who survived infancy. He adopted two sons to be his own -- Cao Fang and Cao Xun, whom he created princes in 235. For the singer see Cao Fang (singer. Cao Fang, ch 曹芳, py. Cao Xun was an adopted son of Cao Rui (Emperor Ming an emperor of Cao Wei. Events By Place Roman Empire Pressure on Rome by Goths, Quadi, Sassanids Franks and Alemanni (It is usually accepted that they were sons of his cousins, although the exact parentage is not clear. ) In 237, Cao Rui took the unprecedented (and unrepeated in Chinese history) action of setting his own temple name of Liezu and ordering that his temple, in the future, never to be torn down. Events By Place Asia Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. (Based on Confucian regulations, except for the founder of the dynasty, rulers' temples would be destroyed after six generations. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B ) He carried out these actions apparently in apprehension that he would be given an unflattering temple name (or none at all) and that his temple would eventually be destroyed, due to his lack of biological issue.
By 237, Cao Rui's favorite was no longer Empress Mao, but Consort Guo. Empress Guo (郭皇后 personal name unknown (died 263 formally Empress Mingyuan (明元皇后 literally "the all-seeing and discerning empress" was an Empress Once, when Cao Rui was attending a feast hosted by Consort Guo, Consort Guo requested that Empress Mao be invited to join as well, but Cao Rui refused and further ordered that no news about the feast is to be given to Empess Mao. However, the news leaked, and Empress Mao talked about the feast with him anyway. He became exceedingly angry, and killed a number of his attendants whom he suspected of leaking the news to Empress Mao, and, inexplicably, ordered Empress Mao to commit suicide, even though she was still buried with honors due an empress, and her family remained honored.
In 238, Cao Rui grew ill. Events By Place Roman Empire Carpians invade Moesia; Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them He created Consort Guo empress in preparation of allowing her to become empress dowager after his death. He initially wanted to entrust his adopted son, Cao Fang the Prince of Qi, to his uncle Cao Yu (曹宇), to serve as the lead regent, along with Xiahou Xian (夏侯獻), Cao Shuang, Cao Zhao (曹肇), and Qin Lang (秦朗). Cao Shuang (died 249 was the son of Cao Zhen, a famous commander of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period However, his trusted officials Liu Fang (劉放) and Sun Zi (孫資) were unfriendly with Xiahou and Cao Zhao and were apprehensive about their becoming regents, and managed to persuade him to make Cao Shuang (with whom they were friendly) and Sima Yi regents instead. Cao Yu, Cao Zhao, and Qin were excluded from the regency. In spring of 239, Cao Rui created the seven-year-old Cao Fang crown prince, and died the same day of that creation. Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. Cao Fang succeeded him as emperor.
Era names
Personal information
- Father
- Cao Pi (Emperor Wen of Cao Wei)
- Mother
- Wives
- Princess Yu of Pingyuan
- Empress Mao (created 227, d. Events By Place Europe Ireland — The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus defeats the Persians The Alamanni end Roman rule Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus defeats the Persians The Alamanni end Roman rule Events By Place Asia Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. Events By Place Asia Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. Cao Pi (曹丕 187 - June 29, 226) formally Emperor Wen of (Cao Wei (曹魏文帝 Courtesy name Zihuan (子桓 was Zhen Luo (Chinese甄洛 other name甄宓 (183-221 formally Empress Wenzhao (文昭皇后 literally "the civil and diligent empress" was the first wife Empress Mao (毛皇后 personal name unknown (died 237 formally Empress Mingdao (明悼皇后 literally "the all-seeing and lamentable empress" was an Empress Events By Place Europe Ireland — The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate 237)
- Empress Guo (created 239, d. Events By Place Asia Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. Empress Guo (郭皇后 personal name unknown (died 263 formally Empress Mingyuan (明元皇后 literally "the all-seeing and discerning empress" was an Empress Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. 264)
- Biological children
- Cao Jiong (曹冏), Prince of Qinghe (created and d. Events By Place Asia Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu. 226)
- Cao Mu (曹穆), Prince of Fanyang (created 228, d. Events By Place Asia Cao Rui becomes emperor of the Kingdom of Wei of China. Events By Place Roman Empire The Praetorian guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their 230)
- Cao Yin (曹殷) (b. Events By Place Roman Empire Taxes are increased in order to maintain the unity and defense of the Empire 231, d. Events By Places Roman Empire Accompanied by his mother Julia Mamaea, Severus Alexander campaigns against the Persians 232), posthumously created Prince Ai of Anping
- Cao Shu (曹淑), the Princess Pingyuan (d. Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. and posthumously created 232)
- Adopted children
- Cao Fang (曹芳), initially the Prince of Qi (created 235), later crown prince (created 239), later emperor
- Cao Xun (曹詢), the Prince of Qin (b. Events By Topic Religion Relics of St Thomas are brought to Edessa from India. For the singer see Cao Fang (singer. Cao Fang, ch 曹芳, py. Events By Place Roman Empire Pressure on Rome by Goths, Quadi, Sassanids Franks and Alemanni Events By Place Asia In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Wei Ming Di. Cao Xun was an adopted son of Cao Rui (Emperor Ming an emperor of Cao Wei. 230?, created 235, d. Events By Place Roman Empire Taxes are increased in order to maintain the unity and defense of the Empire Events By Place Roman Empire Pressure on Rome by Goths, Quadi, Sassanids Franks and Alemanni 244)
Notes
| Preceded by Cao Pi (Emperor Wen) |
Emperor of Cao Wei 226–239 |
Succeeded by Cao Fang |
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