Canons regular are members of certain bodies of Canons (priests) living in community under the Augustinian Rule ("regula" in Latin), and sharing their property in common as a type of vow of poverty. A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations Distinct from monks, who live a cloistered, contemplative life and sometimes engage in ministry to those from oustide the monastery, the purpose of the life of a canon is to engage in public ministry of liturgy and sacraments for those who visit their churches. Distinct from Clerks Regular or Regular Clerics (an example of which is the Jesuit order), they are members of a particular community of a particular place, and are bound to the public praying of the Liturgy of the Hours in choir. The term Clerks Regular (singular Clerk Regular designates a number of Catholic priests (clerics who are members of a Religious order (regular of priests The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order

Secular canons by contrast belong to a community of priests attached to a church but do not take vows or live under a rule. A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the

Canons Regular are sometimes called Black or White Canons, depending on the order to which they belong.

Contents 1 Canons Regular 2 The concept of "Canon" 3 Origin of the Canons 4 Development 5 Reforms and Congregations 5.1 Lateran Congregation 5.2 Canons of the Holy Sepulchre 5.3 Victorine Canons and the Callican Congregation 5.4 The Norbertines 5.5 The Crosiers 5.6 The Gilbertines 5.7 Congregation of SS. Augustine, Bernard, and Nicholas 5.8 The Windesheim Congregation 5.9 The Irish Congregation of St. Patrick 5.10 Canons of the Immaculate Conception 5.11 Austrian Congregation of Canons Regular 6 Canonesses Regular 7 Notes 8 Sources and references 9 See also 10 External links

Canons Regular

The Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, also referred to as Augustinian Canons or Austin Canons ('Austin' being a corruption of 'Augustinian'), is one of the oldest Latin Rite orders. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. The canons live together as a community and take the three vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. A vow ( Lat votum, vow promise see Vote) is a promise or Oath. Some congregations of Canons Regular also take a vow of stability, e. g. the members of the Austrian Congregation of Canons Regular take a vow of stability for the house which they join. Famous Canons Regular include the only English Pope Adrian IV^[1], mystic Thomas à Kempis and Christian humanist Desiderius Erasmus. Pope Adrian IV (or Hadrian IV – c 1100&ndash 1 September, 1159) born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope Thomas à Kempis (orig Thomas Haemerkken Thomas Hammerlein also Thomas Hemerken Thomas Hämerken Thomas van Kempen Tomás de Kempis (ca

According to the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life of the Holy See, "Canons Regular, who combine the clerical office and state with the observance of community religious life and the evangelical counsels, have their origin in the communities of clergy which lived with their bishop. The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life ( Congregatio pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae) is the The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity) and It was Saint Augustine who, at the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth centuries, gave this form of religious life its most characteristic features.

Historically, the French Canons had the care of St. Victor's Abbey, Paris, pre-cursor body to the University of Paris, and the pre-Reformation English Canons were the custodians of the shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. For the abbey in Marseille see St Victor's Abbey Marseille St Our Lady of Walsingham is a title used for Mary mother of Jesus.

The characteristic habit of canons regular is the rochet. A religious habit is a distinctive set of garments worn by members of a Religious order. A rochet is a Vestment generally worn by a Roman Catholic or Anglican Bishop in Choir dress. With regard to the other parts of their dress, as a general rule, they wear the white habit and black cloak, although some have added a scapular and others have taken to wearing the black soutane (cassock) of the secular clergy. For the shoulder bone see the article Scapula. A scapular (from Latin scapula, shoulder is a length of Most wear the rochet as part of their daily dress, though sometimes reduced to a small linen band hanging from the shoulders in front and behind - as it is currently worn in some houses in Austria e. g. Klosterneuburg Monastery. Klosterneuburg Monastery ( German: Stift Klosterneuburg) is a Roman Catholic Monastery or Priory of Augustinian Canons

In 1959, four congregations of Canons Regular came together to form a confederated Order, which with time has grown to the extent that there are currently nine congregations. These Congregations of Canons Regular elect an Abbot primate who is currently Rt. Primate (from the Latin Primus, "first" is a title or rank bestowed on some Bishops in certain Christian churches Rev. Fr. Maurice Bitz, Abbot of St. Pierre, and General Abbot of the Congregation of Canons Regular of St. Victor. The Order has houses in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, England, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Peru, Uruguay and Taiwan.

The Austrian Congregation of Canons Regular, based in the ancient monasteries of Herzogenburg Priory, Klosterneuburg Priory, Neustift Priory, Reichersberg Priory, St. Florian's Priory and Vorau Priory, look after over 100 parishes in Austria. Herzogenburg Priory ( Stift Herzogenburg) is a monastery of the Augustinian Canons (CanReg in Herzogenburg in Lower Austria. Klosterneuburg Monastery ( German: Stift Klosterneuburg) is a Roman Catholic Monastery or Priory of Augustinian Canons St Florian's Priory ( Stift Sankt Florian) is a monastery in the town of Sankt Florian, Upper Austria, Austria.

The concept of "Canon"

According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a canon regular is essentially a religious cleric; "The Order of Canons Regular is necessarily constituted by religious clerics, because they are essentially destined to those works which relate to the Divine mysteries, whereas it is not so with the monastic Orders. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A cleric ( Ancient Greek κληρικός - klērikos clergyman (pl " (II-II:189:8 ad 2um, and II-II:184:8). This is what constitutes a canon regular and what distinguishes him from a monk. The clerical state is essential to the Order of Canons Regular, whereas it is only accidental to the Monastic Order. Erasmus, himself a canon regular, declared that the canons regular are a "median point" between the monks and the secular clergy. And for the same reason Nigellus Vireker, a Benedictine monk of Canterbury in the twelfth century, contrasts the life of canons regular with that of his own fellow-monks and the Cistercians, pointing out the advantages of the former. Nigel de Longchamps, also known as Nigel Wireker (fl c 1190 died c The canons, he tells us, were spared the long choral duties, the sharp reproofs, the stern discipline of the Black Monks, and were not bound to the Spartan simplicity of clothing and diet of the field-working Cistercians^[2]. The "Llanthony Chronicler" relates how the first founders of his famous abbey, having consulted among themselves, decided to become canons regular, first, because on account of the charity they were well liked by all, and then because they were satisfied with a modest manner of living, their habit, though clean, being decent, neither too coarse, nor too rich. In this moderation of life we may say that canons regular follow the example of their lawgiver, St. Augustine, of whom St. Possidius, his biographer, relates that his habit, his furniture, his clothes were always decent, neither too showy nor too humble and shabby. Possidius (5th century was a friend of Saint Augustine of Hippo who wrote a reliable biography and an indiculus or list of his works The spirit of the canonical order is also explained in the "Observances in Use at the Augustinian Priory at Barnwell, Cambridge,"^[3].

To explain further the nature and distinctive spirit of the canonical order, we may quote St. Augustine that a canon regular professes two things, "sanctitatem et clericatum". He lives in community, he leads the life of a religious, he sings the praises of God by the daily recitation of the Divine Office in choir; but at the same time, at the bidding of his superiors, he is prepared to follow the example of the Apostles by preaching, teaching, and the administration of the sacraments, or by giving hospitality to pilgrims and travellers, and tending the sick.

But the canons regular do not confine themselves exclusively to canonical functions. To this day they give hospitality to pilgrims and travelers on the Great St. Bernard and on the Simplon, and in former times the hospitals of St. Bartholomew's Smithfield, in London, of S. Great St Bernard Pass ( Fr Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard, It Colle del Gran San Bernardo) is the most ancient pass through Simplon is the name of a region in the Alps It can refer specifically to Simplon Pass and Tunnel Simplon (département, a former French St Bartholomew's Hospital, also known as Barts, is a hospital in Smithfield in the City of London, England. Spirito, in Rome, of Lochleven, Monymusk and St. Loch Leven ( Scottish Gaelic: Loch Lìobhann) is a Fresh water Loch in Perth and Kinross council area central Scotland. Monymusk is a planned village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland which was almost entirely rebuilt in 1840 although its history dates back to 1170 Andrew's, in Scotland, and others like them, were all served by canons regular. In fact, many congregations of canons made it their chief end to work among the poor, the lepers, the insane and the infirm. The clerics established by St. Patrick in Ireland had a Guest House for pilgrims and the sick whom they tended by day and by night. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint And the rule given by Chrodegang to this canons enjoined that a hospital should be near their house that they might tend the sick. Saint Chrodegang (died 6 March 766) was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death The Council of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) also ordains the erection of a hospital for pilgrims over which a canon regular is to preside. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French,

Origin of the Canons

The historic origins are disputed. Some writers, like the famous Cistercian abbot, Joachim Coriolanus Marquez, held that the canonical order began about 1100. According to others the order dates from the time of Charlemagne, who expressed the wish that all the clergy should be either monks or canons living in common, as prescribed by the Council of Aix la Chapelle, in 789, and Mainz, in 813. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

St Augustine of Hippo is also regarded by the Canons as their founder. Ives, bishop of Chartres promoted the order in Italy through the newly founded congregation of Blessed Peter de Honestis, and elsewhere through the congregation of St. Rufus]. Ivo (Yves of Chartres (c 1040 - 23 December 1115 was the Bishop of Chartres during the late 12th century through to the early 13th century and was an important contributor to the understanding Peter de Honestis was born at Ravenna about 1049 died 29 March, 1119. There are several saints named Rufus, of which the Roman Martyrology records ten historical mention is made of the following ones which have liturgical feasts History tells us that about the eleventh century the regular or canonical life hitherto observed alsmost everywhere by the clergy was given up in many churches, and thus a distinction was made between the clerics who lived in separate houses and those who still preserved the old discipline. The former were called canonici saeculares</> (Secular Canons), the latter canonici regulares(Canons Regular). It is also true that in the year 763 Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz, assembled the clergy of his cathedral around him, led with them a community life, and gave them a rule taken from the statutes of ancient orders and canons, a discipline also recommended shortly after by the Councils of Aix-la-Chapelle and Mainz; but in doing this he was only following the example of Augustine of Hippo who had introduced among his own clergy the manner of life which he had seen practiced at Milan. Saint Chrodegang (died 6 March 766) was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death ]

Eusebius, the historian, relates that St. Mark, the disciple of St. Peter, established this discipline at Alexandria, as did St. Crescentius in Gaul, St. Saturninus in Spain, and St. Maternus in Germany. We know that St. Eusebius introduced it at Vercelli in Italy, and St. Ambrose at Milan. Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century Popes Urban I (A. "Saint Urban" redirects here For other saints with this name see Saint Urban (disambiguation. D. 227), Paschal II (1099), Benedict XII (1334), Eugenius IV (1431), Sixtus V and Pius V in various Letters and bulls, are quoted by the historians of the order, to prove distinctly that St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, only restored, or caused to reflourish, the order of canons regular, which was first instituted by the Apostles. Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death Pope Benedict XII (died April 25, 1342) born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342 Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 Pope

St. Antoninus, Vincent of Beauvais, Sigebert, Peter of Cluny, Prospero Fagnani and many others tell us that the canonical order traces back its origin to the earliest ages of the Church. The Dominican friar Vincent of Beauvais ( Vincentius Bellovacensis) (c Prospero Fagnani (b in Italy place and date of birth uncertain d Suarez sums up the case very clearly, after having stated that the Apostles taught by Christ formed the first order of clerics, and that the order did not perish with the Apostles, but was preserved by continuous succession in their disciples, as proved by letters of Pope St. Clement and Urban I (though these letters are Pseudo-Isidorain in character): 'The Life of St. Augustine says when he was made priest, he instituted a monastery within the church and began to live with the servants of God according to the manner and rules constituted by the holy Apostles.

Many therefore suppose that the Order of Regular Clerics, or Canons Regular, was not instituted by St. Augustine, but was either reformed by him or introduced by him into Africa and furnished witha special rule. Pius IV maintains that the Order of Regular Clerics was instituted by the Apostles, and this Benedict XII confirms in his preface to the Constitutions of the Canons Regular. There is no question as regards the continuance of this state from the time of St. Augustine to this time, although with great variety as far as various institutes are concerned. ' When a controversy arose between the Benedictine monks and the canons regular with regard to precedence, the question was settled by Pius V in favour of the canons, on account of their Apostolic origin. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in Pope

We may then conclude with the words of Cardinal Pie, who, addressing the canons regular of the Lateran Congregation, whom he had established at Beauchene in his diocese, says: 'These that are clothed in white robes, who are they, and whence come they? Come, I shall tell you. Louis-Edouard-François-Desiré Pie (1815-1880 was a French Catholic Bishop of Poitiers and Cardinal. Their origin is nothing else but the society and the common life of Jesus and the Apostles, the original model of community life between the bishop and his clergy. On that account they chiefly come from Hippo and from the home of Augustine, who has given them a Rule, which they still glory to observe. '

The name Austin (or Augustinian) Canons is commonly used instead of Canons Regular, and there are some who erroneously think that Austin Canons are so styled because they were instituted by St. Augustine, but St. Augustine did not found the order of canons regular, not even those who are called Austin Canons, there were canons regular before St. Augustine as various authoritites prove; all St. Austin did was to induce his clergy to live secundum regulam sub sanctis Apostolis constitutam, which he had seen practised at Milan, adding to the Apostolic Rule hitherto observed by clerics living in common, some regulations, afterwards called the "Rule of St. Augustine. "

Or, in the words of Pope Paschal II in a Bull quoted by Pennott, "Vitæ regularis propositum in primitiva ecclesia cognoscitur ab Apostolis institutum quam B. Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death Augustinus tam gratanter amplexus est ut eam regulis informaret" (A regular mode of life is recognized in the Early Church as instituted by the Apostles, and adopted earnestly by Blessed Augustine, who provided it with new regulations) -- Hist. Tripart. , Lib. II, c. iv, 4. These regulations which St. Austin had given to the clerics who lived with him soon spread and were adopted by other religious communities of canons regular in Italy, in France and elsewhere. When, in and after the eleventh century, the various congregations of canons regular were formed, and adopted the Rule of St. Augustine, they were usually called Canonici Regulares Ordinis S. Augustini Congregationis, and in England Austin Canons or Black Canons, but there have always been canons regular who never adopted the Rule of St. Augustine. Giraldus Cambrenisis mentions some in his day in England. In a word, canons regular may be considered as the genus, and Austin Canons as the species; or we may say that all Austin Canons are canons regular, but not all canons regular are Austin canons.

If further proofs of the Apostolic origin of the canonical order are desired, many may be found in the work of Abbot Ceasare Benvenuti (see bibilograhpy at end of this article), who century by century, from councils, Fathers, and other ecclesiastical sources, proves that from the first to the twelfth century there had always been clerics living in common according to the example of the Apostles. It will be enough to citehere the authority of Döllinger who, after saying that from the time of the Apostles there have been in the Church, virgins, laymen, and ecclesiastics named ascetics, continues:

At Vercelli the holy Bishop Eusebius introduced the severe discipline of the Oriental monks among his clergy both by word and example. Before the gat of Milan was a cloister for monks under the protection of St. Ambrose. St. Augustine, when a priest, founded a cloister at Hippo, in which with other clerics he lived in humility and community of goods. Hippo Regius is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba (formerly Bône Algeria. When Bishop his episcopal residence was converted into a cloister for ecclesiastics. (Eccl. History, tr. by the Rev. E. Cox, II, 270). To this again may be added, among many others, the words of popes Benedict XII, Eugenius IV, Pius IV and Pius V, in their bulls, all asserting almost in as many words, what has been here said. Pope Benedict XII (died April 25, 1342) born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342 Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death Pope Pius IV ( March 31, 1499 &ndash December 9, 1565) born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565 Pope The following words, taken from the Martyrologium for canons regular and approved by the Congregation of Sacred Rites, will suffice for the purpose: Ordo Canonicorum Regularium, qui in primaevis Ecclesiae saeculis Clerici nominabantur utque ait S. A martyrology is a catalogue or list of Martyrs (or more precisely of Saints, arranged in the calendar order of their anniversaries or feasts A congregation is a type of Dicastery (department with a jurisdiction of the Roman Curia, the central administrative organism of the Catholic Church. Pius V. in Bullâ (Cum ex ordinum 14 Kal. Jan. , 1570): 'ab Apostolis originem traxerunt, quique ab Augustiono eorum Reformatore iterum per reformationis viam mundo geniti fuere', per universum orbem diffusus innumerabilium SS. agmine fulget.

(The order of canons regular, who in the early ages of the Church were called clerics, and who, as St. Pius V says in the Bull Cum ex ordinum, 1570, derived their origin from the Apostles, and who later were born anew to the world through a process of reformation, by their reformer, Augustine, being spread throughout the universe, are renowned for an army of innumerable saints).

Development

This rule, which, in the words of Giraldus Cambrensis, happily joins the canonical and clerical life together, was soon adopted by many prelates, not only in Africa, but elsewhere also. Gerald of Wales (c 1146 &ndash c 1223 also known as Gerallt Gymro in Welsh or Giraldus Cambrensis in Latin, After the death of the holy Doctor, it was carried into Italy and France by his disciples. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. One of them, Pope Gelasius, about the year 492, re-established the regular life in the Lateran Basilica. From St. John Lateran (the Mother and Mistress of all Churches) the reform spread till at length the Rule was universally adopted by almost all the canons regular. The Basilica of St John Lateran ( Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the Cathedral of the church of Rome and the official It was in the same Lateran Basilica, tradition tells us, that St. Patrick, the future Apostle of Ireland, professed the canonical institute which he afterwards introduced with the Christian faith, into his own country. At the voice of the great apostle the Irish nation not only embraced Christianity, but many also, following his example, embraced the canonical life.

On the authority of Sir James Ware, Canon Burke (Life and Labours of St. Augustine) asserts that "all the monasteries founded in Ireland by St. Patrick, were for canons regular. " This opinion is also maintained by Allemande, who affirms (Histoire monastique de l'Irlande) that "the Regular Canons of St. Augustine were so early or considerable in Ireland before the general suppression of monasteries, that the number of houses they are said to have had seems incredible. They alone possessed, or had been master of, as many houses as all the other orders together, and almost all the chapters of the cathedral and collegiate churches in Ireland consisted of canons regular. " To these authorities we might add that of the Rev. R. Butler, who, in his notes to the "Registrum Omnium Sanctorum", expressly affirms that the "old foundations in Ireland were exclusively for Canons. "

We might also quote the words of Bishop Thomas de Burgo, who, in his "Hibernia Dominicana", does not hesitate to say that St. Patrick was a canon regular, and that, having preached the Christian faith in Ireland, he established there many monasteries of the canonical institute. After this no one will think that the same writer exaggerates when he appends to his work a catalogue of 231 monasteries which at some time or other belonged to canons and canonesses regular. The Irish clerics became the most learned scholars in Europe, Ireland's seats of learning, monasteries, nunneries and charitable institutions were unsurpassed in number or excellence by those of any other nation. The Abbots or Priors of Christ Church and All Hallows in Dublin, of Connell, Kells, Athessel, Killagh, Newton and Raphoe had seats in Parliament. Raphoe ('ræfoʊ Ráth Bhoth is a town in County Donegal, part of the Province of Ulster in Ireland.

There seems very little doubt that the canonical institute was introduced into Scotland by St. Columba. WikipediaPersondata --> See Columba (disambiguation and St Columb for other uses This saint, called "monasteriorum pater et fundator", in reference to the numerous churches and monasteries built either by him or by his disciples in Ireland and Scotland, was formed to the religious life in the monastery of St. Finnian. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, anno 565, relates that Columba, Masspreost (Mass-Priest), "came to the Picts to convert them to Christ", or, as another manuscript says: "This year, 565, Columba the Messa-preost, came from the parts of the Scots (Ireland) to the Britons to teach the Picts, and built a monastery in the island of Hy. " To what order this monastery, founded by Columba, belonged, we may judge from other monasteries built by the saint in Ireland and Scotland. As we have already stated, St. Columba was the disciple of St. Finnian, who was a follower of St. Patrick; both then had learned and embraced the regular life which the great Apostle had established in Ireland. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint

Moreover, such writers as Ware, de Burgo, Archdall, Cardinal Moran, Bower, expressly tell us that Columba built monasteries for canons regular in Ireland and Scotland. Patrick Francis Cardinal Moran ( 16 September 1830 &ndash 16 August 1911) was the third Archbishop of Sydney. WikipediaPersondata --> See Columba (disambiguation and St Columb for other uses So, for instance, Ware, in his "Antiquitates Hiberniae", writing of Derry, says: "St. Columba built (this monastery) for Canons Regular in the year 545. " This monastery was a filiation of the monastery of SS. Peter and Paul at Armagh -- which, according to the same writer, had been founded by "St. The City of Armagh ( is an ancient religious site of worship of both celtic paganism and Christianity and the oldest of the five cities in Northern Ireland, Patrick for Canons Regular. " Again, tradition places the first landing of the saint on leaving Ireland at Oronsay, and Fordun (Bower) notices the island as "Hornsey, ubi est monasterium nigrorum Canonicorum, quod fundavit S. Columba" (where is the monastery of Black Canons which St. Columba founded). Speaking of the very monastery built by the saint at Hy, the historian Gervase of Canterbury, in his "Mappa Mundi", informs us that the monastery belonged to the Black Canons. Gervase of Canterbury ( Gervasus Dorobornensis) (c 1141 &ndash c The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations

Some writers think that the monasteries established by St. Columba in Scotland were for Culdees. It will be remembered that numerous opinions have been expressed concerning the origin and the institute of the Culdees, some calling them monks, some secular canons and hospitallers, and others going so far as to say that they were Independents, or Dissenters, nay even the forefathers of the modern Freemasons. The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc Others are of opinion that the Culdees originally, and some even to the very end, were nothing else but clerics living in common just as those St. Patrick had established in Ireland and St. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint Columba had introduced into Scotland.

At the time of the Reformation there were in Scotland at least thirty-four houses of canons regular and one of canonesses. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time These included six Premonstratensian houses, one Gilbertine, and one of the Order of St. The Norbertines, also known as the Premonstratensians (OPraem and in Britain and Ireland as the White Canons (from the colour of Anthony. The others seem to have been chiefly of the Aroasian Congregation, first introduced into Scotland from Nostall Priory, in England. Nostell Priory is a Palladian house located in Nostell, not far from Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England, approached by the Doncaster The chief houses were:

• St. Andrews, the Metropolitan of Scotland, founded by Angus, King of the Picts. St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. The church was at first served by Culdees, but in 1144 Bishop Robert, who had been a canon regular at Scone, established here members of his own community. The prior was mitred and could pontificate. In Parliament he had precedence of all abbots and priors.
• Scone, founded by King Alexander I of Scotland. The Stone of Scone (ˈskuːn also commonly known as the Stone of Destiny or the Coronation Stone is an oblong block of red Sandstone, about by by in Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c Here the Scottish kings were crowned. The stone on which the coronation took place was said to be that on which Jacob rested his head; it was at Westminster until 1996, having been removed by Edward I. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Tradition says that the Culdees were at Scone before Alexander brought canons regular from Nostall Priory in 1115.

• Holy rood, of which King David was the founder, in 1128, for canons regular, in the "vail that lyis to the Eist frae the Castell, quhare now lyis the Cannongait, and which at that time was part of ane gret forest full of hartis, hyndis, toddis and sicklike manner of beistis", as Bellenden, the translator of Bower, expresses it. The Holy rood is widely considered to be a part of the cross Jesus died on This famous abbey was burnt down at the instigation of John Knox in 1544, but some efforts were made to restore Divine service in the chapel as late as 1688, when Father G. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Hay, a Scottish canon regular, of the French congregation, performed there a funeral as he says, "in his habit with surplice and aulmess after the rites of Rome. " Next the abbey was the Royal Palace, and we are told that the Scottish kings often went Unto the saintly convent, with good monks to dine and quaff to organ music the pleasant cloister wine.

Many of the houses founded by St. Columba remained in possession of the canons till the Reformation. Oronsay and Crusay were of the number.

Much valuable information concerning many of the canonical houses may be found in Fordun's Scoti-Chronicon, written before 1384 (ed. Skene, Edinburgh, 1871-72). As Walter Bower, its continuator and annotator, was a canon regular, and abbot of Inchcolm, he no doubt derived all his materials at firs hand from the archives of the order, and thus many important particulars are related by him concerning the foundations of the houses, their inmates, and particular events.

There are not wanting writers who, on the authority of Jocelin, William of Malmesbury, "Gesta Pontificum" and others, are of opinion that the canonical order was established in Britain by St. Patrick, on his return from Rome to Ireland. Biography The education William received at Malmesbury Abbey included a smattering of Logic and Physics; Moral philosophy and History, Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint Be this as it may, the Saxon conquerors of the country extirpated not only the religious establishments, but almost the faith of Christ from the land. The faithful either were obliged to dwell in the fastnesses of Wales or were made slaves. It was in these circumstances that Pope Gregory the Great sent to England St. Augustine with forty clerics, who according to the Bull of Pope Eugenius IV (quoted by Lingard in his Anglo-Saxon Church, I, iv), by which, in 1446, he restored the Lateran Basilica to the canons regular, formed a Canonical Institute. Augustine of Canterbury OSB (born c first third of the 6th century - died 26 May 604 was a Benedictine Monk who became the first Archbishop Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death The Basilica of St John Lateran ( Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the Cathedral of the church of Rome and the official

Speaking of the order founded by the Apostle and reformed by the holy Bishop of Hippo, the pope says: "Blessed Gregory commanded St. Augustine, the Bishop of England, to establish it as a new plantation among the nation entrusted to his care and spread it to the utmost distant parts of the West. Augustine of Canterbury OSB (born c first third of the 6th century - died 26 May 604 was a Benedictine Monk who became the first Archbishop " And William of Coventry, in his Chronicle, A. D. 620, tells us that "Paulinus with twelve clerics was sent by the Pope to help Augustine. " In the North also the disciples of St. Columba were preaching the Gospel and establishing the canonical order among the nation they were converting to Christ.

The Roman and British clergy amalgamated, and were learn from English historians that most if not all the cathedral and large churches were served by regular clerics or canons regular till the tenth century, when they were replaced by Benedictine monks by royal authority, and sometimes by means even less lawful. Dr. Lingard clearly states that: 'in many of these religious establishments the inmates had been Canons Regular from the beginning. In many they had originally been monks and had converted themselves into Canon, but all considered themselves bound by their rule to reside within the precincts of their monasteries, to meet daily in the church for the performance of divine service, to take their meals in the same hall, and to sleep in the same dormitory. '

In fact, this same historian is of opinion that St. Augustine and his companions were clerics living in common. Writing of the clergy in Anglo-Saxon times, Dr. Lingard says: 'The chief resource of the Bishop lay in the Cathedral monastery, where the clergy were carefully instructed in their duties and trained in the exercise of their holy profession. They were distinguished by the name of Canons because the rule which they observed had been founded in accordance with the canons enacted in different councils. ' and he adds this explanatory note from the Excerptiones of Egbert: Canonen dicimus regulas quas sancti Patres constiturerunt in quibus scriptum est quomodo canonici, id est clerici regulares, vivere debeant. (By the term canons we designate those rules which the holy Fathers have laid down, in which it has been written how canons (canonici), i. e. regular clerics, ought to live).

We have also the fact that in the twelfth century many churches served by secular canons, like Plympton, Twynham, Taunton, Dunnow, Gisburn, were given to canons regular, who, it would seem, were the original owners. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary Twynham School (also known as Twynham Comprehensive School is a Comprehensive School in Christchurch Dorset. Taunton is the County town of Somerset, England. The Unparished area (or former Municipal borough) of Taunton has a Population Gisburn (formerly Gisburne) is a village and Civil parish within the Ribble Valley borough of Lancashire, England. This view is confirmed by various historians. In his History of the Archbishops (ed. William Stubbs, Rolls Series, London, 1876), Ralph Diceto tells us that at Dunstan's suggestion King Edgar drove the clerics out of most of the churches of England and placed monks in their stead. William Stubbs ( 21 June 1825 &ndash 22 April 1901) was an English Historian and Bishop of Oxford. The Rolls Series, official title The Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages, is a major collection of British and Irish historical Ralph de Diceto (d c 1202 Dean of St Paul's, and chronicler is first mentioned in 1152 when he received the archdeaconry of Middlesex. Dunstan (c909&ndash 19 May 988) was an Abbot of Glastonbury, a Bishop of Worcester, a Bishop of London, and an Edgar I the Peaceful or the Peaceable (c 7 August 943&ndash8 July 975 1 In Liber de Hyda we find that canons had been introduced at Winchester by King Ethelred, and that Bishop Grimbald, a zealous reformer of the clergy, had established a community of clerics whose duty it was to perform the Divine Office. Ethelred II ( c. 968 – 23 April 1016 also known as Æthelred II, Aethelred II, Ethelred the Unready, Æthelred the Unready Speaking of Ælfric, a monk who had been elected Archbishop of Canterbury, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A. Ælfric may refer to Ælfric Cild, late 10th century Anglo-Saxon Ealdorman from Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire Ælfric of Abingdon The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. D. 995, remarks that when he came to his cathedral he was received by a community of clerics, when he would have preferred monks.

It would seem, then, that writers like Tanner, the modern editors of Dugdale's Monasticon, and others, who think that the canons regular were introduced into England after the year 1100, or after the coming of William the Conqueror, may have been misled by the fact that it was only after the eleventh century that the canons regular were so styled generally; nevertheless these are the same ecclesiastics, until then commonly called religious or regular clerics. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages It is also true that, as elsewhere so in England, in the twelfth century there was a great revival in the canonical order on account of various congregations newly found in France, Italy and the Low countries, and it was some of these new canons that came with the Conqueror; but this does not prove that the canonical life was unknown before.

In England alone, from the Conquest to the death of Henry II Plantagenet, no fewer than fifty-four houses were founded where the canons regular were established. Colchester in 1096 was the first, followed ten years later by Holy Trinity in London. In 1100 Ralph Mortimer, by consent of Gerard, Bishop of Hereford, founded a canonical house at Wigmore, and in 1110 another house for Austin Canons was built at Haghmond. The Bishop of Hereford is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Hereford in the Province of Canterbury. At Taunton a colony of secular priests became a monastery of canons regular. Taunton is the County town of Somerset, England. The Unparished area (or former Municipal borough) of Taunton has a Population Secular canons were also replaced by canons regular at Twynham, Plympton, Waltham and other places. Twynham School (also known as Twynham Comprehensive School is a Comprehensive School in Christchurch Dorset. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary Waltham Abbey is an Abbey church, first consecrated in 1060, in the town of Waltham Abbey Essex, England History In the period mentioned there were, among others, the foundations of the Austin houses at Dunmow, Thremhall, Southampton, Gisburn, Newnham in Bedfordshire, Norton in Cheshire, Stone in Staffordshire, Anglesey and Barnwell in Cambridgeshire, Berden in Essex. Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England Gisburn (formerly Gisburne) is a village and Civil parish within the Ribble Valley borough of Lancashire, England. Norton Priory was a Priory established as an Augustinian foundation near Runcorn, Cheshire, England in the 12th century History There are numerous Megalithic monuments and Menhirs present on Anglesey testifying to the presence of mankind in prehistory Barnwell is a suburb of Cambridge in England. It lies northeast of the city Berden is a Village and Civil parish in Essex, England. It is located 9 km (5 Miles north from Bishop's Stortford This was a period of great prosperity for the canonical order in England, but soon evil days came.

There was first the Black Plague, and like every other ecclesiastical institution, the canons regular were fairly decimated, and we may say that they never quite recovered. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia To remedy the evil Cardinal Wolsey thought it expedient to introduce a general reform of the whole canonical order in England. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal In the capacity of papal delegate, on 19 March, 1519, he issued the Statuta, which were to be observed by all the Austin Canons. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. These ordinance, as Abbot Gasquet observes, are valuable evidence as to the state of the great Augustinian Order at that time in England. The statutes provide for the union of all the Austin Canons; for the assembly of a general chapter every three years; for various matters concerning obedience, poverty, and the general discipline of the cloister. Special regulations are given for the daily recitation of the Divine Office and singing of Masses.

Directions are laid down for the reception and profession of novices, for uniformity in the religious habit, and sending young students to Oxford University. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the But troubled days soon came over the land, and these statutes, good though they were, could not keep off the evil times. The canonical houses were suppressed, and the religious dispersed, persecuted, little by little disappeared from the land altogether. Yet, in spite of the previous disasters, by Abbot Gasquet's computation ninety-one houses belonging to the canons regular wee suppressed or surrendered at the time of the Reformation between 1538 and 1540, with one thousand and eighty-three inmates -- namely, Austin Canons, fifty-nine houses and seven hundred and seventy-three canons; Premonstratensians, nineteen houses and one hundred and fifty-one religious. This number of houses and religious does not include the lesser monasteries with an aggregate of one house and five hundred monks and canon, nor the nuns of the various orders estimated at one thousand five hundred and sixty.

Their best known canonical houses were at: Walsingham, Waltham, St. This refers to the English village for other uses see Walsingham (disambiguation Walsingham is a Village (actually two conjoined Waltham Abbey is an Abbey church, first consecrated in 1060, in the town of Waltham Abbey Essex, England History Mary's Overy, Bolton, St. Bartholomew's Smithfield, Nostall, Bridlington, Bristol, Carlisle, Newbury, Hexham, Lanercost, Bodmin, Colchester, Dunstable, Merton, Kertmele, Llanthony, Plympton, St. Frideswide's at Oxford and Osney. Bolton ( is a large town in Greater Manchester, in the North West region of England. St Bartholomew's Hospital, also known as Barts, is a hospital in Smithfield in the City of London, England. Bridlington is a town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. Newbury is a Civil parish and the principal Town in the west of the County of Berkshire in England. Colchester ( /ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/ is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England. Dunstable is a Market town in Bedfordshire, England. It lies on the eastward tail spurs of the Chiltern Hills, 30 miles north of London Llanthony (Llandewi Nant Honddu is a village in Monmouthshire, south east Wales, United Kingdom. The priory of St Frideswide Oxford was established as a Priory of Augustinian Regular canons, in 1122. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Osney, Osney Island, or Osney Town ( IPA: /ˈəʊznɪ/ an earlier spelling of the name is Oseney) is a riverside community in the west of the

At Walshingham there was a famous shrine of Our Lady, a model of the Holy House of Nazareth, founded two hundred years before the miraculous removal to Loretto. A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used Erasmus, writing in the sixteenth century, gives a vivid description of the shrine and the canons, its custodians. At Bourne Abbey lived from 1300 to 1340 Robert de Brunne, a canon regular, who had been styled the "Father of the English language. Robert Mannyng or Robert de Brunne (c1275 - c1338 a Gilbertine monk provides a surprising amount of information about himself in his two known works Handlyng " In his monastic seclusion he welded together the diverse dialects, which then divided shire from shire, into the grammatical structure which the language has since retained. Bridlington Priory, where William de Newbridge and several other historians lived, was also sanctified by the life, virtues, and miracles of its holy prior, John de Tweng, the last English saint to be canonized prior to the Reformation. He died in 1379. In 1386 a mandate was issued to collect evidence with a view to canonization.

The body was translated in 1405 de mandato Domini papae, and Boniface IX by a Bull, the original of which was found in the Vatican Archives by J. Pope Boniface IX (1356 &ndash October 1, 1404) born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November A. Twemlow, formally canonized him. The holy prior was a very popular saint in the North of England. A rich shrine had been built over his tomb, from which the people begged Henry VIII Tudor to withhold his hand; but all in vain. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Lest the people should be reduced in the offering of their money, the shrine was pulled down and destroyed. Sempringham saw the beginning by St. Gilbert, and the wonderful growth of the only pre-Reformation institute of distinctly English origin.

Here, too, Peter de Langtoft, the historian, lived and wrote his well-known works. Within the walls of Merton Abbey Thomas of Canterbury, when a youth, received his eduacation and made his profession as a canon regular before he was consecrated archbishop. Chic Priory, whence came William de Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury, was renowned for the learning of its religious clerics: "clerical litteraturâ insignes. " Thurgarton was the home of the spiritual writer Walter Hilton, who, about the year 1400, wrote the Scala perfectionis 'ladder of perfection', usually attributed to some Carthusian monk. Walter Hilton (died 24 March[[ 396]] was an English Augustinian mystic. St. Frideswide's, founded for canons regular at Castle Tower by Robert d'Oiley, and translated to Osney in 1149, became, as Cardinal Newman tells, "a nursery for secular students, subject to the Chancellor's jurisdiction. " At Lilleshall Priory lived John Myrk, the author of Instructions for Parish Priests, a work written in irregular couplets, doubtless that they might be easily committed to memory; it was edited by the Early English Text Society. The Early English Text Society is an organization to reprint early English texts especially those only available in manuscript The following verses, where Myrk gives excellent and explicit directions for behaviour in church, are a fair sample of the author's style:

That when they do to Church fare,

Then bid them leave their many words,

Their idle speech and nice border {jests}

And put away all vanity

And say their Pater Noster and their Ave.

None in the church stand shall,

Nor lean to pillar not to wall,

But fair on knees they shall them set,

Kneeling down upon the flat,

And pray God with heart meek

To give them grace and mercey eke.

Suffer them to make no bere {noise}

But aye to be in their prayer.

Some twenty-five years ago the canons regular of the Lateran Congregation returned to this Cornish town where before the Reformation their brethren the Austin Canons had a beautiful priory in honour of St. Mary and St. Petrock. The new prior became the residence of the provincial, or visitor, the novitiate-house for England, and the centre from which several Missions -- as Truro, St. Ives and Newquay -- were served by canons regular.

When the English religious houses were dissolved, many canons regular gave up Catholicism. Others retained thir faith: Of this number were W. Wold, Prior of Bridlington, the Sub-Prior of Walsingham, with sixteen canons, and Laurence Vaux. This refers to the English village for other uses see Walsingham (disambiguation Walsingham is a Village (actually two conjoined Laurence Vaux (Vose (b at Blackrod, Lancashire, 1519 d in The Clink, 1585 was an English Canon regular.

The canonical order was in the early 20th century represented in England by Premonstratensians at Crowley, Manchester, Spalding and Storrington; the Canons Regular of the Lateran Congregation at Bodmin, Truro, St Ives, and Newquay, in Cornwall; at Spettisbury and Swanage, in Dorsetshire; at Stroud Green and Eltahm, in London. Storrington is a Village in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England, and one of two in the Civil parish of Storrington and Bodmin (Bosvenegh is a Town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, with a population of 12778 (2001 census Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Swanage is a small coastal Town in the south east of Dorset, England. Stroud Green could be Stroud Green Berkshire Stroud Green Essex Stroud Green Gloucestershire Besides the occupations of the regular life at home and the public recitation of the Divine Office in choir, they were chiefly employed in serving missions, preaching retreats, supplying for priests who ask their service, and hearing confessions, either as ordinary or extraordinary confessors to convents or other religious communities.

The canonical order must have been introduced into the New World soon after its 'discovery' by Columbus. In fact, tradition tells us that some canons regular from Spain were his companions in one or other of his voyages. Certain it is that at the general chapter of the Lateran Congregation held at Ravenna in 1558, at the request of many Spanish canons, Don Francis de Agala, a professed canon regular from Spain, who for some ten years had already laboured in the newly-discovered country, was created vicar-general in America, with powers to gather into communities all the members of the canonical institute who were then dispersed in those parts, and the obligation to report to the authorities of the order. There are canons regular of the Lateran Congregation in the Argentine, and in Canada the Canons of the Immaculate Conception serve different missions. The premonstratensian Canons also are in different places in South America.

Reforms and Congregations

As we have already observed, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries a great reform and revival took place in the canonical order. A great number of congregations of canons regular sprang into existence, each with its own distinctive constitutions, grounded on the Rule of St. Augustine and the statutes which blessed Peter de Honestis, about the year 1100, gave to his canons at Ravenna, where also he instituted the first sodality, called "The Children of Mary. Peter de Honestis was born at Ravenna about 1049 died 29 March, 1119. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. In Christian theology, a sodality is a form of the Church universal expressed in specialized task oriented form as opposed to the Church in its local diocesan " In order to preserve uniformity and regularity among these numerous congregations Pope Benedict XII, in the year 1339, issued his Papal Bull Ad decorem, which may be rather called a book of constitutions to be observed by all canons regular then existing. Pope Benedict XII (died April 25, 1342) born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342 A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. By this Bull the order, then extending through Europe and Asia, was divided into twenty-two ecclesiastical provinces or "kingdoms", among them being Ireland, England and Scotland, forming each a province. An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government so named by analogy with a secular Province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian The abbots and visitors were to be convened at a provincial chapter to be held in each province every four years. Visitors were to be elected to make a canonical visitation of every house in their respective provinces. Minute regulations are laid down for the daily recitation or singing of the Divine Office in choir, clothing, professions, studies at the universities, expenses and other details in the clerical life and the general discipline of the canons in the cloister. This article refers to the Liturgy of the Hours as a specific manifestation of public prayer in the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Martyrology mentions the existence of more than thirty-three different congregations of canons regular. The Roman Martyrology is the official Martyrology of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. The historian of the order number no fewer than fifty-four. It would be impossible to give here even an account of each in particular, therefore we only mention a few.

Lateran Congregation

By common consent the Lateran Congregation, officially styled Congregatio SS. Salvatoris Lateranensis, stands first in antiquity and importance. Canons regular are members of certain bodies of Canons (priests living in community under the Augustinian Rule ("regula" in Latin and sharing their property As the title implies, this congregation takes its origin from the Roman Basilica of St. John Lateran, the pope's own cathedral. The Basilica of St John Lateran ( Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the Cathedral of the church of Rome and the official History, confirmed by the authority of Pontifical Bulls, informs us that Pope Sylvester I established in the basilica built by the Emperor Constantine clerics living in common after the manner of the Primitive Church. In the year 492, Gelasius, a disciple of St. Augustine, introduced in the patriarchal basilica the regular discipline which he had learnt at Hippo.

Popes Gregory the Great, Eugenius II, Sergius III and Alexander II, all endeavoured to maintain the observance of the regular life established among the clergy of the basilica. Eugene II (in Latin: Eugenius II) Pope (824-827 was a native of Rome and was chosen to succeed Paschal I. Sergius III was a Pope of the Roman Catholic Church in two intervals (between 897 and April 14, 911) Alexander II (died April 21, 1073) born Anselmo da Baggio, was Pope from 1061 to 1073 As relaxation had crept in, the last name pope, at the request of St. Peter Damian, called some canons from St. Saint Peter Damian, OSB ( Petrus Damiani, also Pietro Damiani or Pier Damiani; c Frigidian at Lucca, a house of strict observance. Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on the Ligurian Sea The reform spread, till at length the houses that had embrace it were formed into one large congregation. In the eighteenth century the Lateran Congregation numbered forty-five abbeys and seventy-nine other houses in Italy, besided many affiliated convents of canonesses, monasteries, and colleges of canons regular outside of Italy.

The canons regular served the Lateran Basilica from the time they were put in possession till 1391, when secular canons were introduced by Boniface VIII. Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 Several attempts were made to restore the basilica to its original owners, and finally in 1445 Pope Eugenius IV gave it over to them, an act which was confirmed by Nicholas I. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death Nicholas I can be Pope Nicholas I Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia and King of Poland Nicholas But the arrangement did not last long, and eventually the canons regular were definitively displaced, and the basilica made over to secular canons. All that remains now to the canons regular is the nae they derive from the basilica and a few other privileges, such as precedence over all the other religious orders and the faculty of saying all the Offices which are said by the Lateran Canons in all their Church.

There are houses belonging to the Lateran Congregation in Italy, Poland, France, Belgium, England, Spain and America. The congregation is divided into six ecclesiastical provinces, each presided over by a visitor or provincial. An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government so named by analogy with a secular Province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian The abbot general and procurator general reside in Rome at S. Pietro in Vincoli, where is also the directorate of the confraternity called "The Children of Mary. " There are novitiate houses, where young men are prepared for the order, in Italy, Belgium, Spain, England and Poland. The proper habit of the Lateran Congregation is a white woolen cassock with a linen rochet, which is worn as an essential part of the daily dress. A religious habit is a distinctive set of garments worn by members of a Religious order. The cassock, an item of Clerical clothing, is a long close-fitting ankle-length Robe worn by clerics of the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox A rochet is a Vestment generally worn by a Roman Catholic or Anglican Bishop in Choir dress. Their work is essentially clerical, the recitation of the Divine Office in church, the administration of the Sacraments and preaching. In Italy they have charge of parishes in Rome, Bologna, Genoa, Fano, Gubbio and elsewhere.

Canons of the Holy Sepulchre

It is the opinion of Helyot and others that no Canons of the Holy Sepulchre existed before 1114, when some canons regular, who had adopted the Rule of St. Pierre Helyot (1660-1716 Franciscan friar and Historian, was born at Paris in January 1660 of supposed English ancestry Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre, an order said to have been founded In 1114 (or according to other accounts during the rule of Godfrey of Bouillon in Jerusalem Augustine, were brought from the West and introduced into the Holy City by Godfrey of Bouillon. Godfrey of Bouillon (c 1060 Boulogne-sur-Mer &ndash 18 July 1100, Jerusalem) was a medieval knight who was a leader of the First On the other hand, Suarez, Mauburn, Ferreri, Vanderspeeten and others, upholding the tradition of the canonical order, maintain that James, the first Bishop of Jerusalem, established clerics living in common the in the Holy City, where also, after the crusades, flourished the Congregation of the Holy Sepulchre. Saint James the Just ( Hebrew: יעקב or Jacob ( Greek Iάκωβος (died 62AD also known as James of Jerusalem, James Adelphotheos Driven away by the Moslems, the canons sought refuge in Europe, where they had monasteries, in Italy, France, Spain, Poland and the Low Countries. In these countries, except Italy, they continued to exist until the French Revolution. In Italy they seem to have been suppressed by Innocent VIII, who, in 1489, transferred all their property to the Knights of Malta. Pope Innocent VIII (1432 &ndash July 25, 1492) born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was Pope from 1484 until his death The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St As regards men, the congregation seems now extinct, but it is still represented by Sepulchrine Canonesses, who have converts in Belgium, Holland, France, Spain and England. According to Dugdale's Monasticon, the canons had two houses in England, one at Thetford and the other at Warwick. Thetford is a Market town and Civil parish in the Breckland area of Norfolk, England. Warwick (ˈwɒrɪk worrick (silent w in middle is the County town of Warwickshire, England. By a Bull, dated 10 January, 1143, to be found in the Bullarium Lateranense, Pope Celestine II confirms the church and the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre in all the possessions they had received from Godfrey of Bouillon, King Baldwin of Jerusalem, and other benefactors. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Pope Celestine II (died March 8, 1144) born Guido di Castello, was Pope from 1143 to 1144 Mention is also made in the Bull of several churches in the Holy Land and in Italy belonging to the canons. Cardinal de Vitry, a canon regular of Oignies and Cardinal, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who had lived in Palestine some years, relates that the canons served, amongst other churches, that of the Holy Sepulchre and those on Mount Sion and on Mount Olivet. Oignies is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, جبل الزيتون الطور Jebel az-Zeitun הר הזיתים Har HaZeitim; is a mountain ridge in east The patriarch was also Abbot of the Holy Sepulchre, and was elected by the canons regular.

Victorine Canons and the Callican Congregation

In the year 1109 the famous scholar and teacher William de Champeaux, formerly Archdeacon of Paris and afterwards a canon regular, opened, at the request of his disciples, in his monastery of St. Guillaume de Champeaux ( c 1070 &ndash 1122 also known as William of Champeaux ( English) or Guglielmus de Campellis ( Latin) was Victor near the city, a school which, owing to the great reputation of the master for learning, soon drew crowds of students from many parts. Founded by a scholar, the monastery of St. Victor for many centuries was a centre of learning and virtue, or, as the French writer Étienne Pasquier says, "Les lettres y furent toujours logées a bonnes enseignes" (there, letters were always entertained at good inns). Étienne Pasquier ( June 7, 1529 - September 1, 1615) French Lawyer and man of letters was born at Paris, on Here were formed men like Hugh, Richard and Adam of St. Victor, all famous for their theological works and their piety. The last named, Adam, had been called by Dom Gueranger "the greatest poet of the Middle Ages. " It was Adam who, among his beautiful liturgical hymns composed three admirable proses in honour of St. Thomas of Canterbury, beginning "Gaude Sion et latare", "Aquas plenas amaritudine", "Pia Mater plangat Ecclesia". St Thomas Becket (c 1118 &ndash December 29, 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170 The pious composer writes very feelingly of the holy martyr, whom he had heard and seen at St. Victor only sixteen months before his martyrdom. The archbishop, while at Paris to thank the king for his protection, wished also to visit the monastery of St. Victor, where at the time lived the saintly Richard. This visit took place on the octave of the Feast of St. Augustine, and the chronicler relates how the future martyr was joyously received by the community and was introduced into the chapter room, where he made an address to the brethren from the text, "In pace factus est locus" (Psalm 75). This visit and conference of their holy brother (for it must be remembered that St. Thomas had made his profession as a canon regular) made a great impression, we are told, on all who were present, and they remembered it when they shortly after heard of his cruel death.

So great was the reputation of the monastery built by William de Champeaus that houses were soon established everywhere after the model of St. Victor's, which was regarded as their mother-house. At the death of Gilduin, the immediate successor of William, who had been made Bishop of Chalons, the Congregation already counted forty-four houses. From this congregation, in 1149, sprang another, that of Sainte Genevieve, which in its turn became very numerous and, reformed as the Gallican Congregation, in the sixteenth century, by a holy man called Charles Faure, had, at the outbreak of the Revolution, no fewer than one hundred abbeys and monasteries in France. Both these congregations became extinct, as far as men are concerned, but the ancient congregation of St. Victor is still represented by a very old community of canonesses at Ronsbrugge, near Ypres in Flanders (Belgium).

The Norbertines

The Premonstratensian Order was founded at Prémontré, near Laon, in Picardy (northern France), by St. Norbert in the year 1120, and approved by Pope Honorius II in 1126. The Norbertines, also known as the Premonstratensians (OPraem and in Britain and Ireland as the White Canons (from the colour of Prémontré is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France. Laon (lɑ̃ is a city and commune in Picardie in northern France, préfecture (capital} of the Aisne department Picardy (Picardie is an historical Province of France, in the north of France. Saint Norbert of Xanten (c 1080&ndash 6 June 1134) is a Christian Saint and founder of the Norbertine or Premonstratensian order See also Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus According to the spirit of its founder, this congregtion unites the active with the contemplative life, the institute embracing in its scope the sanctification of its members and the administration of the sacraments. It grew large even during the lifetime of its founder, and now has charge of many parishes and schools, especially in the Habsburg provinces of Austria and Hungary. The Premonstratensians wear a white habit with white cincture. They are governed by an abbot general, vicars and visitors.

The Crosiers

The origin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross appears to be uncertain, although all admit its great antiquity. The Congregation of Holy Cross or Congregatio a Sancta Cruce (C It has been divided into four chief branches: the Italian, the Bohemian, the Belgian and the Spanish. Of this last very little is known. The branch once flourishing in Italy, after several attempts at reformation, was finally suppressed by Alexander VII in 1656. Pope Alexander VII ( February 13, 1599 &ndash May 22, 1667) born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from April 7, In Bohemia there are still some houses of Crosier Canons, as they are called, who, however, seem to be different from the well known Belgian Canons of the Holy Cross, who trace their origin to the time of Innocent III and recognize for their Father Blessed Theodore de Celles, who founded their first house at Huy, near Liège. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January The Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross, commonly called Crosiers are a Roman Catholic religious order. These Belgian Croisier Canons have a great affinity with the Dominicans. They follow the Rule of St. Augustine, and their contitutions are mainly those compiled for the Dominican Order by St. Raymond of Penafort. Saint Raymond of Peñafort, OP (c 1175 &ndash 1275 ( Sant Ramon de Penyafort, San Raimundo de Peñafort) was born in Vilafranca del Penedès Besides the usual duties of canons in the church, they are engaged in preaching, administering the sacraments, and teaching. Formerly they had houses in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, England, Ireland and Scotland. Till around 1900 they served missions in North America, since they had five monasteries in Belgium, of which St. Agatha is considered the mother-house. To these Croisier Canons belongs the privilege, granted to them by Pope Leo X and confirmed by Leo XIII, of blessing beads with an indulgence of 500 days. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope An indulgence, in Roman Catholic Theology, is the full or partial Remission of temporal punishment due for Sins which have already been forgiven Their habit was formerly black, but is now a white soutane with a black scapular and a cross, white and black on the breast. In choir they wear in summer the rochet with a black almuce. A rochet is a Vestment generally worn by a Roman Catholic or Anglican Bishop in Choir dress. An almuce was a fur hood-like shoulder cape worn as a choir Vestment in the Middle Ages especially in England

The Gilbertines

To St. Gilbert of Sempringham is due the honour of founding the only religious order of distinctly English origin. Saint Gilbert of Sempringham (about 1083&mdash February 4 1190) became the only Englishman to found a Convent, mainly because the Cistercian Having completed his studies in England and in France, he returned to the diocese of Lincoln, where he began to labour with great zeal for the salvation of souls, becoming a canon regular in the monastery of Bridlington. The Diocese of Lincoln forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. Bridlington is a town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. But finding that the discipline of the order was not strictly observed, he conceived, in 1148, the idea of introducing a reform in those regions. After much prayer, thought, and taking advice from holy men, he came to the conclusion that it was necessary to establish a new congregation, composed of both men and women, who should live under the same roof, though of course separated. This idea he put into execution, giving the rule of St. Benedict to the woman and that of canons regular to the men, with special and carefully elaborated constitutions for both. The Gilbertine Congregation spread especially in the North of England, and as already stated, at the time of the general dissolution it had twenty houses and one hundred and fifty-one religious. At the temporary University of Stamford, Sempringham Hall, founded by Robert Lutrell in 1292, was especially for the students of the Gilbertine Congregation.

Congregation of SS. Augustine, Bernard, and Nicholas

The canons regular, usually called monks, whom visitors find serving at the Hospice on the Great St. Bernard, belong to the Congregation of St. Great St Bernard Pass ( Fr Col du Grand-Saint-Bernard, It Colle del Gran San Bernardo) is the most ancient pass through Augustine, St. Bernard and St. Nicholas, as it is officially called. They were established on this famous pass of the Alps by Bernard of Menthon, a canon regular of Aosta (Italy), about the year 969, according to some, or later, according to others. Saint Bernard of Menthon ( Bernard of Montjoux) Born in 923 probably in the Château de Menthon near Annecy, in Savoy; died at Novara The religious institute in such a place was only meant by the founder for the convenience of pilgrims and travellers who cross the Alps at a point always full of dangers. The hospice, the canons, their work are too well known to need more than a short mention here. Besides lay brothers and servants, thee are always at the hospice about fifteen canons, who come from Martigny, their mother-house, where also resides the superior general of the congregation. Martigny ( German Martinach, Latin Octodurum, sometimes also Octodure in French) is the capital of the French Some canons have charge of the hospice on the Simpion Pass, and a certain number of parishes in the Canton Valais are served by canons of the same congregation.

The Windesheim Congregation

The origin of the Windesheim Congregation is due to Gerard Groot, a zealous preacher and reformer of the fourteenth century, at Deventer in the Low Countries. The Congregation of Windesheim was a branch of the Augustinians which took its name form an Augustinian monastery situated about four miles south of Zwolle on the Geert Groote (October 1340 &ndash 20 August 1384) otherwise Gerrit or Gerhard Groet, in Latin Gerardus Magnus, was a Dutch Touched by his preaching and example, many poor clerical students gathered around him and, under his direction, "putting together whatever they earned week by week, began to live in common. " Such was the beginning of the institute known as that of the "Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life. " This institution spread rapidly, and in short time nearly every town in Holland and the adjacent countries contained one or more houses of "The New Devotion" as it was then called. But difficulties were not wanting. The members of "The New Devotion" were not bound together by any vows, and the institute had received no formal approval from the ecclesiastical authorities. Groot foresaw that the only safeguard for the continuance of the new institute was to affiliate it in some way to some great religious order already approved by the Church, to the authority of which the devout brethren and sisters might look for guidance and protection. Having heard of the famous Blessed John Ruysbrock, prior of a house of canons regular at Groendael near Brussels, he went to visit and consult him. The Blessed John of Ruysbroeck (Jan van Ruusbroec (1293 or 1294 Ruisbroek &ndash December 2, 1381, Groenendaal) was one of the Deeply edified by what he saw and heard there, Gerard Groot resolved to place this new institute under the spiritual guidance of the canons regular. The execution of tis resolve was left by Gerard Groot, at his death, to his beloved disciple, Florentius Radwyn. Florens Radewyns (or latinized Florentius Radwyn) was the co-founder of the Brethren of the Common Life. A beginning was soon made, and the foundation of the first house laid at Windersheim, near Zwolle. Zwolle is a Municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands, 120 kilometers northeast of Amsterdam. This became the mother-house of the famous congregation, which, only sixty years after the death of Groot, possessed in Belgium alone more than eighty well-organized monsteries, some of which, according to the chronicler John Buschius, who had visited them all, contained as many as a hundred, or even two hundred, inmates. The congregation continued in its primitive fervour until the devastations of the Reformers drove it from its native soil, and it was at last utterly destroyed during the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an To this double institute the Church owes many pious and learned men -- as Raymond Jordan, called Idiota, John Ruysbroeck, Mauburn, Garetius, Latomus and Erasmus. Raymundus Jordanus, best known by his Latin nom de plume Idiota ('the Idiot' though this identification is disputed by some was an ancient learned and pious writer whose identity Some, like St. John Ostervick, canonized by Pius IX, shed their blood rather than deny their Faith. The Martyrs of Gorkum were a group of Roman Catholics in the sixteenth century who suffered Martyrdom for Catholicism in the Dutch town of Gorinchem Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Chief among these learned and holy men stands Thomas a Kempis, when still a youth joined the institute, and knew the saintly Floretius and the first founders of the congregation. Thomas à Kempis (orig Thomas Haemerkken Thomas Hammerlein also Thomas Hemerken Thomas Hämerken Thomas van Kempen Tomás de Kempis (ca

The Irish Congregation of St. Patrick

Although the canonical order possessed so many houses in Ireland before the dissolution by Henry VIII, on account of the persecution, little by little it appears to have languished, and by 1620 to have been nearly extinct; it somewhat revived, however, for canons regular were once more to be found in the country not long after this. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of It is not improbable that at the outbreak of the persecution, like many members of other religious orders, some of the Irish canons may have retired to foreign monasteries and maintained a quasi-independent existence, and have been joined by others of their compatriots who were desirous of entering the canonical institute. In 1645 Dom Thaddeus O'Conel was butchered at Sligo by the Scottish Puritans together with the Archbishop of Tuam, Malachy O'Quechly. The Archdiocese of Tuam ( Irish: Ard-Deoise an Tuaim) is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese in west Ireland. Malachias O'Queely (Malachy O'Quechly Maolsheachlainn O Cadhla (b At the commencement of 1646 the canons were sufficiently numerous to be formed by Innocent X into a separate congregation of St. Pope Innocent X ( May 6, 1574 &ndash January 7, 1655) born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili) was Pope Patrick, which the pope declared to inherit all the rights, privileges and possessions of the old Irish canons.

In the year 1698 the Irish Congregation, by a Bull of Innocent XII, was affiliated and aggregated to the Lateran Congregation. Pope Innocent XII ( March 13, 1615 &ndash September 27, 1700) born Antonio Pignatelli was Pope from 1691 to 1700 From the moment the union was made the two congregations formed but one, and the members of each enjoyed all the rights and privileges of the other. The constitutions of the Lateran Congregation were adopted with some little modification by the Irish. In 1703 Dom Milerius Burke, Abbot of St. Thomas, Dublin, was appointed by the abbot general, Clappini, with the approval of Clement XI, vicar-general in the three kingdoms. Pope Clement XI ( July 23, 1649 &ndash March 19, 1721) born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death In 1735 the Irish canons were claiming before the Congregation of Propaganda their right to several churches, parishes, and houses. The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples ( Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelisatione) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for The cause was settled in their favour, but there were many difficulties, and they could get possession of only a few. In the "Spicilegium Ossoriense" (III, 148) we find that Henry O'Kelly, a canon regular, obtained from Pope Benedict XIII letters in virtue of which he not only called himself Abbot of St. Pope Benedict XIII ( February 2, 1649 &ndash February 21, 1730) born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini Thomas, Dublin, but also claimed the parochial rights over a great part of the city, without any dependence upon the metropolitan. The last canon of the Irish Congregation died towards the beginning of the nineteenth century, but as the Irish Congregation has been united with the Lateran Congregation, all its rights and privileges still survive in the last-named.

Canons of the Immaculate Conception

After the French Revolution in 1789 and the subsequent persecution of the Church all of the houses of the Canons Regular in France died out. In 1871 a diocesan priest from the Jura, Dom Adrien Gréa, Vicar-General of St. A vicar general (often abbreviated VG) is the principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority Claude in France, founded a new house of Canons Regular in France, this local congregation eventually developed into the Congregation of the Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception. The Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception are a Roman Catholic congregation which follows the Augustinian Rule, and part of the Canonical Order of the Canons Regular The laws of separation of Church and State in France in 1904 made it difficult for most of the Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception to stay in France. The Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception are a Roman Catholic congregation which follows the Augustinian Rule, and part of the Canonical Order of the Canons Regular A new home was found for the congregation who moved to northern Italy, where it is present until this day. Before their expulsion from France they served the ancient Abbey of St. Anthony in the Dauphiné, The early period of this congregation saw missions established in Canada and Peru, where there are still houses today. The Dauphiné or Dauphiné Viennois is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present departments ' of the The Canons Regular have houses in Brasil, Canada, England, France, Italy, Peru and the United States. Some years ago the congregation was revived, with some modifications, by the Very Reverend Dom Goea, then Vicar-General of St. A vicar general (often abbreviated VG) is the principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority Claude in France, under the denomination of Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception (see below). Before their expulsion from France they served the ancient Abbey of St. Anthony in the Dauphiné. The Dauphiné or Dauphiné Viennois is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present departments ' of the Their habit is a white woollen cassock, with leather girdel, linen rochet, black cloak and hood, and black biretta.

Austrian Congregation of Canons Regular

The Austrian Congregation of Canons Regular was formed in 1907, composed of the various ancient monasteries, abbeys, and collegiate churches of canons regular in Austria: St. Florian, Klosterneuburg, Herzogenburg, Reichersberg, Vorau and Neustift (now in Italy). The Abbot General, who is head of the Austrian Congregation is at this time Rt. Rev Fr Bernhard Bachovsky, Abbot of Klosterneuburg Monastery. Klosterneuburg Monastery ( German: Stift Klosterneuburg) is a Roman Catholic Monastery or Priory of Augustinian Canons

Extinct congregations include those of St. Rufus, founded in 1039, and once flourishing in Dauphiné; of Aroasia (Diocese of Arras, in France), founded in 1097; Marbach (1100); of the Holy Redeemer of Bologna, also called the Renana (1136), now united to the Lateran Congregation; of the Holy Spirit in Sassia (1198); of St. The Dauphiné or Dauphiné Viennois is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present departments ' of the Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy George in Alga, at Venice (1404); of Our Saviour in Lorraine, reformed in 1628 by St. Peter Fourier. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. Peter Fourier ( French: Pierre Fourier) ( November 30, 1565 - December 9, 1640) was a French Saint

Canonesses Regular

To most religious orders and congregation of men convents of nuns are related, following the same rules and constitutions. There are canonesses regular, as well as canons regular. The Apostolic origin is common to both. As Suarez says, with regard to origin and antiquity the same is to be said of orders of women both in general and in particular as of orders of men. The one generally began with the other. St. Basil in his rules addresses both men and women. Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (c 330 – January 1, 379) (Άγιος Βασίλειος ο Μέγας Latin And St. Augustine founded his first monastery for women in Africa at Tagaste. Souk Ahras ( Arabic: سوق أهراس; Chaoui:) is a municipality in Algeria. Most, if not all, of the congregations which go to form the canonical order had, or still have, a correlative congregation for women. In Ireland St. Patrick instituted canons regular, and St. Bridget was the first of numberless canonesses. The monasteries of the Gilbertine Congregation were nearly always double, for men and women. As with the canons, so also among the canonesses, discipline and love of community life now flourished now languished, so that in the tenth and eleventh centuries many of them became canonicae saeclulares and though living in the same house, no longer cherished the spirit of religious poverty or kept a common table.

On the other hand many communities of canonesses willingly took the name and the rule of life laid down for the congregations of regular canons. There still exist in Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, Holland, England, Germany, Africa, and America nuns and convents belonging to the Lateran or to some other congregation of canons regular. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The contemplative life is represented by such convents as Newton Abbot in England, Sta. Pudenziana at Rome, Sta. Maria di Passione at Genoa, Hernani in Spain, St. Trudo at Bruges. The Hospitalarians were till lately well represented in France with convents of canonesses at Paris, Reims, Laon, Soissons, and elsewhere. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Laon (lɑ̃ is a city and commune in Picardie in northern France, préfecture (capital} of the Aisne department Soissons is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France, located on the Aisne River, about 100

Occupied in the education of children, there are besides some of the ancient convents of canonesses of various congregations, the canonesses of the Congregation of Notre Dame (in full: Congrégation de Notre-Dame de chanoinesses de Saint Augustin), instituted in 1597 at Mattaincourt, in Lorraine, by St. Mattaincourt is a Village and commune in the Vosges département of northeastern France. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. Peter Fourier and the blessed Alix Le Clerc. Peter Fourier ( French: Pierre Fourier) ( November 30, 1565 - December 9, 1640) was a French Saint This congregation, whose object is the gratuitous education of poor girls, spread rapidly in France and Italy. There are now convents of Notre Dame in France, Belgium, Holland, Austria, Germany, Italy, and Africa. In France alone, until the persecution of 1907, they had some thirty flourishing communities and as many schools for externs and boarders. Driven away from France, some have taken refuge in England, like those of the famous convent of Les Oiseaux, Paris, who are now at Westgate, and those of Versailles who have settled at Hull. With some modifications the work was soon introduced into the New World in a remarkable way. The canonesses of the convent at Troyes had for some time earnestly desired to carry on their institute in Canada. Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is Circumstances, however, prevented their going, but at their request Marguerite Bourgeoys, the president, of the confraternity attached to their convent, gladly crossed the ocean. Saint Marguerite Bourgeoys ( 17 April 1620 &ndash 12 January 1700, feast day January 12) was born the sixth of twelve children In 1657 she opened a school at Montreal, in which, in accordance with the rules laid down by Peter Fourier, the poor were taught gratuitously. The school was a great success. Margaret returned to France to ask for helpers, and found them among her sister, the Children of Mary of Troyes. Returning to Canada with four fellow-workers, and soon followed by others she opened a school for boarders as well as a day school. In 1676 these pious women were formed into the "Congregation of Notre Dame. " Margaret died in 1700 and has since been declared venerable. The work she had transferred to Canada is still flourishing. At her death there were ten houses in the Dominion; there are now more than a hundred spread over the whole of North America under a superior general, who resides at the mother-house, Montreal.

In 1809 Bishop George Michael Wittman founded, in Bavaria, the Poor Sisters of the Schools of Notre Dame, and institute similar to that founded by St. Georg Michael Wittman (born near Pleistein, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, 22 (23? January 1760 died at Ratisbon, 8 March[[ 833]] was the Peter Fourier. Peter Fourier ( French: Pierre Fourier) ( November 30, 1565 - December 9, 1640) was a French Saint This association is now widespread in Europe and in America, and has done excellent work in the field of education.

There are English canonesses at Bruges, and at Neuilly, near Paris. In England there is a convent of the Holy Sepulchre at New Hall, with a flourishing school, originally at Liège; also a filiation of that at Bruges, at Hayward's heath, with a large school; at Newton Abbot a numerous community, with a colony at Hoddesdon, devoted to the contemplative life and the Perpetual Adoration. This last convent is, as it were, a link with the pre-Reformation canonesses, through Sister Elizabeth Woodford, who was professed at Barnharm, Priory, Bucks, 8 December, 1519. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. When the convent was suppressed, in 1539, she was received for some time into the household of Saint Thomas More. Later on she went to the Low Countries and was received into the convent of canonesses regular at St. Ursula's, Louvain, of the Windersheim Congregation. So many English ladies, daughters and sisters of martyrs, like Ann Clitheroe, Margaret Clement, [[Eleanor and Margaret Garnet, followed her that, in 1609, they formed an English community, St. Monica's, Louvain. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, this community of English canonesses returned to England, first to Spettisbury, afterwards to their present home at Newton Abbot. The chronicles of this ancient convent are being published, and two very interesting volumes have already appeared.

Notes

[edit] Sources and references

• This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. Canons regular are members of certain bodies of Canons (priests living in community under the Augustinian Rule ("regula" in Latin and sharing their property The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia

[edit] See also

• Clerks Regular
• Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius
• Order of the Canons Regular of Premontre; Norbertines founded by St. Canons regular are members of certain bodies of Canons (priests living in community under the Augustinian Rule ("regula" in Latin and sharing their property The term Clerks Regular (singular Clerk Regular designates a number of Catholic priests (clerics who are members of a Religious order (regular of priests The Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius (SJC is a clerical Institute of Consecrated Life in the Catholic Church, founded in 1998 in the Archdiocese The Norbertines, also known as the Premonstratensians (OPraem and in Britain and Ireland as the White Canons (from the colour of The Norbertines, also known as the Premonstratensians (OPraem and in Britain and Ireland as the White Canons (from the colour of Norbert (1120)
• Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception
• Canonesses
• Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre

[edit] External links

• Canons Regular of the Mother of God, France
• Canons Regular of Jesus the Lord, Vladivostok Mission
• The Canonesses in Jesus the Lord
• Canons Regular of St. John Lateran, The Italian Province's Website
• Canons Regular of St. Victor, France & Tanzania
• Canons Regular of Windesheim
• Canons Regular of the Mother of the Redeemer, France
• Canons Regular of Mount St. Bernard, Switzerland
• Canons Regular of St. Maurice, Switzerland
• Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius, Chicago, USA
• Text of the Rule of St. Augustine
• Catholic Encyclopedia entry for "Canons and Canonesses Regular"
• Canons Regular of the Austrian Congregation Stift Klosterneuburg
• Canons Regular of Prémontré Our Lady of England Priory, Storrington, West Sussex, UK
• The Canons Regular of Prémontré The Canons Regular of Prémontré in northern England
• Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception International website
• Canons Regular of Prémontré International website
• The Brethren of the Common Life
• The Canonesses of the Holy Sepulchre
• The Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Mercy of Jesus
• Canonesses Regular, the Congregation of Our Lady

This article includes content derived from the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1914, which is in the public domain. The Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception are a Roman Catholic congregation which follows the Augustinian Rule, and part of the Canonical Order of the Canons Regular A canoness is a member of a religious community of women (nuns living a simple life The Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre are a Catholic female Religious order. Canons regular are members of certain bodies of Canons (priests living in community under the Augustinian Rule ("regula" in Latin and sharing their property The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a religious Encyclopedia (1st edition 1882-84 3rd edition 1891 new edition published in thirteen volumes The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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