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A cannon is a type of artillery, usually large and tubular, that uses gunpowder or other explosive-based propellants to launch a projectile over a distance. See also History of gunpowder, The historical use of [[gunpowder]] in general Cannon in the Middle Ages were large tubular Firearms designed to fire a heavy Projectile over a long distance Naval artillery in the Age of Sail encompasses the period of roughly 1571-1863 when large sail-powered wooden naval warships dominated the high seas mounting a bewildering Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important Artillery weapons equipment and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the Infantry Cannon operation required specialised crew and gunners who were first enlisted by the Spanish in the 14th century A breech-loading weapon is a Firearm (a Rifle, a Gun etc in which the Bullet or shell is inserted or loaded at the rear of the A muzzleloader is any Firearm into which the projectile and usually the Propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the Gun (i A Cannon is any large tubular Firearm designed to fire a heavy Projectile over a long distance The first recorded usage of cannon in Great Britain was in 1327 when they were used in battle by the English against the Scots. Cannon in Korea were first developed by Choe Mu-seon, for exclusive use by the Goryo Army The hand cannon ( Arabic: midfa; Chinese: 手[[wikt 銃|銃]] as it was called was the first handheld portable An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i For other uses see Falconet The falconet or falcon was a light Cannon developed in the late 15th century For other uses see Saker The saker was a medium Cannon slightly smaller than a Culverin developed during the early 16th century The demi-culverin was a medium Cannon similar to but slightly larger than a saker and smaller than a regular Culverin developed in the early 17th century A culverin was a simple ancestor of the Musket, and later a medieval Cannon of relatively long barrel and light construction that fired solid Round shot The Demi-cannon medium sized Cannon, similar to but slightly larger than a Culverin and smaller than a regular 42lb (19kg Cannon developed in the early A field gun is an Artillery piece Originally the term referred to smaller Guns that could accompany a field army on the march and when in combat could be A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes Cannon vary in caliber, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending on their intended use on the battlefield. The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod The word cannon is derived from several languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as tube, cane, or reed.
First used in China, cannon were among the earliest forms of gunpowder artillery, and over time replaced siege engines—among other forms of aging weaponry—on the battlefield. The Song Dynasty (宋朝 960–1279 CE provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented statesmen A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. The first hand cannon appeared during the Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptians and Mongols in the Middle East. The hand cannon ( Arabic: midfa; Chinese: 手[[wikt 銃|銃]] as it was called was the first handheld portable The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic ar عين جالوت the "Eye of Goliath" or the "Spring of Goliath" took place on 3 September 1260 between This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The first cannon in Europe were probably used in Iberia, during the Reconquista between Muslims and Christians, in the 13th century. Cannon in the Middle Ages were large tubular Firearms designed to fire a heavy Projectile over a long distance The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth English cannon were first used during the Hundred Years' War, at the Battle of Crécy, in 1346. The first recorded usage of cannon in Great Britain was in 1327 when they were used in battle by the English against the Scots. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior It was during this period, the Middle Ages, that cannon became standardized, and more effective in both the anti-infantry and siege roles. After the Middle Ages, most large cannon were abandoned, in favor of greater numbers of lighter, more maneuverable pieces. In addition, new technologies and tactics were developed, making most defenses obsolete; this led to the construction of star forts, specifically designed to withstand artillery bombardment and the associated siege tactics. A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came
Cannon also transformed naval warfare: the Royal Navy, in particular, took advantage of their firepower. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) As rifling became more commonplace, the accuracy of cannon was significantly improved, and they became deadlier than ever, especially to infantry. Rifling refers to the Helix -shaped pattern in the barrel of a Firearm, which imparts a spin to a Projectile around its long axis In World War I, a considerable majority of all deaths were caused by cannon; they were also used widely in World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Most modern cannon are similar to those used in the Second World War, with the exception of naval guns, which are now significantly smaller in caliber. In particular, autocannon have remained nearly identical to their World War II counterparts. An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i
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Etymology and terminology
Cannon is derived from the Old Italian word cannone, meaning large tube, which came from Latin canna, in turn originating from the kanna,—Greek for cane, or reed—and ultimately deriving from the Akkadian term qanu, meaning tube or reed. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly [1][2][3] The word has been used to refer to a gun since 1326 in Italy, and 1418 in England. Cannon serves both as the singular and plural of the noun, although the plural cannons is also correct. [1]
Any large, smoothbore, muzzle-loading gun—used before the advent of breech-loading, rifled guns—may be referred to as a cannon, though the term specifically refers to a gun designed to fire a 42-pound (19 kg) shot, as opposed to a demi-cannon,—32 pounds (15 kg)—culverin,—18 pounds (8. Smoothbore refers to a Firearm or Cannon which does not have a rifled barrel. A muzzleloader is any Firearm into which the projectile and usually the Propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the Gun (i A gun is a particular Weapon that propels Projectiles The projectile is generally fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. A breech-loading weapon is a Firearm (a Rifle, a Gun etc in which the Bullet or shell is inserted or loaded at the rear of the Rifling refers to the Helix -shaped pattern in the barrel of a Firearm, which imparts a spin to a Projectile around its long axis The Demi-cannon medium sized Cannon, similar to but slightly larger than a Culverin and smaller than a regular 42lb (19kg Cannon developed in the early A culverin was a simple ancestor of the Musket, and later a medieval Cannon of relatively long barrel and light construction that fired solid Round shot 2 kg)—or demi-culverin—9 pounds (4. The demi-culverin was a medium Cannon similar to but slightly larger than a saker and smaller than a regular Culverin developed in the early 17th century 1 kg). Gun specifically refers to a type of cannon that fires projectiles at high velocities, and usually in relatively flat angles;[4] they have been used in warships extensively,[5] and as field artillery, as well. A gun is a particular Weapon that propels Projectiles The projectile is generally fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. Field artillery is a category of mobile Artillery used to support armies in the field [6] The term cannon also applies to the autocannon, a modern gun with a caliber of 20 mm, or more, with a high rate of fire. An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod The 20 mm caliber is a specific size of Cannon or Autocannon ammunition commonly the smallest caliber which is unambiguously a cannon (or more commonly today autocannon Autocannon have been used extensively in fighter aircraft since World War II,[7] and are sometimes used on land vehicles. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [8]
History
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For more details on the historical use of gunpowder in general, see History of gunpowder. See also History of gunpowder, The historical use of [[gunpowder]] in general Gunpowder was the first chemical explosive and the only one known until the invention of Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerin, Smokeless powder and
Early history
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For more details on development of gunpowder warfare in China, see Technology of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty (宋朝 960–1279 CE provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented statesmen
The earliest known cannon was invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria, in the 3rd century BC. The fire lance ( or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world Dunhuang ( also written as 燉煌 till early Qing Dynasty; is a City (pop Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius ( Greek Κτησίβιος ( fl Little is known about this primitive invention—as most of Ctesibius' works were lost—but it was noted by Philo of Byzantium that it operated using compressed air. Philo of Byzantium ( Greek: Φίλων ο Βυζάντιος ca [10] One of the first cannon used in battle was the fire lance, a gunpowder-filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower. The fire lance ( or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of Fire. [11] Shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel, so that it would fly out along with the flames. Shrapnel is the term originally applied to an anti-personnel artillery shell which carried a large number of individual bullets to the target and then ejected them forwards relying [12] Eventually, the paper and bamboo of which fire lance barrels were originally constructed came to be replaced by metal. [13] The earliest known depiction of a firearm is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan, dating to the 12th century, that portrays a figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard, firing flames and a cannonball. ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu. A bombard is a type of Medieval Cannon or mortar, used chiefly in Sieges for throwing heavy stone balls [13][14] The oldest surviving gun, dated to 1288, has a muzzle bore diameter of 2. 5 cm (1 in); the second oldest, dated to 1332, has a muzzle bore diameter of 10. 5 cm (4 in). [11]
The first documented battlefield use of gunpowder artillery took place on January 28, 1132, when Song General Han Shizhong used huochong to capture a city in Fujian. The hand cannon ( Arabic: midfa; Chinese: 手[[wikt 銃|銃]] as it was called was the first handheld portable The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Early life Han Shizhong was born to a poor farming family in a village of the Shanxi province in the year 1089 Huochong ( Traditional Chinese: 火銃； Simplified Chinese: 火铳 is a tube-like projection Firearm. This article is about the People's Republic of China province The first known illustration of a cannon is dated to 1326. [15] In his 1341 poem, The Iron Cannon Affair, one of the first accounts of the use of gunpowder artillery in China, Xian Zhang wrote that a cannonball fired from an eruptor could "pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse, and can even transfix several persons at once. "[16]
Joseph Needham suggests that the proto-shells described in the Huolongjing may be among the first of their kind. Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham, CH, FRS, FBA ( December 9, 1900 – March 24 1995) was a British A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles The Huolongjing ( Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; Traditional Chinese: 火龍經 rendered by its translator into English as [11] The Chinese also mounted over 3,000 cast bronze and iron cannon on the Great Wall of China, to defend themselves from the Mongols. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th The weapon was later taken up by both the Mongol conquerors and the Koreans. Cannon in Korea were first developed by Choe Mu-seon, for exclusive use by the Goryo Army Chinese soldiers fighting under the Mongols appear to have used hand cannon in Manchurian battles during 1288, a date deduced from archaeological findings at battle sites. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast [17]
In the 1593 Siege of Pyongyang, 40,000 Ming troops deployed a variety of cannon to bombard an equally large Japanese army. The siege of Pyongyang was a battle fought between the Ming-Korea alliance and Japanese forces during Japanese invasions of Korea. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Despite both forces having similar numbers, the Japanese were defeated in one day, due to the Ming advantage in firepower. Throughout the Seven Year War in Korea, the Chinese-Korean coalition used artillery widely, in both land and naval battles. Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 [18]
Islamic world
- See also: Inventions in the Islamic world, Alchemy and chemistry in Islam, and Great Turkish Bombard
Portable hand cannon ("midfa," in Arabic) were first used by the Egyptians to repel the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, and again in 1304. The Great Turkish Bombard, also known as the Basilic, the Dardanelles Gun, the Hungarian Cannon, Muhammed's Great Gun and The Royal The Great Turkish Bombard, also known as the Basilic, the Dardanelles Gun, the Hungarian Cannon, Muhammed's Great Gun and The Royal A muzzleloader is any Firearm into which the projectile and usually the Propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the Gun (i The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The hand cannon ( Arabic: midfa; Chinese: 手[[wikt 銃|銃]] as it was called was the first handheld portable Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic ar عين جالوت the "Eye of Goliath" or the "Spring of Goliath" took place on 3 September 1260 between [19][20] The composition of the gunpowder used in these battles was later described in several manuscripts, written in the early 14th century. Four different mixtures were used, the most explosive having a composition (74% saltpeter, 11% sulfur, 15% carbon) almost identical to modern gunpowder (75% saltpeter, 10% sulfur, 15% carbon). Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 These mixtures were more explosive than those used in either China or Europe during this period. [19][20] The Battle of Ain Jalut also saw the use of the earliest known gunpowder cartridges, employed by the Egyptians in their fire lances and hand cannon. A cartridge (also known as a "round" packages the Bullet, Gunpowder and primer into a single metallic case precisely made to fit the The fire lance ( or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world The hand cannon ( Arabic: midfa; Chinese: 手[[wikt 銃|銃]] as it was called was the first handheld portable [19]
The use of cannon as siege machines dates back to Abu Yaqub Yusuf, who employed them at the siege of Sijilmasa, in 1274, according to Ibn Khaldun. A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name Sijilmasa (or Sijilmassa) was a Mediaeval trade centre in the western Maghreb. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 [19] Also intended for siege warfare, the first supergun, the Great Turkish Bombard, was used by the troops of Mehmed II to capture Constantinople, in 1453. For the arcade game hardware see SuperGun For the 1990s United Kingdom political scandal known as the "Supergun affair" see Arms-to-Iraq. The Great Turkish Bombard, also known as the Basilic, the Dardanelles Gun, the Hungarian Cannon, Muhammed's Great Gun and The Royal The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Urban, a Hungarian cannon engineer, is credited with the invention of this cannon. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic [21] It had a 762 mm (30 in) bore, and could fire 544 kg (1,200 lb) stones a mile, and the sound of their blast could reportedly be heard from a distance of 10 miles (16 km). [21] The Great Turkish Bombards were cast in bronze and made in two parts: the chase and the breech, which, together, weighed 16 tonnes. A breech-loading weapon is a Firearm (a Rifle, a Gun etc in which the Bullet or shell is inserted or loaded at the rear of the This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. [22] The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate the work.
Another weapon invented in the Islamic world, fashioned for killing infantry, was the first known autocannon. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i It was invented in the 16th century, by Fathullah Shirazi, a Persian-Indian polymath and mechanical engineer, who worked for Akbar the Great in the Mughal Empire. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in Ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing machine had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannon. The polybolos (from Ancient Greek πολυβόλος, from πολύς - polys "many much" + βάλλω - ballo "to A repeating crossbow ( Chinese: 連弩 or Chu-ko-nu) is a Crossbow where the separate actions of stringing the bow placing the bolt and shooting The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca For the fictional characters see Gunbarrel (Transformers. A gun barrel is the tube usually Metal, through which a controlled Explosion [23]
Medieval Europe
In Europe, the first mention of gunpowder's composition in express terms appeared, in Roger Bacon's "De nullitate magiæ" at Oxford, published in 1216. Cannon in the Middle Ages were large tubular Firearms designed to fire a heavy Projectile over a long distance For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O [24] Later, in 1248, his "Opus Maior" describes a recipe for gunpowder and recognized its military use:
"We can, with saltpeter and other substances, compose artificially a fire that can be launched over long distances . . . By only using a very small quantity of this material much light can be created accompanied by a horrible fracas. It is possible with it to destroy a town or an army . . . In order to produce this artificial lightning and thunder it is necessary to take saltpeter, sulfur, and Luru Vopo Vir Can Utriet. "[25]
The first confirmed use of gunpowder in Europe was the Moorish cannon, first used by the Andalusians in the Iberian Peninsula, at the siege of Seville in 1248, and the siege of Niebla in 1262. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Niebla is a town and Municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. [19][26] By this time, hand guns were probably in use, as scopettieri—"gun bearers"—were mentioned in conjunction with crossbowmen, in 1281. A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts In Iberia, the "first artillery-masters on the Peninsula" were enlisted, at around the same time. [27]
The first metal cannon was the pot-de-fer. The pot-de-fer was a primitive Cannon made of Iron. It is known as the first Metal cannon and was used by the French in the Loaded with an arrow-like bolt that was probably wrapped in leather to allow greater thrusting power, it was set off through a touch hole with a heated wire. A quarrel or bolt is the term for the Ammunition used in a Crossbow. This weapon, and others similar, were used by both the French and English during the Hundred Years' War, when cannon saw their first real use on the European battlefield. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior [26] Even then, cannon were still a relatively rare weapon. "Ribaldis," which shot large arrows and simplistic grapeshot, were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy, between 1345 and 1346. Grapeshot is a type of anti-personnel Ammunition used in Cannons Instead of solid shot a mass of loosely packed metal slugs is loaded into a canvas [28] The Florentine Giovanni Villani recounts their destructiveness, indicating that by the end of the battle, "the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls. Giovanni Villani (c 1276 or 1280&ndash1348 His Cronica is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history "[28] Similar cannon were also used at the Siege of Calais, in the same year, although it was not until the 1380s that the "ribaudekin" clearly became mounted on wheels. The Siege of Calais (northern France) began in 1346, towards the beginning of what would later be called the Hundred Years' War. [28]
The first cannon appeared in Russia around 1380, though they were used only in sieges, often by the defenders. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan [29] Around the same period, the Byzantine Empire began to accumulate its own cannon to face the Ottoman threat, starting with medium-sized cannon 3 feet (0. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish 91 m) long and of 10 in caliber. [30] The first definite use of artillery in the region was against the Ottoman siege of Constantinople, in 1396, forcing the Ottomans to withdraw. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS [30] They acquired their own cannon, and laid siege to the Byzantine capital again, in 1422, using "falcons," which were short but wide cannon. For other uses see Falconet The falconet or falcon was a light Cannon developed in the late 15th century By 1453, the Ottomans used 68 Hungarian-made cannon for the 55-day bombardment of the walls of Constantinople, "hurling the pieces everywhere and killing those who happened to be nearby. The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its "[30] The largest of their cannon was the Great Turkish Bombard, which required an operating crew of 200 men[31] and 70 oxen, and 10,000 men to transport it. The Great Turkish Bombard, also known as the Basilic, the Dardanelles Gun, the Hungarian Cannon, Muhammed's Great Gun and The Royal [30] Gunpowder made the formerly devastating Greek fire obsolete, and with the final fall of Constantinople,—which was protected by what were once the strongest walls in Europe—on May 29, 1453, "it was the end of an era in more ways than one. Greek fire was a burning-liquid weapon used by the Byzantine Empire. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 "[32]
Early modern period
By the 1500s, cannon were made in a great variety of lengths and bore diameters, but the general rule was that the longer the barrel, the longer the range. Some cannon made during this time had barrels exceeding 10 ft (3. 0 m) in length, and could weigh up to 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg). Consequently, large amounts of gunpowder were needed, to allow them to fire stone balls several hundred yards. [33] By mid-century, European monarchs began to classify cannon to reduce the confusion. Henry II of France opted for six sizes of cannon,[34] but others settled for more; the Spanish used twelve sizes, and the English sixteen. Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 [35][36] Better powder had been developed by this time as well. Instead of the finely ground powder used by the first bombards, powder was replaced by a "corned" variety of coarse grains. This coarse powder had pockets of air between grains, allowing fire to travel through and ignite the entire charge quickly and uniformly. [37]
The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger, more powerful cannon, as well their spread throughout the world. As they were not effective at breaching the newer fortifications resulting from the development of cannon, siege engines—such as siege towers and trebuchets—became less widely used. A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. A siege tower (or in the Middle Ages a Belfry) is a specialized Siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders while approaching A trebuchet or trebucket is a Siege engine that was employed in the Middle Ages either to smash Masonry Walls or to throw However, wooden "battery-towers" took on a similar role as siege towers in the gunpowder age—such as that used at siege of Kazan in 1552, which could hold ten large-caliber cannon, in addition to 50 lighter pieces. Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes The siege of Kazan in 1552 was the final battle of Russo-Kazan Wars. [39] Another notable effect of cannon on warfare during this period was the change in conventional fortifications. Niccolò Machiavelli wrote, "There is no wall, whatever its thickness that artillery will not destroy in only a few days. "[40] Although castles were not immediately made obsolete by cannon, their use and importance on the battlefield rapidly declined. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. [41] Instead of majestic towers and merlons, the walls of new fortresses were thicker, angulated, and sloped, while towers became lower and stouter; increasing use was also made of earthen, brick, and stone breastworks and redoubts. Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. A merlon, in Architecture, forms the solid part of an embattled Parapet, sometimes pierced by Embrasures The word comes from the A breastwork is a Fortification. The term is usually applied to temporary fortifications often an earthwork thrown up to breast height to provide protection to defenders firing A redoubt is a Fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside a larger fort usually relying on earthworks though others These new defenses became known as "star forts," after their characteristic shape. A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came [41] A few of these featured cannon batteries, such as the Tudors' Device Forts, in England. In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period The Device Forts are a series of Artillery Fortifications built in England by Henry VIII. [41] Star forts soon replaced castles in Europe, and, eventually, those in the Americas, as well. [42]
By the end of the 15th century, several technological advancements were made, making cannon more mobile. In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Wheeled gun carriages and trunnions became common, and the invention of the limber further facilitated the transportation of artillery. A trunnion is a cylindrical protrusion used as a mounting and/or pivoting point A limber is a two-wheeled Cart designed to support the trail of an Artillery piece, allowing it to be towed [43] As a result, field artillery became viable, and began to emerge, often used alongside the larger cannon intended for sieges. Field artillery is a category of mobile Artillery used to support armies in the field [44][43] The better gunpowder, improved, cast-iron projectiles, and the standardization of calibers meant that even relatively light cannon could be deadly. [43] In The Art of War, Niccolò Machiavelli observed that "It is true that the arquebuses and the small artillery do much more harm than the heavy artillery. The Art of War ( Dell'arte della guerra) is one of the lesser-read works of Florentine Statesman and Political philosopher The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus or hackbut; from Dutch haakbus, meaning "hook gun" is "[40] This was the case at Flodden, in 1513: the English field guns outpaced the Scottish siege artillery, firing twice, or even thrice, as many rounds. The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in the county of Northumberland, in northern England on September 9, 1513, A field gun is an Artillery piece Originally the term referred to smaller Guns that could accompany a field army on the march and when in combat could be [45] Despite the increased maneuverability, however, cannon were still much slower than the rest of the army: a heavy English cannon required 23 horses to transport, while a culverin, nine, yet, even with this many animals transporting them, they still moved at a walking pace. The first recorded usage of cannon in Great Britain was in 1327 when they were used in battle by the English against the Scots. A culverin was a simple ancestor of the Musket, and later a medieval Cannon of relatively long barrel and light construction that fired solid Round shot Due to their relatively slow speed, and lack of organization, discipline, and tactics, the combination of pike and shot still dominated the battlefields of Europe. Pike and shot is a historical method of infantry combat and also refers to an era of European warfare generally considered to cover the period from the Italian Wars (fought [46]
Innovations continued, notably the German invention of the mortar, a thick-walled, short-barreled gun that blasted shot upward at a steep angle. A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories Mortars were useful for sieges, as they could fire over walls and other defenses. [47] This cannon found more use with the Dutch, who learned to shoot bombs filled with powder from them. However, setting the bomb fuse in the mortar was a problem. "Single firing" was the first technique used to set the fuse, where the bomb was placed with the fuse down against the propelling charge. This practice often resulted in the fuse being blown into the bomb, causing it to blow up in front of the mortar. Because of this danger, "double firing" was developed, where the fuse was turned up and the gunner lighted the fuse and the touch hole simultaneously. This, however, required much skill and timing, and was especially dangerous when the gun failed to fire, leaving a lighted bomb in the barrel. Not until 1650 was it accidentally discovered that double-lighting was a superfluous process: the heat of firing was enough to light the fuse. [48]
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden emphasized the use of light cannon and mobility in his army, and created new formations and tactics that revolutionized artillery. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden He discontinued using all 12 pounder—or heavier—cannon as field artillery, preferring, instead, to use cannon that could be manned by only a few men. One gun, called the "leatheren," could be serviced by only two persons, but was abandoned, replaced by 4 pounder and 9 pounder demi-culverins. The demi-culverin was a medium Cannon similar to but slightly larger than a saker and smaller than a regular Culverin developed in the early 17th century These could be operated by three men, and pulled by only two horses. Also, Adolphus's army was the first to use a special cartridge that contained both powder and shot, which sped up loading, and therefore increased the rate of fire. [49] Additionally, he pioneered the use of canister shot against infantry, which was essentially a can, filled with musket balls. Canister shot (or Case-shot) was a kind of Anti-personnel Ammunition used in Cannons It was similar to Grapeshot in which [50] At the time, for each thousand infantrymen, there was one cannon on the battlefield; Gustavus Adolphus increased the number of cannon in his army so dramatically, that there were six cannon for each one thousand infantry. Each regiment was assigned two pieces, though he often decided to arrange his artillery into batteries, instead. In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield These were to destroy the enemy's infantry, while his cavalry outflanked their heavy guns. In Military tactics, a flanking maneuver, also called a flank attack, is an attack on the sides of an opposing force [51]
At the Battle of Breitenfeld, in 1631, Adolphus proved the effectiveness of the changes made to his army, in particular his artillery, by defeating Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly. The Battle of Breitenfeld (Schlacht bei Breitenfeld Slaget vid Breitenfeld or First Battle of Breitenfeld (sometimes First Breitenfeld) was a "World Changing Johann Tserclaes Count of Tilly ( Dutch: Johan 't Serclaes) (February 1559 - April 30[[ 632]] known as the Monk in Armor, was a General Although severely outnumbered, the Swedes were able to fire between three and five times as many volleys of artillery without losing ground, due to their infantry's linear formations. The line formation is a standard tactical formation which has been used throughout history Battered by cannon fire, and low on morale, Tilly's men broke rank, and fled. [52]
Around this time also came the idea of aiming the cannon to hit a target. Gunners controlled the range of their cannon by measuring the angle of elevation, using a "gunner's quadrant. A quadrant is an instrument that is used to measure angles up to 90° " Cannon did not have sights, therefore, even with measuring tools, aiming was still largely guesswork. "Sights" redirects here For the rock band see The Sights. [53]
In the latter half of the 17th century, the French engineer Vauban introduced a more systematic and scientific approach to attacking gunpowder fortresses, in a time when many field commanders "were notorious dunces in siegecraft. Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to "[54] Careful sapping forward, supported by enfilading ricochet fire, was a key feature of this system, and it even allowed Vauban to calculate the length of time a siege would take. Sapping is a term used in siege operations Any trench excavated under defensive musket or artillery fire that was intended to advance a besieging army's position in relation to the works Enfilade and defilade are concepts in Military tactics used to describe a military formation's exposure to enemy fire A ricochet (ˈrɪkəʃeɪ RICK-uh-shay) is a rebound bounce or skip off a surface particularly in the case of a Projectile. [54] He was also a prolific builder of star forts, and did much to popularize the idea of "depth defense" in the face of cannon. [55] These principles were followed into the mid-19th century, when changes in armaments necessitated greater depth defense than Vauban had provided for. It was only in the years prior to World War I that new works began to break radically away from his designs. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [56]
18th and 19th centuries
The lower tier of 17th-century English ships of the line were usually equipped with demi-cannon, guns that fired a 32 pounds (15 kg) solid shot, and could weigh up to 3,400 pounds (1,500 kg). Naval artillery in the Age of Sail encompasses the period of roughly 1571-1863 when large sail-powered wooden naval warships dominated the high seas mounting a bewildering Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important Artillery weapons equipment and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the Infantry A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle A gun is a particular Weapon that propels Projectiles The projectile is generally fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. [57] Demi-cannon were capable of firing these heavy metal balls with such force, that they could penetrate more than a meter of solid oak, from a distance of 90 m (300 ft), and could dismast even the largest ships at close range. [58] Full cannon fired a 42 lb (19 kg) shot, but were discontinued by the 18th century, as they were too unwieldy. By the end of the century, principles long adopted in Europe specified the characteristics of the Royal Navy's cannon, as well as the acceptable defects, and their severity. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The United States Navy tested guns by measuring them, firing them two or three times,—termed "proof by powder"—and using pressurized water to detect leaks. [59]
The carronade was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779; the lower muzzle velocity of the round shot when fired from this cannon was intended to create more wooden splinters when hitting the structure of an enemy vessel, as they were believed to be deadly. The carronade was a short Smoothbore, Cast iron Cannon, developed for the Royal Navy by the Carron Company, an Ironworks Round shot is an obsolete solid Projectile without explosive charge fired from Small arms or Cannons As the name implies round shot is spherical [60] The carronade was much shorter, and weighed between a third to a quarter less than an equivalent long gun; for example, a 32 pounder carronade weighed less than a ton, compared with a 32 pounder long gun, which weighed over 3 tons. The term long gun is used to describe classes of Firearm and Cannon with longer barrels than other classes Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United The guns were, therefore, easier to handle, and also required less than half as much gunpowder, allowing fewer men to crew them. [61] Carronades were manufactured in the usual naval gun calibers,[62] but were not counted in a ship of the line's rated number of guns. The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle As a result, the classification of Royal Navy vessels in this period can be misleading, as they often carried more cannon than were listed.
In the 1810s and 1820s, greater emphasis was placed on the accuracy of long-range gunfire, and less on the weight of a broadside. The carronade, although initially very successful and widely adopted, disappeared from the Royal Navy in the 1850s, after the development of steel, jacketed cannon, by William George Armstrong and Joseph Whitworth. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Sir William George Armstrong 1st Baron Armstrong ( November 26 1810 &ndash December 27 1900) was a Tyneside industrialist who Sir Joseph Whitworth Baronet ( December 21, 1803 &ndash January 22, 1887) was an English Engineer and Entrepreneur Nevertheless, carronades were used in the American Civil War. [63][60]
The Great Turkish Bombards of the Siege of Constantinople, after being on display for four centuries, were used to battle a British fleet in 1807, in the Dardanelles Operation. Forces and plans The Chancellorsville campaign began with the potential of leading to one of the most lopsided clashes in the war The Great Turkish Bombard, also known as the Basilic, the Dardanelles Gun, the Hungarian Cannon, Muhammed's Great Gun and The Royal The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Dardanelles Operation was the Royal Navy 's unsuccessful attempt to impose British demands on the Ottoman Empire as part of the Anglo-Turkish The artillery hit a British ship with two 700 lb (320 kg) cannonballs, killing 60 sailors; in total, the cannon claimed over 100 lives, prompting the British to retreat. In 1867, Sultan Abdul Aziz gifted Queen Victoria the 17-ton "Dardanelles Gun," one of the cannon used at the siege of Constantinople. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [31]
In contrast to these antiquated weapons, Western cannon during the 19th century became larger, more destructive, more accurate, and could fire at longer range. One example is the American 3 in (76 mm) wrought-iron, muzzle-loading howitzer, used during the American Civil War, which had an effective range of over 1. A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South 1 mi (1. 8 km). Another is the smoothbore 12 pounder Napoleon, which was renowned for its sturdiness, reliability, firepower, flexibility, relatively light weight, and range of 1,700 m (5,600 ft). Smoothbore refers to a Firearm or Cannon which does not have a rifled barrel. Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important Artillery weapons equipment and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the Infantry [64]
Cannon were crucial in Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power, and continued to play an important role in his army in later years. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. [65] During the French Revolution, the unpopularity of the Directory led to riots and rebellions. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following When over 25,000 of these royalists—led by General Danican—assaulted Paris, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras was appointed to defend the capital; outnumbered five to one and disorganized, the Republicans were desperate. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Paul François Jean Nicolas vicomte de Barras ( June 30, 1755 &mdash January 29, 1829) was a French politician of the [66] When Napoleon arrived, he reorganized the defenses, while realizing that without cannon, the city could not be held. He ordered Joachim Murat to bring the guns from the Sablons artillery park; the Major and his cavalry fought their way to the recently captured cannon, and brought them back to Napoleon. Joachim-Napoléon Murat (born Joachim Murat) ( Gioacchino Napoleone Murat) ( March 25 1767 &ndash October 13 1815) When Danican's poorly trained men attacked, on 13 Vendémiaire, 1795—October 5, 1795, in the calendar used in France, at the time—Napoleon ordered his cannon to fire grapeshot into the mob,[67] an act that became known as the ""whiff of grapeshot. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Vendémiaire was the first Month in the French Republican Calendar. Grapeshot is a type of anti-personnel Ammunition used in Cannons Instead of solid shot a mass of loosely packed metal slugs is loaded into a canvas Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. "[68] The slaughter effectively ended the threat to the new government, while, at the same time, made Bonaparte a famous—and popular—public figure. [67][69] Among the first generals to recognize that artillery was not being used to its full potential, Napoleon often massed his cannon into batteries, and introduced several changes into the French artillery, improving it significantly, and making it among the finest in Europe. [70][71] Such tactics were successfully used by the French, for example, at the Battle of Friedland, when sixty-six guns fired a total of 3,000 roundshot, and 500 grapeshot,[70][72] inflicting severe casualties to the Russian forces, whose losses numbered over 20,000 killed and wounded, in total. The Battle of Friedland ( June 14, 1807) saw Napoleon's French army decisively defeat Bennigsen's Russian army about twenty-seven Miles [73] At the Battle of Waterloo,—Napoleon's final battle—the French army had many more artillery pieces than either the British or Prussians. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state As the battlefield was muddy, recoil caused cannon to bury themselves into the ground after firing, resulting in slow rates of fire, as more effort was required to move them back into an adequate firing position;[74] also, roundshot did not ricochet with as much force from the wet earth. This article is about backward Momentum produced in firearms when fired A ricochet (ˈrɪkəʃeɪ RICK-uh-shay) is a rebound bounce or skip off a surface particularly in the case of a Projectile. [75] Despite the drawbacks, sustained artillery fire proved deadly during the engagement, especially during the French cavalry attack. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium [76] The British infantry, having formed infantry squares, took heavy losses from the French guns, while their own cannon fired at the cuirassiers and lancers, when they fell back to regroup. An infantry square is a combat formation an Infantry unit formed in close order assumes when threatened with Cavalry attack Cuirassiers were mounted Cavalry Soldiers equipped with Armour and Firearms first appearing in late 15th-century Europe. A lancer ( Uhlan) was a type of Cavalryman who fought with a Lance. Eventually, the French ceased their assault, after taking heavy losses from the British cannon and musket fire. [77]
The practice of rifling—casting spiraling lines inside the cannon's barrel—was applied to artillery more frequently by 1855, as it gave cannon gyroscopic stability, which improved their accuracy. The Battle of Manila was fought on February 4 and February 5 1899, during the Philippine-American War, between 12000 Americans and 15000 Filipinos Rifling refers to the Helix -shaped pattern in the barrel of a Firearm, which imparts a spin to a Projectile around its long axis A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of Angular momentum. One of the earliest rifled cannon was the Armstrong gun,—also invented by William George Armstrong—which boasted significantly improved range, accuracy, and power than earlier weapons. The Armstrong Gun is a type of large rifled Gun first manufactured in England in 1855 Sir William George Armstrong 1st Baron Armstrong ( November 26 1810 &ndash December 27 1900) was a Tyneside industrialist who The projectile fired from the Armstrong gun could reportedly pierce through a ship's side, and explode inside the enemy vessel, causing increased damage, and casualties. [78] The British military adopted the Armstrong gun, and was impressed; the Duke of Cambridge even declared that it "could do everything but speak. Duke of Cambridge is a title (named after the city of Cambridge, England occasionally conferred upon junior members of the British royal family "[79] Despite being significantly more advanced than its predecessors, the Armstrong gun was rejected soon after its integration, in favor of the muzzle-loading pieces that had been in use before. [80] While both types of gun were effective against wooden ships, neither had the capability to pierce the armor of ironclads; due to reports of slight problems with the breeches of the Armstrong gun, and their higher cost, the older muzzle-loaders were selected to remain in service, instead. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates [81] Realizing that iron was more difficult to pierce with breech-loaded cannon, Armstrong designed rifled muzzle-loading guns,[82] which proved successful; The Times reported: "even the fondest believers in the invulnerability of our present ironclads were obliged to confess that against such artillery, at such ranges, their plates and sides were almost as penetrable as wooden ships. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. "[83]
The superior cannon of the Western world brought them tremendous advantages in warfare. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings For example, in the Opium War in China, during the 19th century, British battleships bombarded the coastal areas and fortifications from afar, safe from the reach of the Chinese cannon. The Opium Wars ( also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Similarly, the shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896, was brought to a swift conclusion by shelling from British battleships. [84] The cynical attitude towards recruited infantry in the face of ever more powerful field artillery is the source of the term cannon fodder, first used by François-René de Chateaubriand, in 1814;[85] however, the concept of regarding soldiers as nothing more than "food for powder" was mentioned by William Shakespeare as early as 1598, in Henry IV, Part 1. Cannon Fodder is a short series of two War (and later Science fiction) themed action Computer and video games developed by Sensible William Shakespeare ( baptised Henry IV Part 1 is a History play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written no later than 1597 [86]
20th and 21st centuries
Cannon in the 20th and 21st centuries are usually divided into sub-categories, and given separate names. Some of the most widely used types of modern cannon are howitzers, mortars, guns, and autocannon, although a few superguns—extremely large, custom-designed cannon—have also been constructed. A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories A gun is a particular Weapon that propels Projectiles The projectile is generally fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i For the arcade game hardware see SuperGun For the 1990s United Kingdom political scandal known as the "Supergun affair" see Arms-to-Iraq. Nuclear artillery were experimented with, but were abandoned as impractical. Nuclear artillery is subset of limited- yield Tactical nuclear weapons, in particular those weapons that are launched from the ground at battlefield targets [87] Modern artillery is used in a variety of roles, depending on its type. According to NATO, the general role of artillery is to provide fire support, which is defined as "the application of fire, coordinated with the maneuver of forces to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy. The North Atlantic Treaty "[88]
When referring to cannon, the term gun is often used incorrectly. In military usage, a gun is a cannon with a high muzzle velocity and comparatively flat trajectory,[4] as opposed to other types of artillery, such as howitzers or mortars, which have lower muzzle velocities, and usually fire indirectly. In the context of warfare direct fire means aiming through a Sight directly at the target In the context of warfare direct fire means aiming through a Sight directly at the target [89][90]
Artillery
By the early 20th century, infantry weapons became more powerful and accurate, forcing most artillery away from the front lines. The M198 howitzer (aka "God's Gun" is a medium-sized towed Artillery piece A personal weapon is a weapon that can be carried and employed by a single person although its use may be restricted to specialist members of attack or defense teams Despite the change to indirect fire, cannon still proved highly effective during World War I, causing over 75% of casualties. In the context of warfare direct fire means aiming through a Sight directly at the target World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [91] The onset of trench warfare after the first few months of World War I greatly increased the demand for howitzers, as they fired at a steep angle, and were thus better suited than guns at hitting targets in trenches. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Furthermore, their shells carried larger amounts of explosives than those of guns, and caused considerably less barrel wear. The German army took advantage of this, beginning the war with many more howitzers than the French. [92] World War I also marked the use of the Paris Gun, the longest-ranged gun ever fired. The Paris Gun (Paris-Geschütz was the name of an Artillery piece with which the Germans bombarded Paris during World War I. This 200 mm (8 in) caliber gun was used by the Germans to bombard Paris, and was capable of hitting targets more than 122 km (76 mi) away. [93]
The Second World War sparked new developments in cannon technology. The Royal Artillery, is the common name for the Royal Regiment of Artillery, is an Arm of the British Army. A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles The first day on the Somme, 1 July 1916, was the opening day of the Battle of Albert, which was the first phase of the British World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Among them were sabot rounds, hollow-charge projectiles, and proximity fuses, all of which were marginally significant. A sabot (ˈseɪboʊ "saybow" or /ˈsæboʊ/ "sabbow" is a device used in a Firearm or Cannon to fire a Projectile, such as a A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze for "variable time" is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive device automatically when the distance [94] The proximity fuse emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. [95] They became known as the American artillery's "Christmas present" for the German army, and were employed primarily in the Battle of the Bulge. The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains Proximity fuses were effective against German personnel in the open, and hence were used to disperse their attacks. Also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles, proximity fuses were used in both the European and Pacific Theaters of Operations, against V-1 flying bombs and kamikaze planes, respectively. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces The European Theater of Operations (ETO is the term used in the United States to refer to US operations north of Italy and The Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO was the World War II military activity in the Pacific Ocean and the countries bordering it a geographic scope The Fieseler Fi 103, better known as V-1 (German Vergeltungswaffe 1 was an early Cruise missile used during World War Two ( is a word of Japanese origin which in English usually refers to the Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against [96] Anti-tank guns were also tremendously improved during the war: in 1939, the British used primarily 2 pounder and 6 pounder guns. Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems The Ordnance QF 2-pounder (or simply "2 pounder gun" was a 40 mm British anti-tank and vehicle-mounted The Ordnance QF 6-pounder 7 cwt, or just 6 pdr, was a British 57 mm gun their primary Anti-tank gun during the middle of World War II, By the end of the war, 17 pounders had proven much more effective against German tanks, and 32 pounders had entered development. The Ordnance QF 17-pounder (or just 17-pdr) was a 762 mm (3 inch Gun developed by the United Kingdom during World War II. [97][98] Meanwhile, German tanks were continuously upgraded with better main guns, in addition to other improvements. A tank gun is the main armament of a Tank. Modern tank guns are large- Caliber high-velocity guns capable of firing Kinetic energy penetrators For example, the Panzer III was originally designed with a 37 mm gun, but was mass produced with a 50 mm cannon. Panzer III is the common name of a Medium tank that was developed in the 1930s by Germany and used extensively in World War II. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of [99] To counter the threat of the Russian T-34s, another, more powerful 50 mm gun was introduced,[99] only to give way to a larger 75 mm cannon. The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1941 to 1958 It is widely regarded as having been the world's best Tank when the Soviet Union [100] Despite the improved guns, production of the Panzer III was ended in 1943, as the tank still could not match the T-34, and was, furthermore, being replaced by the Panzer IV and Panther tanks. The Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV commonly known as the Panzer IV, was a Medium tank developed in Nazi Germany in the late 1930s and used extensively A panzer, pronunced, is a German Tank, especially in the context of World War II. [101] In 1944, the 8.8 cm KwK 43,—and its multiple variations—entered service, used by the Wehrmacht, and was adapted to be both a tank's main gun, and the PaK 43 anti-tank gun. The KwK 43 L/71 was an 88 cm tank gun used by the German Wehrmacht, during the Second World War. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The PaK 43 ( Panzerabwehrkanone 43) was a German 88 mm Anti-tank gun developed in competition to the Rheinmetall Flak 41 88 mm anti-aircraft [102][103] One of the most powerful guns to see service in World War II, it was capable of destroying any Allied tank at very long ranges. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. [104][105]
Despite being designed to fire at trajectories with a steep angle of descent, howitzers can be fired directly, as was done by the 11th Marine Regiment at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, during the Korean War. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Iowa was the lead ship of her class of " In the context of warfare direct fire means aiming through a Sight directly at the target The Battle of Chosin Reservoir was a battle in the Korean War, in which 30000 United Nations (UN troops (nicknamed the "Frozen Chosin" or "The The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Two field batteries fired directly upon a battalion of Chinese infantry; the Marines were forced to brace themselves against their howitzers, as they had no time to dig them in. In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel The Chinese infantry took heavy casualties, and were forced to retreat. [106]
The tendency to create larger caliber cannon during the World Wars has been reversed in more recent years. Vertical Launching System See also Vertical Launching System In addition to the added Radar capability the Ticonderoga class built after the The United States Army, for example, sought a lighter, more versatile howitzer, to replace their aging pieces. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. As it could be towed, the M198 was selected to be the successor to the World War II-era cannon used at the time, and entered service in 1979. The M198 howitzer (aka "God's Gun" is a medium-sized towed Artillery piece [107] Still in use today, the M198 is, in turn, being slowly replaced by the M777 Ultralightweight howitzer, which weighs nearly half as much, and can be transported by helicopter—as opposed to the M198, which requires a C-5 or C-17 to airlift. The M777 howitzer is a towed Artillery piece developed by British Vickers group and is produced by BAE Systems Land Systems in the US History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [107][108] Although land-based artillery such as the M198 are powerful, long-ranged, and accurate, naval guns have not been neglected, despite being much smaller than in the past, and, in some cases, having been replaced by cruise missiles. The M198 howitzer (aka "God's Gun" is a medium-sized towed Artillery piece A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow [109] However, the Zumwalt-class destroyer's planned armament includes the Advanced Gun System (AGS), a pair of 155 mm guns, which fire the Long Range Land-Attack Projectile. Controversy Lawmakers and others have questioned whether the Zumwalt class costs too much and whether it provides the capabilities the U Controversy Lawmakers and others have questioned whether the Zumwalt class costs too much and whether it provides the capabilities the U The Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP is a developmental program to produce a Precision guided 155 mm naval Artillery shell for the U The warhead, which weighs 24 pounds (11 kg), has a circular error of probability of 50 m (160 ft), and will be mounted on a rocket, to increase the effective range to 100 nmi (190 km)—a longer range than that of the Paris Gun. In the Military science of Ballistics, circular error probable (CEP or circular error probability is an intuitive measure of a weapon system's accuracy The AGS's barrels will be water cooled, and will be capable of firing 10 rounds per minute, per gun. The combined firepower from both turrets will give Zumwalt-class destroyers the firepower equivalent to 18 conventional M-198 howitzers. The M198 howitzer (aka "God's Gun" is a medium-sized towed Artillery piece [110][111] The reason for the re-integration of cannon as a main armament in United States Navy ships is because satellite-guided munitions fired from a gun are far less expensive than a cruise missile, and are therefore a better alternative to many combat situations. [109]
Autocannon
An autocannon is a cannon with a larger caliber than a machine gun, but smaller than that of a field gun. An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. A field gun is an Artillery piece Originally the term referred to smaller Guns that could accompany a field army on the march and when in combat could be Autocannon have mechanisms to automatically load their ammunition, and therefore have a faster rate of fire than artillery, often approaching—and, in the case of Gatling guns, surpassing—that of a machine gun. The Gatling gun is considered by some to have been the first Machine gun: although it did not automatically reload under its own power it was capable of firing continuously For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. [112] The traditional minimum bore for autocannon—indeed, for all types of cannon, as autocannon are the lowest-caliber pieces—has remained 20 mm, since World War II.
Most nations use these rapid-fire cannon on their light vehicles, replacing a more powerful, but heavier, tank gun. A tank gun is the main armament of a Tank. Modern tank guns are large- Caliber high-velocity guns capable of firing Kinetic energy penetrators A typical autocannon is the 25 mm "Bushmaster" chain gun, mounted on the LAV-25 and M2 Bradley armored vehicles. The 25 mm caliber is one of the standard sizes of Cannon and Autocannon Ammunition for NATO forces History The Bushmaster project started as an offshoot of the US Army 's MICV-65 program that was attempting to introduce a new Infantry fighting vehicle A chain gun is a type of Machine gun or Automatic cannon that uses an external source of power rather than diverting energy from the cartridge to cycle the LAV-25 is an eight-wheeled Armored personnel carrier (APC used by the United States Marine Corps built by General Dynamics Land Systems Canada based on the The M2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle and M3 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle are American Infantry fighting vehicles manufactured by An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV [8]
Autocannon have largely replaced machine guns in aircraft, due to their greater firepower. The General Electric GAU-8/A Avenger is a 30 mm, hydraulically-driven seven-barrel Gatling-type rotary cannon An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i [7] The first airborne cannon appeared in World War II, but each airplane could carry only one or two, as cannon are heavier than machine guns, the standard armament. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including They were variously mounted, often in the wings, but also high on the forward fuselage, where they would fire through the propeller, or even through the propeller hub. A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an Due both to the low number of cannon per aircraft and the lower rate of fire of cannon, machine guns continued to be used widely early in the war, as there was a greater probability of hitting enemy aircraft. [7] However, as cannon were more effective against more heavily armored bomber aircraft, they were eventually integrated into newer fighters, which usually carried between two and four autocannon. The Hispano-Suiza HS.404, Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, MG FF, and their numerous variants became among the most widely used autocannon in the war. The Hispano-Suiza HS404 Autocannon was one of the most widely used aircraft weapons of the 20th century used by British, American The term " Oerlikon 20 mm cannon " refers to a series of Autocannons based on an original designed by Reinhold Becker during World War I, and The MG FF was a drum-fed 20 mm aircraft Autocannon, developed in 1936 by Ikaria Werke Berlin of Germany. Nearly all modern fighter aircraft are armed with an autocannon, and most are derived from their counterparts from the Second World War. A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed [7] The largest, heaviest, and most powerful airborne cannon used by the military of the United States is the GAU-8/A Avenger Gatling-type rotary cannon;[113] it is surpassed only by the specialized artillery pieces carried on the AC-130 gunship. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The General Electric GAU-8/A Avenger is a 30 mm, hydraulically-driven seven-barrel Gatling-type rotary cannon The Lockheed AC-130 Gunship is a heavily-armed ground attack airplane [114]
Although capable of generating a high volume of fire, autocannon are limited by the amount of ammunition that can be carried by the weapons systems mounting them. For this reason, both the 25 mm Bushmaster and the 30 mm RARDEN are deliberately designed with relatively slow rates of fire, to extend the amount of time they can be employed on a battlefield before requiring a resupply of ammunition. The L21A1 Rarden is a British 30mm Autocannon used as an armoured vehicle weapon The rate of fire of modern autocannon ranges from 90 rounds per minute, to 1,800 rounds per minute. Systems with multiple barrels—Gatling guns—can have rates of fire of several thousand rounds per minute; the fastest of these is the GSh-6-30K, which has a rate of fire of over 6,000 rounds per minute. The Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30 is a Russian 30 mm Cannon used by Soviet and later CIS Military aircraft [112]
Operation
In the 1770s, cannon operation worked as follows: each cannon would be manned by two gunners, six soldiers, and four officers of artillery. Cannon operation required specialised crew and gunners who were first enlisted by the Spanish in the 14th century The right gunner was to prime the piece and load it with powder, and the left gunner would fetch the powder from the magazine and be ready to fire the cannon at the officer's command. On each side of the cannon, three soldiers stood, to ram and sponge the cannon, and hold the ladle. The second soldier on the left tasked with providing 50 bullets. [115]
Before loading, the cannon would be cleaned with a wet sponge to extinguish any smoldering material from the last shot. Fresh powder could be set off prematurely by lingering ignition sources. The powder was added, followed by wadding of paper or hay, and the ball was placed in and rammed down. Wadding is a disc of material used in Guns to seal gas behind a Projectile or to separate powder from shot. After ramming the cannon would be aimed with the elevation set using a quadrant and a plummet. At 45 degrees, the ball had the utmost range: about ten times the gun's level range. Any angle above a horizontal line was called random-shot. Wet sponges were used to cool the pieces every ten or twelve rounds. [115]
During the Napoleonic Wars, a British gun team consisted of five gunners to aim it, clean the bore with a damp sponge to quench any remaining embers before a fresh charge was introduced, and another to load the gun with a bag of powder and then the projectile. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The fourth gunner pressed his thumb on the vent hole, to prevent a draught that might fan a flame. The charge loaded, the fourth would prick the bagged charge through the vent hole, and fill the vent with powder. On command, the fifth gunner would fire the piece with a slowmatch. [116]
Deceptive simulation of cannon
Historically, logs or poles have sometimes been used to simulate cannon, in order to mislead the enemy as to the strength of an emplacement. A Quaker Gun is a fake Cannon made from a wooden log sometimes painted black used to deceive an enemy Military deception is an attempt to amplify or create an artificial Fog of war or to mislead the enemy using Psychological operations, Information warfare The "Quaker gun trick" was used by Colonel William Washington's Continentals, during the American Revolutionary War; in 1780, approximately 100 Loyalists surrendered to them, rather than face "bombardment. A Quaker Gun is a fake Cannon made from a wooden log sometimes painted black used to deceive an enemy William Washington ( February 28 1752 to March 6 1810) was a patriotic Southern cavalry officer during the American Revolutionary War The American Continental Army was an Army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" "[117] During the American Civil War, Quaker guns were also used by the Confederates, to compensate for their shortage of artillery. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The decoy cannon were painted black at the "muzzle," and positioned behind fortifications to delay Union attacks on those positions. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. On occasion, real gun carriages were used to complete the deception. [118]
In music
For musical purposes, cannon are generally only used in grand, theatrical pieces,—often those with a military theme—due to their impracticality. One of the best known examples of such a piece is Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote the Festival Overture "The Year 1812" in E major, Op [119] The overture is properly performed using an artillery section together with the orchestra, resulting in noise levels requiring musicians to wear ear protection. An earplug is a device that is meant to be inserted in the Ear canal to protect the wearer's hearing from loud noises or the intrusion of water foreign bodies dust or excessive [120] The cannon fire simulates Russian artillery bombardments of the Battle of Borodino, a critical battle in Napoleon's invasion of Russia, whose defeat the piece celebrates. The Battle of Borodino (Бородинская битва Borodinskaja bitva, Bataille de la Moskowa) fought on September 7, 1812, was The French invasion of Russia in 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. [120] When the overture was first performed, the cannon were fired by an electric current triggered by the conductor. [121] However, the overture was not recorded with real cannon fire until Mercury Records and conductor Antal Doráti's 1958 recording of the Minnesota Orchestra. Mercury Records is a Record label operating as a standalone company in the UK and as part of the Island Def Jam Music Group in the US and are both subsidiaries of Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Antal Doráti KBE ( April 9, 1906 &ndash The Minnesota Orchestra is an American Orchestra based in Minneapolis Minnesota. [122] Cannon fire is also frequently used annually in presentations of the 1812 on the American Independence Day, a tradition started by Arthur Fiedler of the Boston Pops in 1974. In the United States, Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July (or the Fourth) is a Federal holiday commemorating the adoption Arthur Fiedler should not be confused with Arthur Fielder, a Kent Fast bowler of the 1900s The Boston Pops Orchestra was founded in 1885 as a subsection of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO founded four years earlier [123][120]
The hard rock band AC/DC also used cannon in their song "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You). Hard rock (also referred to as heavy rock) is a variation of Rock music which has its earliest roots in mid-1960s garage and Psychedelic rock AC/DC are an Australian Hard rock band formed in Sydney, Australia in 1973 by brothers Angus and Malcolm Young. "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You" is a song by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. "[124] The album of the same name also featured a cannon on its cover. For Those About to Rock (We Salute You is the eighth album by Australian Hard rock band AC/DC, released in 1981 [125] In live shows, real cannon were used to perform the piece. [124]
Restoration
Cannon recovered from the sea are often extensively damaged from exposure to salt water; because of this, electrolytic reduction treatment is required to forestall the process of corrosion. Extractive Metallurgy is the practice of extracting Metal from Ore, purifying it and recycling it [126] The cannon is then washed in deionized water to remove the electrolyte, and is treated in tannic acid, which prevents further rust and gives the metal a bluish-black color. Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Tannic acid, a commercial form of Tannin, is a Polyphenol. Its weak acidity ( pKa around 10 is due to these Phenol groups in Rust is a general term for a series of Iron oxides, usually red oxides formed by the reaction of Iron with Oxygen in the presence of water or air [127][128] After this process, cannon on display may be protected from oxygen and moisture by a wax sealant. Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their A coat of polyurethane may also be painted over the wax sealant, to prevent the wax-coated cannon from attracting dust in outdoor displays. A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links [128]
Notes
- ^ a b Definition and etymology of "cannon". Webster's Dictionary. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Etymology of "Cane". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Definition and etymology of "cane". Webster's Dictionary. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Definition of "Gun". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Hogg, Ian V. ; John H. Batchelor (1978). Naval Gun. Blandford Press. ISBN 0713709057.
- ^ Baynes, Thomas S. (1888). The Encyclopaedia Britannica A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, volume 2, p. 667. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b c d Dr. Carlo Kopp. Aircraft cannon. Strike Publications. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Army Technology - Bradley M2/M3 - Tracked Armoured Fighting Vehicles. Army Technology. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Temple, Robert; Needham, Joseph. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery and Invention. Prion Books, p. 242. ISBN 1-85375-292-4.
- ^ Reymond, Arnold (1963). History of the Sciences in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Biblo & Tannen Publishers, p. 79. ISBN 0819601284. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b c Needham, Joseph (1987). Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press, pp. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 263–275. ISBN 0521303583.
- ^ Crosby, Alfred W. (2002). Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History. Cambridge University Press, p. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 99. ISBN 0521791588.
- ^ a b Chase (2003). Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press, p. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 31–32. ISBN 0521822742.
- ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu; Joseph Needham, Phan Chi-Hsing (July 1988). "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard". Technology and Culture 29 (3): 594–605. Technology and Culture is an Academic journal founded in 1959. Johns Hopkins University Press. The Johns Hopkins University Press is a Publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in publishing journals and books doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Harding, David (1990). Weapons: An International Encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to 2000 A.D.. Diane Publishing Company, p. 111. ISBN 0756784360.
- ^ Norris, John (2003). Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600. Marlborough: The Crowood Press, p. 11. ISBN 1861266154.
- ^ Pacey, Arnold (1990). Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History. MIT Press, p. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA) 47. ISBN 0262660725.
- ^ Archer, Christon I. (2002). World History of Warfare. University of Nebraska Press, p. The University of Nebraska Press, founded in 1941 is a Publisher of Scholarly and popular-press books 211. ISBN 0803244231. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b c d e Hassan, Ahmad Y. Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Ahmad Y Hassan. Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ a b Hassan, Ahmad Y. Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries. Ahmad Y Hassan. Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Bradbury, Jim (1992). The Medieval Siege. Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer, p. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D 293. ISBN 0-85115-312-7. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization. New York City: Oxford University Press, p. The City of New York 461. ISBN 0-19-926213-6.
- ^ Bag, A. K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu". Indian Journal of History of Science.
- ^ (1771) "Gunpowder", Encyclopedia Britannica. “frier Bacon, our countryman, mentions the compoſition in expreſs terms, in his treatiſe De nullitate magiæ, publiſhed at Oxford, in the year 1216. ”; Note the Long s. The long, medial or descending s ( ſ) is a form of the minuscule letter ' S ' formerly used where 's' occurred in the middle
- ^ Braun, Wernher Von; Frederick Ira Ordway (1967). History of Rocketry & Space Travel. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., p. Thomas Y Crowell Co is a publishing company founded by Thomas Y 28. ISBN 0690005881.
- ^ a b Manucy, Albert (1994). Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America. Diane publishing, p. 3. ISBN 0788107453. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Hoffmeyer, Ada Bruhn de (1972). Arms and Armour in Spain. Madrid: Instituto do Estudios sobre Armas Antiguas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Patronato Menendez y Pelayo, p. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. 217. ISBN 0435–029x.
- ^ a b c Nicolle, David (2000). Crécy 1346: Triumph of the Longbow. Osprey Publishing, p. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history 21. ISBN 9781855329669.
- ^ Nossov, Konstantin (2007). Medieval Russian Fortresses AD 862–1480. Osprey Publishing, p. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history 52. ISBN 9781846030932.
- ^ a b c d Turnbull, Stephan (2004). The Walls of Constantinople AD 413–1453. Osprey Publishing, pp. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history 39–41. ISBN 1-84176-759-X.
- ^ a b Wallechinsky, David; Irving Wallace (1975). The People's Almanac. Doubleday. The Doubleday Publishing Group is the fifth largest Book Publishing company in the world ISBN 0385041861.
- ^ Turnbull, p. 43.
- ^ Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, p. 270. ISBN 0313324336.
- ^ The six sizes are, in order from largest to smallest: the cannon, great culverin, bastard culverin, "legitimate" culverin, falcon, and falconet.
- ^ They are, from largest to smallest: the cannon royal, cannon, cannon serpentine, bastard cannon, demicannon, pedrero, culverin, basilisk, demiculverin, bastard culverin, saker, minion, falcon, falconet, serpentine, and rabinet.
- ^ Tunis, Edwin (1999). Weapons: A Pictorial History. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. The Johns Hopkins University Press is a Publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in publishing journals and books 89. ISBN 0-8018-6229-9.
- ^ Tunis, p. 88.
- ^ (1996) Guinness Rekordbok (in Swedish), p. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the 204. ISBN 91-37-10723-2.
- ^ Nossov, Konstantin (2006). Russian Fortresses, 1480–1682. Osprey Publishing, pp. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history 53–55. ISBN 1-84176-916-9.
- ^ a b Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Art of War, p. 74. ISBN 0226500462.
- ^ a b c Wilkinson, Philip (1997-09-09). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Castles. Dorling Kindersley, p. Dorling Kindersley is a leading publisher of illustrated reference books 81. ISBN 978-0789420473.
- ^ Chartrand, René (2006). Spanish Main: 1492–1800. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 1846030056.
- ^ a b c Manucy, p. 5.
- ^ Sadler, John (2006). Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat. Osprey Publishing, pp. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history 22–23. ISBN 9781841769592.
- ^ Sadler, p. 60.
- ^ Manucy, p. 6.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online - Mortar. Retrieved on 13 March 2008. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Tunis, p. 90.
- ^ Manucy, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Tunis, p. 96.
- ^ Manucy, p. 8.
- ^ Jones, Archer (2001). The Art of War in the Western World. New York City: University of Illinois Press, p. The City of New York The University of Illinois Press ( UIP) is a major American University press and part of the University of Illinois. 235. ISBN 0252069668.
- ^ Tunis, p. 97.
- ^ a b Griffith, Paddy (2006). The Vauban Fortifications of France. Osprey Publishing, 5. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 9781841768755.
- ^ Griffith, p 29
- ^ Griffith, pp. 56-57.
- ^ Stone, George Cameron (1999). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times. Courier Dover Publications, p. 162. ISBN 0486407268.
- ^ Heath, Byron (2005). Discovering the Great South Land. Kenthurst: Rosenberg Publishing, p. Kenthurst is a Suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. 127. ISBN 1-877058-31-9.
- ^ a b Manigault, Edward; Warren Ripley (1996). Siege Train: The Journal of a Confederate Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston. Charleston, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, p. Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. The University of South Carolina Press (or USC Press) founded in 1944 is a University press that is part of the University of South Carolina. 83. ISBN 1570031274.
- ^ The Historical Maritime Society. The Historical Maritime Society (2001). Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ 12, 18, 24, 32, and 42 pounders, but 6 pounder and 68 pounder versions are known. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass
- ^ Carronade. The Historical Maritime Society. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of
- ^ Hazlett, James C. ; Edwin Olmstead, M. Hume Parks (2004). Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War, 5th edition, Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, pp. Champaign is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, in the United States. The University of Illinois Press ( UIP) is a major American University press and part of the University of Illinois. 88–108. ISBN 0-252-07210-3.
- ^ Conner, Susan P. (2004). The Age of Napoleon. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. Greenwood Publishing Group (GPG located in Westport Connecticut is a leading educational publisher ( Middle school through University level and is part 12. ISBN 0313320144. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Asprey, Robert B. (2000). The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Basic Books, p. Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1952. It publishes books in the fields of Psychology, Philosophy, Economics, Science, 111. ISBN 0465048811. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Asprey, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Conner, p. 13.
- ^ Conner, pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b Baynes, p. 669.
- ^ Nofi, Albert A. . The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815. Da Capo Press, p. Da Capo Press, a Publishing company with offices in New York City, Cambridge Massachusetts, Philadelphia and Emeryville California 123. ISBN 0938289985.
- ^ Craik, George L. ; Charles MacFarlane (1884). The Pictorial History of England during the reign of George the Third: Being a History of the People, as well as a History of the Kingdom, volume 2. London: Charles Knight, p. Charles Knight ( March 15, 1791 - March 9, 1873) was an English Publisher and Author. 295. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Chandler, David G. (1995). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York City: Simon & Schuster, p. The City of New York Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L 582. ISBN 0-02-523660-1.
- ^ Adkin, Mark (2002). The Waterloo Companion. Stackpole Books, p. 283. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975). Napoleon's Artillery. France: Osprey Publishing, p. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history 32. ISBN 0850452473. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Wilkinson-Latham, p. 36.
- ^ Nofi, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Dickens, Charles (April 22, 1859). Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal".
- ^ Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). Arms and the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power, 1854-1914. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , p. 59. ISBN 0754634043. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Ruffell, W. L. . The Gun - Rifled Ordnance: Whitworth. The Gun. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). Arms and the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power, 1854-1914. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , p. 94. ISBN 0754634043. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Bastable, p. 72.
- ^ Bastable, p. 73.
- ^ Young, Mark C. (2002). Guinness Book of World Records, 2002 edition. Bantam Books, p. Bantam Books is a major US publishing house owned by Random House and is part of the Bantam Dell Publishing Group 112. ISBN 0553583786.
- ^ (French) "De Buonaparte et des Bourbons" – full text in the French Wikisource. Wikisource is a Wikimedia project to build a free, Wiki Library of Source texts along with translations into any language
- ^ Shakespeare, William (1598). Henry IV, Part 1. Part 1, act 4, sc. 2, l. 65-7.
- ^ Nuclear artillery. United States Department of Energy. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ (2007) AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (PDF), North Atlantic Treaty Organization, p. The North Atlantic Treaty 113. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Definition of "Howitzer". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Definition of "Mortar". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Manucy, p. 20.
- ^ Gudmundsson, Bruce I. (1993). On Artillery. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. Greenwood Publishing Group (GPG located in Westport Connecticut is a leading educational publisher ( Middle school through University level and is part 43. ISBN 0275940470.
- ^ Young, p. 113.
- ^ McCamley, Nicholas J. (2004). Disasters Underground. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1844150224.
- ^ Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes (2000-03-20). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Variable Time Fuse Contributed to the Victory of United Nations. Smithsonian Institution (2007). The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of Retrieved on 2007-10-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ Keegan, John (2000). World War II: A Visual Encyclopedia. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. , p. 29. ISBN 1855858789.
- ^ Rahman, Jason (2007-11). British Anti-Tank Guns. Avalanche Press. Avalanche Press is an American company that publishes board wargames and has published some Role-playing game supplements Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Green, Michael; Thomas Anderson, Frank Schulz (2000). German Tanks of World War II in Color. Zenith Imprint, p. 46. ISBN 0760306710. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Green, p. 47.
- ^ Zetterling, Niklas; Anders Frankson (2000). Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis. Routledge, p. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals 63. ISBN 0714650528.
- ^ Bradford, George (2007). German Early War Armored Fighting Vehicles. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, p. Mechanicsburg is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, USA eight miles (13 km west of Harrisburg. 3. ISBN 0811733416.
- ^ Playfair, Ian S. O. ; T. P. Gleave. The Mediterranean and Middle East. HMSO, p. The Office of Public Sector Information ( OPSI) is the body responsible for the operation of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (usually abbreviated as HMSO 257. ISBN 0116309466.
- ^ McCarthy, Peter; Mike Syron (2003). Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler's Tank Divisions. Carroll & Graf Publishers, p. Carroll & Graf Publishers was an American Publishing company centered in New York City, and an imprint of the Avalon Publishing Group. 239. ISBN 0786712643. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Jarymowycz, Roman Johann (2001). Tank Tactics: From Normandy to Lorraine. Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 115. ISBN 1555879500. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Russ, Martin (1999). Breakout: The Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea 1950. Penguin Books, pp. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. 383–384. ISBN 0-14-029259-4.
- ^ a b M198 information. Military. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ M777 information. Military. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Affordable precision. National Defense Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Pike, John (2008-02-18). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy DDG-1000 Zumwalt / DD(X) Multi-Mission Surface Combatant. Global Security. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Raytheon Company: Products & Services: Advanced Gun System (AGS). Raytheon, Inc. . Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Williams, Anthony G. (2000). Rapid Fire. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd. , p. 241. ISBN 1-84037-435-7.
- ^ GAU-8/A. 442nd Fighter Wing. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Information on the GAU-8/A. The Language of Weaponry. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b (1771) "Gunnery", Encyclopedia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc is an American company best known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously-published
- ^ Holmes, Richard (2002). Redcoat: the British Soldier in the age of Horse and Musket. W. W. Norton & Company. W W Norton & Company is an American book publishing company that has remained independent since its founding ISBN 0393052117.
- ^ December of 1780. National Park Service. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Definitions of Civil War terms. www. civilwarhome. com/. Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
- ^ Lampson, Dave. "1812" Overture in E Flat Major Op. 49 (1880). Classical Net. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b c Druckenbrod, Andrew. "How a rousing Russian tune took over our July 4th", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2003-08-04. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Lee, Ernest Markham (1906). Tchaikovsky. Harvard University: G. Bell & sons, p. 21. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Flynn, Tony. Antal Dorati - Recording Legend - October 2007. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Classical Net - Tchaikovsky - 1812 Overture. Archived from the original on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b For Those About to Rock We Salute You. All Music Guide. allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ For Those About to Rock We Salute You. All Music Guide. allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Welss, Carmen. Rescue Project "Endeavour Cannon". Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife. The Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife is a non-profit non-government organisation that fosters the protection of Australia 's native plants animals and cultural heritage Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Preserving My Heritage - Before & After Gallery - Cannon. Canadian Conservation Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ a b Civil War Union Cannon Conservation, CRL Report 5. Archived from the original on 2005-01-01. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
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- Needham, Joseph (1986). Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham, CH, FRS, FBA ( December 9, 1900 – March 24 1995) was a British Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of . ISBN 9780521070607.
- Nicolle, David (2000). David Nicolle is an Historian specialising in the Military history of the Middle Ages, with a particular interest in the Middle East. Crécy 1346: Triumph of the Longbow. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 9781855329669.
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- Nossov, Konstantin (2006). Russian Fortresses, 1480–1682. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 1841769169.
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- Sadler, John (2006). John Sadler is a British Historian specialising in the Anglo-Scottish Border conflicts during the Middle Ages. Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 9781841769592.
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- Turnbull, Stephen (2004). Stephen Richard Turnbull is an Historian specializing in eastern Military history, especially the Samurai of Japan. The Walls of Constantinople AD 413–1453. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 1-84176-759-X.
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External links
- Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars
- Handgonnes and Matchlocks - History of firearms to 1500
- U.S. Patent 5,236 – Patent for a Casting ordnance
- U.S. Patent 6,612 – Cannon patent
- U.S. Patent 13,851 – Muzzle loading ordnance patent
Dictionary
cannon
-noun
- A complete assembly, consisting of an artillery tube and a breech mechanism, firing mechanism or base cap, which is a component of a gun, howitzer or mortar. It may include muzzle appendages.<ref name=”JP102”>(JP 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms).</ref>
- A large-bore machine gun.
- A bone of a horse's leg, between the fetlock joint and the knee or hock.
- (historical) A large muzzle-loading artillery piece.
- (sports, billiards, snooker, pool) A shot in which the ball struck with the cue comes in contact with two or more balls on the table; a hitting of two or more balls with the player's ball.
- (baseball) The arm of a player that can throw well.
-verb
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