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Canids[1]
Fossil range: Paleogene (55. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 4 Ma) - Recent
Coyote (Canis latrans)
Coyote (Canis latrans)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Genera and species

See text

The Canidae (IPA: /ˈkænədiː/, ′kanə′dē) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre Caniformia, or Canoidea (literally " dog-like " are a Suborder within the order Carnivora. Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim ( Grigorij Ivanovitsch Fischer von Waldheim in Russian) ( October 13, 1771 &ndash October 18, The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Members of the family are called canids and include dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes, jackals, and African Wild Dogs. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Description Appearance Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches tall at the shoulders and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds though specimens A jackal (from Turkish çakal, via Persian shaghal ultimately from Sanskrit sṛgālaḥ) is a member of any of three The African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus) is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family found only in Africa, especially in scrub Savanna The Canidae family is divided into the "true dogs" (or canines) of the tribe Canini and the "foxes" of the tribe Vulpini. The two species of the basal Caninae are more primitive and don't fit into either tribe. Any member of this family can be referred to generally as a canid.

Contents

Classification and relationship

Note that the subdivision of Canidae into "foxes" and "true dogs" may not be in accordance with the actual relations, and that the taxonomic classification of several canines is disputed. Taxonomy, sometimes alpha taxonomy, is the Science of finding describing and categorising Organisms thus giving rise to taxonomic groups or taxa Recent DNA analysis has shown, however, that Canini (dogs) and Vulpini (foxes) are valid clades. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry (See phylogeny below). Molecular data implies a North American origin of living Canidae and an African origin of wolf-like canines (Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon). [2]

Currently the domestic dog is listed as a subspecies of Canis lupus, C. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Canis lupus has 39 Subspecies currently described including two subspecies of domestic dog ''Canis lupus dingo'' and ''Canis lupus familiaris'' l. familiaris, with the Dingo (also considered a domestic dog) listed as C. Description Appearance Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches tall at the shoulders and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds though specimens l. dingo, provisionally a separate subspecies from C. l. familiaris; the Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Indian Wolf are recognized as subspecies as well. The Red Wolf ( Canis lupus rufus) is a Mammal of the order Carnivora. The Eastern Wolf ( Canis lycaon) also know as Eastern Canadian Wolf or Eastern Canadian Red Wolf is traditionally considered Recent genetic research suggests that the Indian Wolf, originally considered only as a subpopulation of the Iranian Wolf ( Canis lupus pallipes) may represent In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. [1]

The domestic dog is listed by some authorities as Canis familiaris and others (including the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists) as a subspecies of the Gray Wolf (i. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM was founded in 1919 The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora e. , Canis lupus familiaris); the Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Indian Wolf may or may not be separate species; and the Dingo has been in the past variously classified as Canis dingo, Canis familiaris dingo and Canis lupus familiaris dingo. The Red Wolf ( Canis lupus rufus) is a Mammal of the order Carnivora. The Eastern Wolf ( Canis lycaon) also know as Eastern Canadian Wolf or Eastern Canadian Red Wolf is traditionally considered Recent genetic research suggests that the Indian Wolf, originally considered only as a subpopulation of the Iranian Wolf ( Canis lupus pallipes) may represent In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Description Appearance Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches tall at the shoulders and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds though specimens

Evolution of the Canids
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Modern-looking dogs
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Canine
radiation
An approximate timescale of key events in canid evolution. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Overview The term Quaternary ("fourth" was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po river valley in northern The Paleocene or Palaeocene, "early dawn of the recent" is a geologic epoch that lasted from 65 The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene period and extends from about 33 The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately ( Ma) was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically The Subfamily Hesperocyoninae is an extinct group of canids that were endemic to North America, and lived from the Eocene through The Subfamily Borophaginae is an extinct group of Canids that were endemic to North America, and lived from roughly 40 to 2 The Subfamily Caninae includes all living Canids and their closest fossil relatives such as the Sardinian Dhole. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 The Neogene is a geologic period and system starting 2303 ± 0 The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon.
For precise dates, see text.
Axis scale: millions of years ago.
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Evolution

Eocene epoch

The Canidae family evolved from miacids about 40 million years ago in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to  million years ago. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299 The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to  Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 The Neogene is a geologic period and system starting 2303 ± 0 The miacids (Miacidae were primitive Carnivores which lived during the Paleocene and Eocene Epoch about 65 - 33 million years ago The Canidae family is subdivided into three subfamilies, each of which diverged during the Eocene: Hesperocyoninae (~39. The Subfamily Hesperocyoninae is an extinct group of canids that were endemic to North America, and lived from the Eocene through 74-15 Mya), Borophaginae (~36-2 Mya), and the Caninae lineage that led to present-day canids, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals, and domestic dogs. The Subfamily Borophaginae is an extinct group of Canids that were endemic to North America, and lived from roughly 40 to 2 The Subfamily Caninae includes all living Canids and their closest fossil relatives such as the Sardinian Dhole.

Each of the groups showed an increase in body mass with time before their specialised hypercarnivorous diet made them prone to extinction. Cope 's rule states that population Lineages tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time A hypercarnivore is an animal that exclusively eats meat and nothing else [3]:Fig. 1

Oligocene epoch

The earliest branch of the Canidae was the Hesperocyoninae lineage, which included the coyote-sized Mesocyon of the Oligocene (38-24 Mya). Mesocyon is an extinct Genus of Dog ( family Canidae) which inhabited North America 34 Mya to 21 Mya described These early canids probably evolved for fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat, and resembled modern civets in appearance. Civets are small lithe-bodied mostly arboreal Mammals native to the tropics of Africa and Asia Hesperocyonine dogs became extinct except for the Nothocyon and Leptocyon branches. These branches lead to the borophagine and canine radiations. [4]

Miocene epoch

Around 9-10 Mya during the Late Miocene, Canis, Urocyon, and Vulpes genera expand from southwestern North America. The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. Canis is a Genus containing 7 to 10 extant species and many extinct species including wolves, Coyotes, and Jackals. The genus Urocyon is a Genus that contains two (or possibly three living Western Hemisphere foxes in the family Canidae, the Gray Fox ( Vulpes is a Genus of the Canidae family It includes the true Foxes although there are species in other genera whose common names include the This is the point where canine radiation begins. The success of the these canines is the development of lower carnassials that are capable of both mastication and shearing. Carnassials are large teeth found in many Carnivorous Mammals, used for shearing flesh and bone in a Scissor or Shear -like way Around 8 Mya, Berengia offers the canines a way to enter Eurasia. The Bering land bridge was a Land bridge roughly 1000 miles (1600 km north to south at its greatest extent which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Pliocene epoch

Early Pliocene

During the Pliocene around (4-5 Mya) Canis lepophagus appears in North America. The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends This dog is small with some being coyote-like. Others are wolf-like in characteristics. It is theorized that Canis latrans (coyote) descended from Canis lepophagus. [5] Around 1. 5 to 1. 8 Mya, a variety of wolves are now in Europe. Also, the North American wolf line appears with Canis edwardii as clearly identifiable as a wolf. Canis rufus, a red wolf canine appears and possibly a direct descendent of Canis edwardii. The Red Wolf ( Canis lupus rufus) is a Mammal of the order Carnivora.

Middle Pliocene

Around 0. 8 Mya Canis ambrusteri, emerges in North America. Canis armbrusteri or Armbrusters Wolf is considered the ancestor of the Dire wolf one of the most recent evolutionary ancestors to the wolf and differs A large wolf, it is found all over the continent. It is thought that this species went to South America where it becomes the ancestor of the Canis dirus or Dire wolf. The Dire Wolf ( Canis dirus) is an extinct carnivorous Mammal of the genus Canis, and was most common in North

Late Pliocene

At 0. 3 Mya Canis lupus (Gray wolf) has fully developed and has spread throughout Europe and northern Asia. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Berengia offers a way to North America. [6] At around 100,000 years ago, the Dire wolf, some of the largest members of the dog family, appears from southern Canada to South America and coast to coast. The Dire wolf shares its habitat with the Gray wolf. Around 8000 years ago the Dire wolf becomes extinct.

Characteristics

Wild canids are found on every continent, except Antarctica, and inhabit a wide range of different habitats, including deserts, mountains, forests, and grassland. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the Vegetation is dominated by Grasses ( Poaceae) and other Herbaceous (non-woody They vary in size from the fennec fox at 24 cm in length, to the gray wolf, which may be up to 200 cm long, and can weigh up to 80 kg. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora

With the sole living exception of the bush dog, canids have relatively long legs and lithe bodies, adapted for chasing prey. For the conservative Democratic group within the United States House of Representatives, see Blue Dog Coalition. All canids are digitigrade, meaning that they walk on their toes. A digitigrade is an animal that stands or walks on its digits or toes They possess bushy tails, non-retractile claws, and a dewclaw on the front feet. A dewclaw is a vestigial digit of the Foot of many Mammals Birds and Reptiles (including some extinct orders like certain They possess a baculum, which together with a cavernous body helps to create a copulatory tie during mating, locking the animals together for up to an hour. The baculum (also penis bone, penile bone or os penis) is a Bone found in the Penis of most Mammals It is absent Young canids are born blind, with their eyes opening a few weeks after birth. [7]

Many species live and hunt in packs, and have complex social lives. They are generally highly adaptable, and there may be considerable variation in habits even within a single species.

Dentition

Most canids have 42 teeth, with a dental formula of:

3. Dentition is the development of Teeth and their arrangement in the Mouth. 1. 4. 2
3. 1. 4. 3

As in other members of the carnivora, the upper fourth premolar and lower first molar are adapted as carnassial teeth for slicing flesh. The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of Tooth in most Mammals In many mammals they grind food hence the Latin name mola, " Millstone Carnassials are large teeth found in many Carnivorous Mammals, used for shearing flesh and bone in a Scissor or Shear -like way The molar teeth are strong in most species, allowing the animals to crack open bone to reach the marrow. Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of Bones In adults marrow in large bones produces new Blood cells It constitutes 4% of The deciduous or baby teeth formula in canids is 3 1 3; molars are completely absent.

Species and taxonomy

Phylogeny of the Canidae

Hesperocyoninae



Borophaginae



Urocyon ("foxes")



Otocyon (Bat-eared fox)


Nyctereutes


Vulpes (true foxes)




Speothos


Chrysocyon




Schaeffia



Lupulella


Lycaon



Cuon


Canis (wolves & domestic dogs)






Cerdocyon


Atelocynus


Lycalopex & Dusicyon







Based on a range of morphological, molecular and protein data. The Subfamily Hesperocyoninae is an extinct group of canids that were endemic to North America, and lived from the Eocene through The Subfamily Borophaginae is an extinct group of Canids that were endemic to North America, and lived from roughly 40 to 2 The genus Urocyon is a Genus that contains two (or possibly three living Western Hemisphere foxes in the family Canidae, the Gray Fox ( The Bat-eared Fox is a canid of the African Savanna. It is named for its large ears Nyctereutes is an east Asian Genus of the family Canidae, consisting of a single extant species the Raccoon Dog Vulpes is a Genus of the Canidae family It includes the true Foxes although there are species in other genera whose common names include the Speothos is a genus of Canid found in Central and South America. The Maned Wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid of South America, resembling a big fox with reddish fur The African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus) is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family found only in Africa, especially in scrub Savanna The Dhole ( Cuon alpinus) also known as the Asiatic Wild Dog, Indian Wild Dog or Red Dog is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Canis is a Genus containing 7 to 10 extant species and many extinct species including wolves, Coyotes, and Jackals. The Crab-eating Fox ( Cerdocyon thous) also known as the Forest Fox, Wood Fox, and the Common Fox, is a medium-sized canid found The Short-eared Dog ( Atelocynus microtis) also known as the Short-eared Fox or the Short-eared Zorro, is a Canid Species Lycalopex is the Genus name for some South American members of the Canidae family The Falkland Islands Wolf ( Dusicyon australis) also known as the Warrah and occasionally as the Falkland Islands Dog, Falkland Islands Fox [8][9]
Significant groups in bold type.

Gray Wolf
Gray Wolf
Coyote
Coyote
African Hunting Dog
African Hunting Dog
Red Fox
Red Fox
Red Wolf
Red Wolf
Dhole
Dhole
Golden Jackal
Golden Jackal
Bat-eared Fox
Bat-eared Fox
Maned Wolf
Maned Wolf
Short-eared Dog
Short-eared Dog
Pampas Fox
Pampas Fox
Arctic Fox
Arctic Fox

Linnean taxonomy

FAMILY CANIDAE

Subfamily: Caninae

Fossil Canidae

Classification of Hesperocyoninae from Wang (1994)[10] and Borophaginae from Wang et al. The Bat-eared Fox is a canid of the African Savanna. It is named for its large ears (1999),[11] except where noted.

Prehistoric Caninae

Borophaginae : † (Ma = million years ago)

Hesperocyoninae : † (Ma = million years ago)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. Mesocyon is an extinct Genus of Dog ( family Canidae) which inhabited North America 34 Mya to 21 Mya described Osbornodon (" Osborn 's dog" is an extinct genus of canids (family Canidae that existed from the Oligocene epoch to Early Miocene Paraenhydrocyon ("beside Enhydrocyon " is a genus of the earliest-known doglike creatures described by X Philotrox is an extinct genus of Dog ( family Canidae) which inhabited North America 29 Mya to 27 Mya named by Prohesperocyon ("before Hesperocyon " is an extinct Genus of Dog ( family Canidae) named by Xiaoming Sunkahetanka is an extinct genus of Dog ( family Canidae) which inhabited North America 29 Mya to 27 Mya named by This article focuses upon reproduction of domestic dogs Reproduction within other types of canid is not covered at present C. (16 November 2005). Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in Wilson, D. E. , and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.  
  2. ^ Lindblad-toh, K. ; Wade, C. M. ; Mikkelsen, T. S. ; Karlsson, E. K. ; Jaffe, D. B. ; Kamal, M. ; Clamp, M. ; Chang, J. L. ; Kulbokas Iii, E. J. ; Zody, M. C. ; Others, (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature 438 (7069): 803-819.  
  3. ^ Van Valkenburgh, B. (2004). "Cope's Rule, Hypercarnivory, and Extinction in North American Canids". Science 30: 101. doi:10.1126/science.1102417. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.   edit
  4. ^ Martin, L. D. 1989. Fossil history of the terrestrial carnivora. Pages 536 - 568 in J. L. Gittleman, editor. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 1. Comstock Publishing Associates: Ithaca.
  5. ^ Nowak, R. M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 6:1 - 154.
  6. ^ Nowak, R. 1992. Wolves: The great travelers of evolution. International Wolf 2(4):3 - 7.
  7. ^ Macdonald, D. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 57. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.  
  8. ^ Hesperocyoninae & Borophaginae as per Wang et al. , figure 139.
  9. ^ Zrzavý, J. & Řičánková, V. (2004). "Phylogeny of Recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): relative reliability and utility of morphological and molecular datasets". Zoologica Scripta 33 (4): 311. doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  10. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (1994). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 221: 1-207.  
  11. ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Richard Tedford, Beryl Taylor (1999). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243: 1-391.  
  12. ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Wideman, Benjamin, Nichols, Ralph, & Hanneman, Debra (2004). "A new species of Aelurodon (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (2): 445-452.  
  13. ^ a b Hayes, F. G. (2000). "The Brooksville 2 local fauna (Arikareean, latest Oligocene) Hernando County, Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 43 (1): 1-47.  
  14. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (2003). "New Material of Osbornodon from the Early Hemingfordian of Nebraska and Florida". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279: 163-176.  

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