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C. albicans |
Candida is a genus of yeasts. Candida viswanathii is a species of Yeast in the genus Candida. Torula (Latin name Candida utilis; formerly Torulopsis utilis, Torula utilis) is a species of Yeast. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described Many species of this genus are endosymbionts of animal hosts including humans. An endosymbiont is any Organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism i While usually living as commensals, some Candida species have the potential to cause disease. In Ecology, commensalism is a kind of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped (like a bird Clinically, the most significant member of the genus is Candida albicans, which can cause infections (called candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals, especially in immunocompromised patients. Candida albicans is a Diploid Fungus (a form of Yeast) which is capable of mating but not of Meiosis, and a causal agent of Candidiasis, commonly called yeast infection or thrush, is a Fungal infection (mycosis of any of the Candida species of which Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In Medicine, immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the Immune system 's ability to fight Infectious disease is compromised [1] Many Candida species are members of gut flora in animals, including C. The gut flora are the Microorganisms that normally live in the Digestive tract and can perform a number of useful functions for their hosts albicans in mammalian hosts, whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts. [2][3]
The last decade has seen the sustained medical importance of opportunistic infections due to different Candida species mainly due to the worldwide increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, who are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections. [4] Meanwhile, the genome sequence of several Candida species has been completed, enabling the detailed investigation of some aspects of their biology with the aid of post-genomic approaches. The basic knowledge gained from these investigations of pathogenic Candida, and related yeasts, can translate into innovations in the development of novel antifungal therapies, original approaches for targeted immuno-interventions, or highly sensitive diagnosis of fungal infections. [4]
Candida antarctica is a source of industrially relevant lipases.
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Laboratory characteristics
Grown in the laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans is from Latin meaning 'whitish') colonies on agar plates. A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a Laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the Health Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. An agar plate is a sterile Petri dish that contains a Growth medium (typically Agar plus nutrients used to culture Microorganisms [5]
Clinical characteristics
Some Candida species are responsible for superficial infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal Candidiasis). Candidiasis, commonly called yeast infection or thrush, is a Fungal infection (mycosis of any of the Candida species of which In otherwise healthy individuals, these infections can be cured with antifungal medications. An antifungal drug is Medication used to treat fungal Infections such as Athlete's foot, Ringworm, Candidiasis (thrush However, persistent and deep-seated yeast infections can be lethal in, e. g. , AIDS patients.
Candida are also responsible for a number of life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised persons - including patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs), cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ transplant patients. An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by Pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy Immune system. [4]
Another common Candida infection is oral candidiasis caused by acrylic dentures, especially in elderly denture wearers. [6] Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by C. albicans may result from taking antacids or antihyperacidity drugs. Candida albicans is a Diploid Fungus (a form of Yeast) which is capable of mating but not of Meiosis, and a causal agent of This colonization may interfere with absorption of Coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 (also known as ubiquinone ubidecarenone coenzyme Q and abbreviated at times to CoQ10 CoQ Q10 or Q is a Benzoquinone, where Q [7]
Species
Among Candida species, C. albicans, which is normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia). Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata, which could be because it is frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole antifungals. An azole is a class of five-membered Nitrogen Heterocyclic ring compounds containing at least one other noncarbon atom nitrogen sulfur or oxygen Other medically important Candida species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. dubliniensis. [4]
Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila have been used as biological control agents in fruit. Candida oleophila is a species of Yeast in the genus Candida. Biological control of pests in Agriculture is a method of controlling pests (including Insects Mites Weeds and plant diseases [8]
Other
Alternative medicine practitioners often use the term Candida to refer to a complex with broad spectrum of symptoms, the majority of which center around gastrointestinal distress, rashes, sore gums and other miscellaneous symptoms. [9]
References
- ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed. , McGraw Hill. ISBN 0838585299.
- ^ Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M (2007). "Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects". Mycologia 99 (6): 842-858.
- ^ Suh SO, Nguyen NH, Blackwell M (2008). "Yeasts isolated from plant-associated beetles and other insects: seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans". FEMS Yeast Res 8 (1): 88-102. PMID 17986254.
- ^ a b c d dEnfert C; Hube B (editors) (2007). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 9781904455134.
- ^ Candida species. DoctorFungus. org. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Darwazeh A, Lamey P, Samaranayake L, MacFarlane T, Fisher B, Macrury S, MacCuish A (1990). "The relationship between colonisation, secretor status and in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics". J Med Microbiol 33 (1): 43-9. PMID 2231671.
- ^ Krone C, Elmer G, Ely J, Fudenberg H, Thoreson J (2001). "Does gastrointestinal Candida albicans prevent ubiquinone absorption?". Med Hypotheses 57 (5): 570-2. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11735312.
- ^ "Efficacy of Candida oleophila strain 128 in preventing Penicillium Expansum infection in apricot fruit" (1999). Acta Hort. 485: 141-148. ISHS.
- ^ "Factsmart.org" .
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