The Canary Islands
(Islas Canarias) The 'Autonomous Community' of the Canary Islands
(Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias)

Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Arrorró
Capital	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Official languages	Spanish
Ethnic groups	Spanish, other minority groups
Area  – Total  – % of Spain	Ranked 13th  7,447 km²  1. The Flag of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands is a vertical Tricolour of three equal bands of white blue and yellow The Coat of arms of the Canary Islands is the central device of the Flag of the Canary Islands. The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music (in Music theory and religious contexts or more generally a song (or composition of Arrorró is the anthem of the Canary Islands, a Spanish Autonomous community. See also Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province. Historical population In 1990 the population slowly boomed above the 200000 mark falling An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Here is a list of the autonomous communities of Spain in order of Area. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 5%
Population  – Total (2006)  – % of Spain  – Density	Ranked 8th  1,995,833  4. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Here is a list of the autonomous communities and autonomous cities of Spain in order of Population ( 2005) 5%  268/km²
Demonym  – English  – Spanish	Canary Islander (Canarian)  canario, canaria
Statute of Autonomy	August 16, 1982
Parliamentary representation  – Congress seats  – Senate seats	15  13 (11 elected, 2 appointed)
President	Paulino Rivero (CC)
ISO 3166-2	ES-CN
Gobierno de Canarias

The Canary Islands (English pronunciation: IPA: /kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz/; Spanish: Islas Canarias, IPA: [ˈislas kaˈnarjas]) are a Spanish archipelago. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The Cortes Generales ( Spanish for General Courts or Cortes Españolas, Spanish Courts) is the Legislature of Spain. The Spanish Congress of Deputies (Spanish Congreso de los Diputados) is the lower house of the Cortes Generales, Spain 's Legislative branch. The Spanish Senate ( Senado de España in Spanish) is the upper house of Spain 's Parliament, the Cortes Generales. Presidents of the Canary Islands PeriodPresidentParty The Canarian Coalition (Coalición Canaria is a nationalist and liberal party in the Canary Isles of Spain. ISO 3166-2 is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes The section that applies to Spain codes the Provinces of Spain. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The archipelago consists of seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets. They are of volcanic origin and can be found in the North Atlantic Ocean. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the These islands are located just off the coast of the north-western portion of the African continent/mainland, nearest the political divide of Morocco and Western Sahara. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory They form the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The Canary Islands were formed by the Canary hotspot. The Canary hotspot is a volcanic hotspot believed to be located at the Canary Islands off the north-western coast of Africa, although alternative The status of capital city is shared by the two cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. See also Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province. Historical population In 1990 the population slowly boomed above the 200000 mark falling

Etymology

The name "Islas Canaria" is likely derived from the Latin term Insula Canaria, meaning Island of the Dogs, a name applied originally only to Gran Canaria. Gran Canaria (in English " Grand Canary " is an island of the Canary Islands, an Archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean 210 km from The dense population of an endemic breed of large and fierce dogs, similar to the Canary Mastiff (in Spanish, el Presa Canario), may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established contact with the islands by the sea. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

History

Ancient and pre-colonial times

Main article: Canary Islands in pre-colonial times

The islands were known to the Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans, and are mentioned in a number of classical sources. The Canary Islands have been known since antiquity; the islands themselves are estimated to be 30 million years old Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean For example, Pliny the Elder describes a Carthaginian expedition to the Canaries, and they may have been the Fortunate Isles of other classical writers. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers In the Fortunate Isles also called the Isles (or Islands) of the Blessed (μακάρων νη̂σοι makárôn nêsoi) Heroes and King Juba, the Roman protegee, dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in the early 1st century AD. Essaouira (الصويرة eṣ-ṣauīrah formerly known as Mogador, its older name is a City / Wilaya and tourist resort in the western Moroccan ^[1] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

When the Europeans began to explore the islands they encountered several indigenous populations living at a Neolithic level of technology. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Although the history of the settlement of the Canary Islands is still unclear, linguistic and genetic analyses seem to indicate that at least some of these inhabitants shared a common origin with the Berbers of northern Africa. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. ^[2] The pre-colonial inhabitants came to be known collectively as the Guanches, although Guanches was originally the name for the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife. See also Canary Islands in pre-colonial times Guanches (also Guanchis or Guanchos) now extinct as a distinct people were the first known Tenerife (previously known and spelled as "Teneriffe" in English before mass tourism adopted the Spanish spelling a Spanish Island, is the largest

Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured native kings of Tenerife to Ferdinand and Isabella

Castilian conquest

There are claims that the Portuguese had discovered the Canaries as early as 1336, though there appears to be little evidence for this. Javier Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo (?-1525 was a Spanish military man Conquistador, City founder and administrator The Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon ^[3] In 1402, the Castilian conquest of the islands began, with the expedition of Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to the island of Lanzarote. Jean de Béthencourt (c 1360 - 1425 was a French Explorer who in 1402 led an expedition to the Canary Islands, landing first on the north side of Gadifer de La Salle (1340 in Sainte-Radegonde, Vrines, France –1415 was a French soldier of Norman origin who with Jean de Béthencourt A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Henry III ( October 4, 1379 –1406 sometimes known as Henry the Sufferer or Henry the Infirm (Enrique el Doliente was the son of John From there, they conquered Fuerteventura and El Hierro. Fuerteventura, a Spanish Island, is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognized King Henry III as his overlord.

Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was truly conquered. an entirely different island is Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera off Morocco La Gomera is the second-smallest of Spain's Canary Islands The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. Gran Canaria (in English " Grand Canary " is an island of the Canary Islands, an Archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean 210 km from Tenerife (previously known and spelled as "Teneriffe" in English before mass tourism adopted the Spanish spelling a Spanish Island, is the largest Isla de La Palma (known in English as "La Palma" not to be confused with "Palma" in the Balearic Islands is a Spanish volcanic ocean island In 1448 Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator, an action that was not accepted by the natives nor by the Castilians. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron A crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. Finally, in 1479, Portugal recognised Castilian control of the Canary Islands in the Treaty of Alcaçovas. The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) was signed on September 4, 1479 between the Catholic Monarchs

The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, complete pacification was not achieved until 1495, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. Javier Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo (?-1525 was a Spanish military man Conquistador, City founder and administrator After that, the Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula.

After the conquest

After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugar cane; then wine, an important item of trade with England. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In this era, the first institutions of colonial government were founded. Both Gran Canaria, since 6 March 1480 a colony of Castile (from 1556 of Spain), and Tenerife, a Spanish colony since 1495, had separate governors. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of

The cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife became a stopping point for the Spanish conquerors, traders, and missionaries on their way to the New World. See also Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province. Historical population In 1990 the population slowly boomed above the 200000 mark falling The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. This trade route brought great prosperity to some of the social sectors of the islands. The islands became quite wealthy and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe. Magnificent palaces and churches were built on the island of La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 1500s.

The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers Kemal Reis (c 1451 &ndash 1511 was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral. Murat Reis the Elder (Koca Murat Reis was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral Lanzarote, a Spanish Island, is the easternmost of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 125 km off the coast of Africa

The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch War of Independence. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Johan Van der Does, attacked the capital, Las Palmas (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite, near the city.

The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. 300 Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastian on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.

Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under the future Lord Nelson on 25 July. The Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was a British attack on the Spanish Port city of Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.

Eighteenth to nineteenth centuries

The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's American colonies. Crises in the sugar market in the nineteenth century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, saving the islands' economy. Cochineal is the name of both Crimson or Carmine Dye and the cochineal insect ( Dactylopius coccus) a scale

These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration, primarily to the Americas, during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America From 1840 to 1890, as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela alone (many of them ending up stopping, then staying in Puerto Rico due to the long journey ). Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Also, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba as well. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la ^[4] During the Spanish-American War of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against possible American attack; but the attack never came.

Early twentieth century

At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes. For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. Fyffes plc () is a fruit and fresh produce company headquartered at North Anne Street Dublin 7, Ireland.

The rivalry between the elites of the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces in 1927. An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. This has not laid to rest the rivalry between the two cities, which continues to this day.

During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, Marxist and anarchist workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i However, outside of a few municipalities, these organizations were a minority.

Franco regime

In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid He joined the military revolt of July 17 which began the Spanish Civil War. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on the island of La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on Gomera . Isla de La Palma (known in English as "La Palma" not to be confused with "Palma" in the Balearic Islands is a Spanish volcanic ocean island Subdivisions Alojera Arguamul El Cercado Chipude La Dama Epina El Ingenio an entirely different island is Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera off Morocco La Gomera is the second-smallest of Spain's Canary Islands Though there was never a proper war in the islands, the post-war repression on the Canaries was most severe.

During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 A naval dockyard is a Dockyard that primarily serves a Navy. See also Military base Royal Navy Dockyards Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar

Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organize until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist parties. The Communist Party of Spain ( Partido Comunista de España or PCE) is the third largest national Political party of Spain. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation

Parliament of the Canary Islands

Today

After the death of Franco there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria, the MPAIAC. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's The Canary Islands Independence Movement ( CIIM) also known as the Movement for the Independence and Autonomy of the Canaries Archipelago ( MPAIAC, from Now there are some pro-independence political parties, like the CNC and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands, but none of them openly calls for an armed struggle. National Congress of the Canaries ( Spanish: Congreso Nacional de Canarias; CNC) is a separatist Political party in the Canary Islands The Popular Front of the Canary Islands ( Frente Popular de las Islas Canarias) or FREPIC-AWAÑAK is a leftist political party seeking independence from Spain Their popular support is insignificant, with no presence in both the autonomous parliament and the cabildos insulares.

After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries, by a law passed in 1982. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held, and were won by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is In the most recent autonomous elections (2007), the PSOE gained a plurality of seats, but the nationalist Canarian Coalition and the conservative Partido Popular (PP) formed a ruling coalition government. The Canarian Coalition (Coalición Canaria is a nationalist and liberal party in the Canary Isles of Spain. The People's Party ( Spanish: Partido Popular, PP) is the main right Political party in Spain. ^[5]

Physical geography

The islands and their capitals are:

The nearest island (Fuerteventura) is 108 km from the northwest mainland African coast. Tenerife (previously known and spelled as "Teneriffe" in English before mass tourism adopted the Spanish spelling a Spanish Island, is the largest See also Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province. Historical population In 1990 the population slowly boomed above the 200000 mark falling Gran Canaria (in English " Grand Canary " is an island of the Canary Islands, an Archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean 210 km from Lanzarote, a Spanish Island, is the easternmost of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 125 km off the coast of Africa Geography Location Latitude 2895 (28°57' N Longitude 13533 (13°32' W Altitude Lowest Isla de La Palma (known in English as "La Palma" not to be confused with "Palma" in the Balearic Islands is a Spanish volcanic ocean island Subdivisions City neighborhoods La Luz San Telmo San Sebastián El Puente Benahoare La Alameda an entirely different island is Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera off Morocco La Gomera is the second-smallest of Spain's Canary Islands Historical population History The area before the founding of the municipality were inhabited by the Guanches. Subdivisions History Information Sites of interest--> Historical population Persons--> Fuerteventura, a Spanish Island, is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. Puerto del Rosario is a Canarian municipality in the northern portion of the island of Fuerteventura There is also a Graciosa in the Azores, see Graciosa Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa ( Spanish for graceful Caleta del Sebo, in the Canary Islands, is the main settlement and capital community of La Graciosa. Fuerteventura, a Spanish Island, is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa.

The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. Macaronesia is a modern collective name for several groups of Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean near Europe and North Africa belonging An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the Savage Islands, also referred to as the Selvagens Islands, ( Portuguese: Ilhas Selvagens, pron The seven main islands are volcanic in origin. ^[6] The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third largest volcano on Earth. Mount Teide or in Spanish El Teide, is an active though dormant Volcano which last erupted in 1909 from the El Chinyero vent on the Santiago (northwestern rift Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery. The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Oceanic crust is the part of Earth's Lithosphere that surfaces in the Ocean basins Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The islands are considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division. The Atlas Mountains ( Kabyle: Idurar n leṭles جبال الأطلس) is a Mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2400

According to the position of the islands with respect to the NE trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly winds found in the Tropics near the Earth's Equator. Several native species form laurisilva forests. Laurisilva or laurissilva ("laurel forest" is an endemic type of Humid subtropical Laurel forest found on several

Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. In the early 90's, there were only five Spanish national parks, four of them being the Canarian parks, and the other one Doñana. Doñana National Park (Parque Nacional de Doñana also called Coto de Doñana, is a National park and Wildlife refuge in southwestern Spain The parks are:

Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo.

Political geography

Map of the Canary Islands

Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by William Dampier during his voyage to New Holland in 1699. Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente is a national park on the island of La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain, located at. Garajonay National Park (Parque nacional de Garajonay is located in the center and north of the island of La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands ( Spain Mount Teide or in Spanish El Teide, is an active though dormant Volcano which last erupted in 1909 from the El Chinyero vent on the Santiago (northwestern rift Timanfaya National Park or Parque Nacional de Timanfaya is a Spanish national park covering the municipalities of southern portion of Tinajo William Dampier ( 5 September 1651 (baptised &ndash March 1715 was an English Buccaneer, sea captain Author and scientific observer Dutch West India Company ( Dutch: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie or GWC; English: Chartered West India Company was a company of

The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two provinces, Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) are co-capitals of the autonomous community. In addition to its autonomous communities, Spain is divided into fifty Provinces. Las Palmas is a province of Spain, consisting of the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. History This province was established when in 1927 when the Canarias province (with Santa Cruz de Tenerife as the capital city divided into two provinces See also Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province. Historical population In 1990 the population slowly boomed above the 200000 mark falling Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an island council named cabildo insular.

The international boundary of the Canaries is the subject of dispute between Spain and Morocco. Morocco does not agree that the laws regarding territorial limits allow Spain to claim for itself sea-bed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, because the Canary Islands are autonomous. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. Under the Law of the Sea, the only islands not granted territorial waters or an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation or do not have an economic life of their own, which is clearly not the case of the Canary Islands. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS) also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty is the international agreement that resulted Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ) is a seazone over which a State has special rights over the exploration and use of marine

The boundary is relevant for possible seabed oil deposits and other ocean resource exploitation. Morocco therefore does not formally agree to the territorial boundary; it rejected a 2002 unilateral Spanish proposal. ^[7]

The Islands have 13 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected, 3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, 1 for each other island; 2 seats are indirectly elected by the regional Autonomous Government. The local government is presided over in the last two elections by Deborah Engerman.

Economy

The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the GDP. Tourism in Spain was developed during the last years of Francisco Franco ’s dictatorship when the country became a popular place for summer holidays The Canaries receive about 10 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cochineal, sugarcane, grapes, vines, dates, oranges, lemons, figs, wheat, barley, corn, apricots, peaches and almonds. In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Organicsalsajpg||thumb|right|Onions used in salsa.]]Cooked onions in frying pan Cochineal is the name of both Crimson or Carmine Dye and the cochineal insect ( Dactylopius coccus) a scale Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Ficus is a Genus of about 850 Species of woody Trees Shrubs Vines Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes in the family Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica The Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca, "Armenian plum" in Latin syn The peach ( Prunus persica) is a species of Prunus native to China that bears an edible juicy fruit also called a peach The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L

The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20 year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of Foreign Direct Investment, mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near 11 billion euro in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds). Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Island's government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the as Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than 5 jobs.

The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan. Roque de los Muchachos translates into English as The Rock Of The Boys, and is the name given to the rocky mound at the highest point on the island of La Palma in A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. The Gran Telescopio Canarias ( GTC) ("Great Telescope Canary Islands " sometimes called Gran TeCan, is a 10

The islands are outside the European Union customs territory and VAT area, though politically within the EU. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 5%, an increased tax rate of 12%, a reduced tax rate of 2% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services (eg telecommunications). The ISO 3166-1 α-2 code IC is reserved for representing them in customs affairs. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter Country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. Goods subject to Spanish customs and excise duties and Value Added Tax (VAT), such as tobacco or electronic goods, are therefore significantly cheaper in the Canaries. Value added tax ( VAT) or goods and services tax ( GST) is a consumption Tax levied on value added. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Spanish magazines usually have a similar or higher price than in the peninsula since VAT is substituted with air transport costs. The islands' country calling code is (+34) and the Internet country code is the same as Spain's (. This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E es). The currency is the euro. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e

Canarian time is Western European Time (WET) (or GMT; in summer one hour ahead of GMT). Western European Time ( WET, UTC+0, and commonly known as Greenwich Mean Time in the United Kingdom) is the Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland Spain and the same as that of the British Isles and Portugal all year round. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Wildlife

Terrestrial Wildlife

With a range of habitats, the Canary Islands exhibit diverse plant species. The bird life includes European and African species, such as the Black-bellied Sandgrouse; and a rich variety of endemic (local) species including the:

• Canary
• Graja (endemic to La Palma)
• Blue Chaffinch
• Canary Islands Chiffchaff
• Fuerteventura Chat
• Tenerife Goldcrest
• Madeira Firecrest
• Bolle's Pigeon
• Laurel Pigeon
• Trocaz Pigeon
• Plain Swift

Terrestrial fauna includes gekkos (such as the striped Canary Islands Gecko) and wall lizards, and three endemic species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant lizard: the El Hierro Giant Lizard (or Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard), La Gomera Giant Lizard, and La Palma Giant Lizard. The Black-bellied Sandgrouse ( Pterocles orientalis) is a medium large Bird in the Sandgrouse family Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The Canary ( Serinus canaria) also called the Island Canary, Atlantic Canary or Common Canary, is a small Passerine Bird The graja, pronounced as ( Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax barbarus) is an endemic Subspecies of the Chough which only lives on the The Blue Chaffinch, Fringilla teydea, is a small Passerine Bird in the Finch family Fringillidae. The Canary Islands Chiffchaff ( Phylloscopus canariensis) is a Species of Leaf warbler endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain The Fuerteventura Chat ( Saxicola dacotiae) formally known as Canary Islands Chat due to its once widespread distubution on the islands is a small Passerine The Tenerife Goldcrest, Regulus regulus teneriffae, (sometimes considered a separate species R The Madeira Firecrest, Regulus madeirensis, is a very small Passerine bird between 8 and 8 The Bolle's Pigeon ( Columba bollii) is a member of the family Columbidae, Doves and pigeons which is endemic to the Canary Islands The Laurel Pigeon ( Columba junoniae) is a member of the family Columbidae, Doves and pigeons which is endemic to the Canary Islands The Trocaz Pigeon ( Columba trocaz) is a member of the family Columbidae ( Doves and pigeons which is endemic to Madeira. The Plain Swift ( Apus unicolor) is a medium-sized Swift. Although this Bird is superficially similar to a Barn Swallow or House Martin Gekko is a Genus of colorful and diverse Southeast Asian Geckos commonly known as true geckos or calling geckos. Podarcis is a genus of Lizards Its members look very similar to lizards of the genus Lacerta, but their internal body structure is different Gallotia simonyi redirects here This page deals mostly with the extant Subspecies Gallotia simonyi machadoi. The Roque Chico de Salmor Giant Lizard ( Gallotia simonyi simonyi) was the Nominate subspecies of the Lacertid (wall Lizard) The La Gomera Giant Lizard ( Gallotia bravoana; Spanish: Lagarto Gigante de la Gomera) is a Lacertid (wall Lizard) The La Palma Giant Lizard ( Gallotia auaritae) is a giant Lacertid (wall Lizard) that as its name indicates live in the littoral zone of Some endemic mammals, the Lava Mouse and Canary Islands Giant Rat, are extinct, as are the Canary Islands Quail and Eastern Canary Islands Chiffchaff. The Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis, is an Extinct endemic Rodent from the Canary Islands, Spain. The Canary Islands Giant Rat ( Canariomys tamarani) was endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, part of the Canary Islands, Spain. The Canary Islands Quail ( Coturnix gomerae) once occurred on the islands of El Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife and Fuerteventura ( The Eastern Canary Islands Chiffchaff or Lanzarote Island Chiffchaff ( Phylloscopus canariensis exsul) was a Subspecies of the Canary Islands Chiffchaff

Marine Life

Main article: Marine Life of the Canary Islands

The Marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. The marine life found in the Canary Islands is diverse being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and endemic species Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere In recent years, the increasing popularities of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. Underwater photography is the process of taking Photographs while under water

Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark, ray, moray eel, bream, jack, grunt, scorpionfish, triggerfish, grouper, goby, and blenny. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Sharks ( Superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of Fish with a full cartilaginous Skeleton and a highly streamlined body Batoidea is a Superorder of cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families Moray eels are large cosmopolitan Eels of the family Muraenidae. The Sparidae is a family of Fish, included in the order Perciformes. Carangidae is a family of fish which includes the jacks Pompanos Jack mackerels and scads The grunt sculpin or grunt-fish, Rhamphocottus richardsonii, is the only member of the Fish family Rhamphocottidae. The scorpionfish are a family ( Scorpaenidae) of mostly marine Fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species Triggerfishes are brightly colored Fish of the family Balistidae. For other meanings see Grouper (disambiguation. Groupers are Fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of gobies form the family Gobiidae, which is one of the largest families of Fish, with more than 2000 Species in more than 200 Genera The Common name blenny is ambiguous at best as it has been applied to several families of Perciform marine brackish and some freshwater Fishes all sharing In addition, there are many invertebrate species including sponge, jellyfish, anenome, crab, mollusc, sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber and coral. The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear" are Animals Jellyfish are free-swimming members of the phylum Cnidaria. They have several different basic morphologies that represent several different cnidarian classes including the Crabs are decapod Crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (βραχύ / brachy Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 Sea urchins are small globular spiny sea cat animals composing most of class Echinoidea. Starfish (also called sea stars) are any Echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea. The sea cucumber (also known as trepang, bêche-de-mer, or ambiguously Sea slug) is an Echinoderm of the class Holothuroidea Corals are Marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small Sea anemone –like Polyps typically in colonies of many

There are a total of 5 different species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the endangered Loggerhead Turtle; however, local fisherman continue to take this endangered species. Sea turtles ( Superfamily Chelonioidea) are Turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The Loggerhead Sea Turtle ( Caretta caretta) is a Sea turtle and the only member of the genus Caretta. ^[8] The other four are the Green, Hawksbill, Leatherback and Kemp's Ridley Turtle. "Chelonia" redirects here It is also the name of the Superorder uniting turtles tortoises and terrapins ( Testudines) with the "proto-turtle" The hawksbill turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata) is a Critically endangered Sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea) is the largest of all living turtles Also see Olive Ridley turtle. Kemp's Ridley ( Lepidochelys kempii) is a critically endangered species of Sea Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually migrating. However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory. Fuerteventura, a Spanish Island, is one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa.

Sports

Lucha Canaria

One native of the Canary Islands played Major League Baseball: Alfredo Cabrera, born there in 1881; he played shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1913. Folk wrestling is a generic term for traditional Wrestling disciplines which may or may not be codified as a modern sport Alfredo A Cabrera (born May 11, 1881 in the Canary Islands, Spain - 1964 was a former major league Shortstop. Shortstop, abbreviated SS, is the baseball fielding position between second and Third base. The St Louis Cardinals (also referred to as "the Cards " or "the Redbirds " are a professional Baseball team based in St

Main article: :Category:Sport in the Canary Islands

See also

History

• Canary Islands in pre-colonial times
• Guanches
• Pyramids of Güímar
• Jean de Béthencourt
• Gadifer de la Salle
• First Battle of Acentejo
• Second Battle of Acentejo
• Alonso Fernández de Lugo
• Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)
• Tanausu
• Tenerife disaster; prior to the 9/11 attacks, the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history. The Canary Islands have been known since antiquity; the islands themselves are estimated to be 30 million years old See also Canary Islands in pre-colonial times Guanches (also Guanchis or Guanchos) now extinct as a distinct people were the first known The Pyramids of Guimar refer to six rectangular Pyramid -shaped terraced structures built from lava stone without the use of mortar Jean de Béthencourt (c 1360 - 1425 was a French Explorer who in 1402 led an expedition to the Canary Islands, landing first on the north side of Gadifer de La Salle (1340 in Sainte-Radegonde, Vrines, France –1415 was a French soldier of Norman origin who with Jean de Béthencourt The First Battle of Acentejo was a battle that took place on the island of Tenerife between the Guanches and an alliance of Spaniards, other Europeans The Second Battle of Acentejo was a battle that took place on December 25, 1495, between the invading Spanish forces and the natives of the island Javier Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo (?-1525 was a Spanish military man Conquistador, City founder and administrator The Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was a British attack on the Spanish Port city of Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands. Tanausu (also Tanausú and Atanausu) (d 1493) was the Guanche ruler of Aceró on the island of La Palma (known to the original An aviation accident is defined in the International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 13

Geography

• La Matanza de Acentejo, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
• Los Llanos de Aridane
• Macaronesia
• Orotava Valley
• Guatiza (Lanzarote)
• Cumbre Vieja, a volcano on La Palma

Culture

• Canarian cuisine
• Military of the Canary Islands
• Salto del pastor (Canary Islands mountain gymnastic folk sport)
• Silbo Gomero language, a whistled language, is an indigenous language, whose existence was known since Roman times. Historical population Sites of interest Persons--> Other La Matanza de Acentejo has schools a few lyceums a gymnasium churches Subdivisions Los Llanos Argual La Laguna Todoque Las Manchas Puerto Naos Macaronesia is a modern collective name for several groups of Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean near Europe and North Africa belonging The greenish and fruitful Orotava Valley (Spanish Valle de la Orotava is a beautiful valley filled with gullies and cliffs located in the northern part of the Canary island of Tenerife Guatiza is a Canarian community that is located in the northeastern part of the municipality of Teguise in the northeastern portion of the island of Lanzarote in the Cumbre Vieja ( Spanish: "Old Ridge" is an active volcanic ridge on the volcanic ocean island of Isla de La Palma in the Canary Islands Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Canarian cuisine refers to the typical dishes and ingredients in the cuisine of the Canary Islands. The Canary Islands are an autonomous community of Spain. The following components of the Spanish Armed Forces comprise the military of the Canary Islands Salto del pastor ( English: the Shepherd's Leap is a spectacular folk Sport practiced throughout the Canary Islands. Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Silbo Gomero ("El Silbo" or "Gomeran Whistle" is a Whistled language spoken by inhabitants of La Gomera in the Canary Islands to communicate Whistled languages use whistling to emulate speech and facilitate communication
• Isleños

Neighbours

• Azores
• Cape Verde
• Madeira
• Morocco
• Western Sahara

Natural History

See:- Borgesen, F. Isleño (plural isleños) (Îlois is the Spanish word meaning " Islander. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory 1929. Marine algae from the Canary Islands. III Rhodophyceae. Part II. Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales, and Rhodymeniales. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Biologiske Meddelelser. 8: 1 — 97.

Natural Disaster Concerns

• Mega-tsunami, where will the next one occur? The Canary Islands?
  • For speculation regarding the history of the activity of the Cumbre Vieja and La Palma volcanoes within the Canary Islands as a potential future cause of a mega-tsunami withinin the Island chain, see: Mega-tsunami - Section 4. Mega-tsunami (also known as iminami or "wave of purification" is an informal term to indicate a Tsunami that has initial Wave heights that are 2 in the 'Table of Contents'. )
  • For further external links to dispel the hypothesis regarding a possible future giant wave/mega-tsunami, also see: the entry on the volcanic-oceanic island of La Palma - Section 9. Isla de La Palma (known in English as "La Palma" not to be confused with "Palma" in the Balearic Islands is a Spanish volcanic ocean island 2 in the 'Table of Contents'.

Notes

References

• Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-45690-8
• Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Canary Islands after the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early-Sixteenth Century, Oxford U. Press, 1982. ISBN 13: 9780198218883; ISBN 10: 0198218885
• Sergio Hanquet, Diving in Canaries, Litografía A. ROMERO, 2001. ISBN 84-932195-0-9

External links

• Canary Islands travel guide from Wikitravel
• Official Statistics about Canary Islands
• Canarian Association for Rural Turism
• World Statesmen
• Old photos Canary Islands and the Canary Islanders
• Canary Islands pose little risk of mega-tsunami
• The Canary Islands on Google Maps
• Information from lowtax.net
• touristic and general information about the Canary Islands