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Canadian Northern Railway
Logo
Locale Canada
Dates of operation 1899–Present
Track gauge 4 ft 8½ in (1435 mm) (standard gauge)
Headquarters Toronto, Ontario

The Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) is a historic Canadian railway. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to The standard gauge (also named the Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson, or Normal gauge) is a widely-used Rail gauge. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation.

Contents

Manitoba beginnings

CNoR had its start in the independent branchlines that were being constructed in Manitoba in the 1880s and 1890s as a response to the monopoly exercised by Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient The Canadian Pacific Railway ( Many of these branchlines were built with the sponsorship of the provincial government, which sought to subsidize local competition to the federally subsidized CPR; however, significant competition was also provided by the encroaching Northern Pacific Railway (NPR) from the south. A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route usually a main line. The Northern Pacific Railway was a railway that operated in the north-central region of the United States.

Two of these branchline contractors, William Mackenzie and Donald Mann, took control of the bankrupt Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company in January, 1896. Sir William Mackenzie ( October 17 1849 &ndash December 5 1923) was a Canadian railway contractor and entrepreneur Sir Donald Mann ( March 23, 1853 - November 10, 1934) was a Canadian railway contractor and entrepreneur Mackenzie and Mann expanded their enterprise, in 1897, by building further north into Manitoba's Interlake district as well as east and west of Winnipeg. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population They also began building and buying lines south to connect the U. S. border at Pembina, North Dakota, and east to Ontario. Pembina (ˈpɛmbɪnə) is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota in the United States. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec

Connecting the Prairies to the Lakehead

The Canadian Northern Railway was established, in 1899, and all railway companies owned by Mackenzie and Mann (primarily in Manitoba) were consolidated into the new entity. CNoR's first step toward competing directly with CPR came at the turn of the century with the decision to build a line linking the Prairie Provinces with Lake Superior at the harbour in Port Arthur-Fort William (modern Thunder Bay, Ontario) which would permit the shipping of western grain to European markets as well as the transport of eastern Canadian goods to the West. Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Thunder Bay ( 2006 census population 109140 formerly the twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur, is a City in and the seat of Thunder Thunder Bay ( 2006 census population 109140 formerly the twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur, is a City in and the seat of Thunder This line incorporated an existing CNoR line to Lake of the Woods and two local Ontario railways, the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway and the Ontario and Rainy River Railway whose charters Mackenzie and Mann had acquired in 1897. Lake of the Woods (lac des Bois is a Lake occupying parts of the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba and the U The Port Arthur Duluth and Western Railway (PADW is a historic Canadian railway that operated in northwestern Ontario. To reach Port Arthur which became the lake terminus of the CNoR, the line extended south of Lake of the Woods into northern Minnesota before heading northeast through Rainy River District to the head of navigation on the Great Lakes. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Rainy River District is a District and Census division in Northwestern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. The Winnipeg-Port Arthur line was completed on December 30, 1901 with the last spike being driven just east of Atikokan station by Ontario's Commissioner of Crown Lands, Elihu J. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Davis.

Throughout this time, Mackenzie and Mann had been busy expanding their prairie branch line network to feed the connection to Port Arthur. The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions natural or political This network expanded in subsequent years to cover most parts of the prairies.

In 1914, the Canadian Northern Railway bought a 150 acre homestead north of Winnipeg on the shores of Lake Winnipeg. They purchased the land in order to develop a resort on Grand Beach. Grand Beach is a freshwater beach on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada.

Going it alone

In 1903, the federal government and Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) were seeking a 2nd transcontinental railway for Canada and approached Mackenzie and Mann to seek their co-operation. The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR was a railway system which operated in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, as well as the American Transcontinental Railroad is a Railroad that crosses a Continent from "coast-to-coast" This effort was spurned and GTR and the federal government would go on to form a system composed of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR) and the National Transcontinental Railway (NTR). The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR was a historical Canadian railway The National Transcontinental Railway ( NTR) was a historic Canadian railway.

Nationwide expansion

Mackenzie and Mann began their first significant expansion outside of the prairies with the purchase of Great Lakes steamships, railways into northern Quebec's Saguenay region and the acquisition of branchlines in southwestern Nova Scotia (the H&SW) and western Cape Breton Island. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Saguenay&ndashLac-Saint-Jean is a region in Quebec, Canada. It contains the Saguenay Fjord, the estuary of the Saguenay River, stretching Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's The Halifax and Southwestern Railway (H&SW was a historic Canadian railway operating in the province of Nova Scotia. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Other acquisitions were in southern Ontario and a connecting line was built from Toronto to Parry Sound. Southern Ontario is the portion of the Canadian province of Ontario lying south of the French River and Algonquin Park. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Parry Sound (2006 census population 5818 is a Town in Central Ontario, Canada, located on the eastern

In 1905, CNoR reached the newly formed provincial capital at Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. In 1908, a line was built east from a connection at Capreol, Ontario on the Toronto-Parry Sound line to Ottawa and on to Montreal. Capreol is a community in the Ontario city of Greater Sudbury. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec In 1910 a direct Toronto-Montreal line was built, as well as the start of construction on the line west of Edmonton through Yellowhead Pass to Vancouver, thanks to subsidies provided by the government of British Columbia. Yellowhead Pass (el 1110 m is a Mountain pass across the Continental Divide of the Canadian Rockies. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C In 1911, federal funding was made available for construction of the line from Montreal-Ottawa-Capreol-Port Arthur.

In 1912, with GTR and CPR holding the ideal southern routes around Mount Royal to downtown Montreal, CNoR started building a double-tracked mainline north by building the Mount Royal Tunnel under the mountain. Mount Royal ( Mont Royal) ( is a Hill on the Island of Montreal, immediately north of downtown Montreal, Quebec The Mount Royal Tunnel is a Canadian railway Tunnel located in Montreal, Quebec.

Obstacles in the Rockies

CNoR's initial expansion in the 1890s and 1900s had been relatively frugal, largely by acquiring bankrupt companies or finishing failed construction projects. By the 1910s, significant expenses were adding up from the construction north or Lake Superior and the Mount Royal Tunnel, but the largest costs were from building on "the wrong side" of the Thompson and Fraser rivers in the mountains of British Columbia. The Mount Royal Tunnel is a Canadian railway Tunnel located in Montreal, Quebec. The Thompson River is the largest Tributary of the Fraser River For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. CPR already had trackage on the desirable eastern side, leading to the port of Vancouver, forcing CNoR to blast tunnels and ledges out of these canyons. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal

The most infamous construction folly on the CNoR in British Columbia happened in 1913, when blasting for a passage for the railway at Hells Gate triggered an enormous landslide which partially blocked the narrow swift-flowing Fraser River. Hell's Gate is a 35 metre (110 ft narrowing of British Columbia 's Fraser River Canyon, located immediately downstream of Boston Bar. A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur The resulting damage to Pacific salmon runs took decades to reverse by the governmental construction of fishways. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. Fishways, most commonly called fish ladders but also known as fish passes and in Australia also referred to as fish steps, are structures on or around artificial

In addition to difficult construction between Jasper and Vancouver, CNoR started construction west of Edmonton in 1910, fully two years later than GTPR, which had started construction east from Prince Rupert in the Skeena River, leading to Yellowhead Pass. Prince Rupert is a port city in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The Skeena River is the second longest river entirely in British Columbia, Canada.

Financial trouble and nationalization

The last spike of the CNoR transcontinental railway was driven January 23, 1915, at Basque, British Columbia. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Basque British Columbia, is located in the province of British Columbia, Canada, near the village of Ashcroft. Freight and passenger service north of Lake Superior also started in 1915, resulting in a system between Montreal and Vancouver, with lines in Nova Scotia, Southern Ontario, Minnesota, and on Vancouver Island. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British Between 1915 and 1918, CNoR tried desperately to increase profits during the height of conflict in the First World War when the majority of wartime traffic was moving on CPR. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The company was also saddled with ongoing construction costs associated with the Mount Royal Tunnel project. The Mount Royal Tunnel is a Canadian railway Tunnel located in Montreal, Quebec.

CNoR was heavily indebted to banks and governments, and its profitable branchlines in the prairie provinces — "Canada's breadbasket" — would not generate enough revenue to cover construction costs in other areas. Unable to repay construction costs, the company requested financial aid. In exchange for funds, the federal government gained majority control of shares and CNoR was nationalized on September 6, 1918, when the directors of CNoR, including Mackenzie and Mann, resigned. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The replacement board of directors appointed by the federal government forced CNoR to assume the management of federally owned Canadian Government Railways (CGR). Canadian Government Railways (CGR was the legal name used between 1915&ndash1918 for all federal government-owned railways in Canada. On December 20, 1918, a Privy Council order directed CNoR and CGR to be managed under the moniker Canadian National Railway (CNR) as a means to simplify funding and operations, although CNoR and CGR would not be formally merged and cease corporate existence until January 20, 1923, the date that CNR was formally consolidated. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in Commonwealth Realms. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Significant portions of the old CNoR system survive under CN (as the CNR has been known since 1960); for example:

The majority of CN's former CNoR branchline network across Canada has either been abandoned or sold to shortline operators. An important U. S. subsidiary of CNoR, the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway, forms part of a key CN connection between Chicago and Winnipeg. The Duluth Winnipeg and Pacific Railway ( DW&P) ( AAR Reporting marks DWP, DWC) is a subsidiary Railroad of Canadian Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population

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