Canadian Forces Forces canadiennes
The tri-service badge
Command
Commander-in-Chief	Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada Represented by Governor General Michaëlle Jean
Chief of the Defence Staff	Rick Hillier
Military Manpower
Availability (males age 16-49)	8,072,010 (2008 est. In Canada Commander-in-Chief can refer to both the position of supreme commander of the Canadian Forces, and to the title granted to the Viceroy. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD ʒɑ̃ (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS ( French: le Chef d'état-major de la défense) is the senior member of the General Rick Hillier CMM, MSC, CD (born 1955 was Canada 's Chief of the Defence Staff – the highest ranking position )[1]
Availability (females age 16-49)	7,813,462 (2008 est. )[1]
Fit for military service (males age 16-49)	6,646,281 (2008 est. )[1]
Fit for military service (females age 16-49)	6,417,924 (2008 est. )[1]
Regular Force (2005)	approx. In the Canadian Forces, a Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve. 62,000[2]
Primary Reserve (including Rangers) (2005)	approx. The Primary Reserve is a reserve force of the Canadian Forces. 25,000[2]
Military expenditures
Dollar figure (FY07/08)	CAN$16. 9 billion[3]
Percent of GDP	1. 1% (132nd in world) (2005 est. )[1]
Military strength
Maritime Command
Fleet Submarines	4
Destroyers	3
Frigates	12
Coastal Defence Vessels	12
Operational Support Ships	2
Land Force Command
Main Battle Tanks	66 Leopard C2, 100 Leopard 2 entering service
Infantry fighting vehicles	650+
Armoured Personnel Carriers	1,000+
Air Command
Fighters	98[4]
Patrol aircraft	21
Transport aircraft	83
Helicopters	142
Trainers	64
UAVs	19

The Canadian Forces (CF) (French: Forces canadiennes [FC]) are the unified armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces. "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship A patrol boat is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties A replenishment oiler is a naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks and dry stores capability which can replenish other ships underway Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. Tank classification is a Taxonomy of identifying either the intended role or weight class of Tanks The classification by role was used primarily during The Leopard (or Leopard 1) is a German designed and produced main battle tank that first entered service in 1965 and was used as the main battle tank The Leopard 2 is a German Main battle tank developed by Krauss-Maffei in the early 1970s and first entering service in 1979 An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV Armoured personnel carriers (APCs are Armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport Infantry on the Battlefield They usually have only a Machine Mission AIRCOM is responsible for all aircraft operations in the Canadian Forces enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft for supporting the missions of A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed A Maritime patrol aircraft, also simply patrol aircraft, or by the older term patrol bomber, is a Fixed-wing aircraft designed to operate for long An airlift is the organized delivery of supplies primarily via Aircraft. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. A trainer is an Aircraft used to develop piloting navigational or war-fighting skills in flight crew An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The National Defence Act (NDA is the primary enabling legislation for organizing and funding Canada 's military. "^[5]

The Canadian Forces was formed on February 1, 1968, when the Government of Canada merged the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and the Royal Canadian Air Force into a unified structure. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968 see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN) was the Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces.

Contents 1 Command structure 2 History 2.1 Early days 2.2 Operations 2.3 Postwar developments 2.4 Modern reorganization - The "Unification" 2.4.1 Unification controversy 2.4.2 Unification implementation 3 Commands of the CF 3.1 Maritime Command (MARCOM) 3.2 Land Force Command (LFC) 3.3 Air Command (AIRCOM) 3.4 Canada Command (CANCOM) 3.5 Canadian Expeditionary Force Command (CEFCOM) 3.6 Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) 3.7 "Cyber Forces" - Information Management Group (Not a command) 4 Canadian Forces reserve force 4.1 Primary Reserve 4.2 Supplementary reserve 4.3 Cadet Instructors Cadre 4.4 The Canadian Rangers 5 Current deployments 6 Military expenditures 7 Canadian Forces bases 7.1 Navy 7.2 Army 7.3 Air Force 7.4 All services 8 Uniforms 8.1 Service Dress 8.2 Operational Dress 8.3 Berets 9 See also 10 References and notes 11 Further reading 12 External links

Command structure

By the Canadian Constitution, the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces is vested in Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions In Canada Commander-in-Chief can refer to both the position of supreme commander of the Canadian Forces, and to the title granted to the Viceroy. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of ^[6] Since 1904 the monarch has allowed the viceroy to exercise the duties ascribed to that post, and since 1905 to hold the title Commander-in-Chief. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces ^[7] The current Governor General and Commander-in-Chief is Michaëlle Jean. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD ʒɑ̃ (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince,

Further information: The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces

Declarations of war fall within the Royal Prerogative and are issued as Orders-in-Council, which must be signed by either the Canadian monarch or Governor General. The Canadian Crown is the controlling authority of the Canadian Forces, evidenced in the command structure symbols and history of the armed forces of Canada. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in Commonwealth Realms. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Under the Westminster system's parliamentary custom and practice, the monarch or viceroy must generally follow the advice of the Cabinet (Council), which includes the Minister of National Defence (MND), and is chaired by the Prime Minister of Canada, who holds de facto decision-making ability over the deployment and disposition of the Canadian Forces. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. The Minister of National Defence (Ministre de la Défense nationale is a Minister of the Crown; the Canadian Politician within the Cabinet of Canada The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus

Below the Crown, the military head of the Canadian Forces is the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), the highest ranking military officer in the nation, who commands the CF from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS ( French: le Chef d'état-major de la défense) is the senior member of the The Department of National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ is the headquarters for Canada 's Department of National Defence (DND and is located in Ottawa Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec

The environmental commands of the Canadian Forces, in order of precedence, are:

1. Maritime Command (MARCOM), or the Navy;
2. Land Force Command (LFC) or the Army;
3. Air Command (AIRCOM), or the Air Force. "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces Mission AIRCOM is responsible for all aircraft operations in the Canadian Forces enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft for supporting the missions of An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service

The operational commands of the Canadian Forces are:

• Canada Command (CANCOM), responsible for all operations within Canada;
• Canadian Expeditionary Force Command (CEFCOM), responsible for operations outside of Canada;
• Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM), responsible for special forces operations within Canada and abroad. Canada Command ( Canada COM) is responsible for all domestic Canadian and North American continental joint Military operations by the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command is a new operational element of the Canadian Forces for operations outside of Canada. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM is responsible for all special forces operations that will be capable of responding to terrorism and threats to Canadians and Canadian In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance
• Canadian Operational Support Command (CANOSCOM)

The sovereign and a number of other members of the Canadian Royal Family act as Colonels-in-Chief of Canadian Forces regiments, though these positions are ceremonial. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of In the British and other Commonwealth armies the Colonel-in-Chief of a Regiment is its (usually royal) Patron.

History

Main Articles: History of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force

Early days

Prior to Confederation, local citizens served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The Canadian Army as such only existed under that name from November 1940 to February 1968 For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968 see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN) was the From the founding of New France until the establishment of a professional Canadian Army, the colonial militia played an extremely important role in the defence of Local militias defended against raids conducted by aboriginals, and British and French invasions, and from American forces during the Seven Years' War, American Revolution, the War of 1812 and in the Fenian Raids. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts customs posts and other targets in Consequently, some army units in Canada can derive their lineage to before the War of 1812 when militia units were formed to assist in defending British North America from invasions by the United States. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Such land forces were organized under the Department of Militia and Defence as the Permanent Active Militia and Non-Permanent Active Militia, frequently shortened to simply "the Militia," from 1906-1940. The Department of Militia and Defence was the department responsible for military forces in Canada from 1906-1921 In 1923 the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, however land forces in Canada were not termed "the Canadian Army" until November 1940.

Following Confederation in 1867, the responsibility for military forces in Canada remained under British command (the Commander-in-Chief, North America was headquartered for much of the time at Halifax) until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units at Halifax in 1906. The office of Commander-in-Chief North America was the commander of British forces in North America before 1859 Halifax Nova Scotia may refer to any of the following Municipalities Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM a Regional municipality and The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)

Following the withdrawal of the Royal Navy in 1906, Canada eventually formed a naval service titled the Royal Canadian Navy. For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968 see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN) was the Similarly, the advent of military aviation saw the establishment of an air force, titled the Royal Canadian Air Force.

The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War when several Canadian units were raised to serve under British command. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This led to subsequent Commonwealth service in the First and Second World Wars as well as the Korean War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the

Canadian soldiers, sailors and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts, as well as Canada's integral participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during the Cold War, as well as United Nations Peacekeeping operations. The North Atlantic Treaty Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Canada's military forces underwent extensive changes and modernization to command structures during the 1960s, culminating in unification of the three services in 1968 to create the Canadian Forces.

Operations

The Canadian Forces or its component regiments have served operationally in the War of 1812, the Fenian Raids (1866-1871), North-West Rebellion (1885), the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the First Gulf War, the Kosovo war (1999), and have contributed to UN and other peacekeeping missions and undeclared wars, notably the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, and Afghanistan. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts customs posts and other targets in The North-West Rebellion (or North-West Resistance or the Saskatchewan Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Canada is a charter member of NATO and a member of the North American Air Defence treaty (NORAD). The North Atlantic Treaty

Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge in the First World War and, in the Second World War, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, and the strategic bombing of German cities. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military offensive by the Canadian Corps against elements of the German Sixth Army in World War I. The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe or Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the The Battle of Ortona ( December 20, 1943 to December 28, 1943) By mid December after fierce fighting in the cold wet and mud the Division's The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of Military operations of the First Canadian Army, led by Lieutenant General Guy Simonds. The Battle of Britain (German ''Luftschlacht um England'' is the name given to the sustained strategic effort by the German Luftwaffe during the summer and The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns Strategic bombing during World War II was greater in scale than any wartime attack the world had previously witnessed The Canadian forces operated under overall British command in all these battles.

At the end of the Second World War, areas of the Netherlands north of the rivers Rhine and Lek were liberated from the Nazi-German occupying forces almost solely by Canadian formations. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands After restoring law and order they left the countries within several months.

Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide and has completed 72 international operations. Currently, more than 3,000 Canadian soldiers, sailors and airmen are deployed overseas on missions with 11 operations including the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and the NATO stabilization force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina. International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations The Stabilisation Force (SFOR was a NATO -led multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina which was tasked with upholding the Dayton Agreement. On any given day, about 8,000 Canadian Forces members - one third of the deployable force - are preparing for, engaged in or returning from an overseas mission. ^[8]

Canadian regular and reserve troops are active within Canada as well. In 2001 the Canadian Forces responded to more than 8,000 search-and-rescue incidents and helped save the lives of more than 4,500 people. ^[9]

Postwar developments

At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded by Canada (conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2400 conscripts actually made it into battle). Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Defence spending and troop strengths remained high during the early years of the Cold War, but began to decline in the late 1960s and 1970s as the perceived threat from the Warsaw Pact diminished. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Throughout the 1990s, successive budget cuts forced further reductions in the personnel, number of bases, and fighting ability of the Canadian Forces. Sizable Canadian air and land forces were maintained in West Germany under NATO command from the end of World War II until the early 1990s. There has been criticism of these budget cuts, as military spending has been reduced to 1. A military budget of an entity most often a Nation or a State, is the Budget and financial resources dedicated to raising and maintaining 4% of GDP; many argue that these cuts have hindered modernization of the Canadian Forces.

There has been a move by the recent Conservative Government to purchase new equipment and to expand funding for recruitment and training as well as the re-establishment of an airborne land force, now called the Canadian Special Operations Regiment.

Modern reorganization - The "Unification"

The Canadian Forces is a single organization with a unified command structure, making Canada one of the few nations to have such an organization of its military forces.

Unification controversy

"The March 1964 White Paper on Defence outlined a major restructuring of the separate services. The White Paper on Defence is a White paper of the Canadian government which was tabled on March 26, 1964. The White Paper described a reorganization that would include the integration of operations, logistics support, personnel and administration of the separate services under a functional command system. "

Unification was strongly opposed by personnel in all three services and resulted in the firing of the navy's senior operational commander, Rear Admiral W. M. Landymore, as well as forced retirements of other senior officers in the nation's military forces. ^[10]

The protests of service personnel and their superiors failed and on February 1, 1968, Bill C-243, The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act became law and the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) were combined into one service - the Canadian Armed Forces, shortened to Canadian Forces. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968 see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN) was the

The public position was that unification was undertaken by the government to achieve cost savings and provide improved command and control and integration of military forces. Contemporary rhetoric and accusations were made that the Liberal administration of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and his Minister of National Defence Paul Hellyer did not care for the traditions behind each service, and that the name of the new military force (in Canada's post-war modernist fashion) was easily translated to French and eliminated inconvenient monarchist references during a contentious period in Canadian history. Paul Theodore Hellyer, PC (born 6 August 1923) is a Canadian Politician and commentator who has had a long and varied career Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation

The reorganization has been criticized, for example by J. L. Granatstein in Who Killed the Canadian Military? In particular, the wholesale replacement of traditional naval/army/air force identities with army-style ranks and rifle-green uniforms had done considerable damage to the esprit de corps of the Canadian Forces. Jack Lawrence Granatstein OC, FRSC (born 1939 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in political and Military history. Paul Hellyer has since admitted that he made a mistake in taking away the distinctive uniforms.

The controversy over unification has lessened over the 40 year history of the Canadian Forces, however infrequent protests crop up, largely in English Canada which seeks to reestablish the historic names of the three military services.

On May 17, 2007, an online petition was issued seeking grassroots support for the Maritime Command and Air Command to be renamed as the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force, respectively, for the navy's 100th anniversary in 2010. For other meanings see Grass roots (disambiguation. A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a Political movement "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U Mission AIRCOM is responsible for all aircraft operations in the Canadian Forces enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft for supporting the missions of For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968 see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN) was the The proposal does not include a "de-unification" of the forces, instead only seeking that the Air and Maritime Commands be renamed. ^[11] The petition is to be sponsored by Member of Parliament Laurie Hawn, himself a former Air Force Lieutenant Colonel. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. Laurie D Hawn CD, MP (born May 11, 1947 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a retired Lieutenant Colonel of the Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies ^[12]

Unification implementation

On February 1, 1968 the CF was composed of six commands, each envisioned to be vertically integrated with the complementary requirements of the other commands:

• Air Defence Command
  • Provided fighter interceptors and ground-based radar surveillance for defending Canadian and North American airspace under NORAD. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Canadian Forces Air Defence Command was a former command of the Canadian Forces created in 1968.

• Air Transport Command
  • Responsible for strategic airlift of troops and equipment. Canadian Forces Air Transport Command was a command of the Canadian Forces created in 1968

• Mobile Command
  • Provided combat-ready land forces and tactical air forces for deployment in defence of Canada, or for NATO or UN missions. Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. It consisted of former army units, as well as ground attack and tactical airlift aircraft as well as light and heavy transport and assault helicopters, through its Tactical Air Group.

• Maritime Command
  • The only command which maintained its exclusive environmental control following unification. "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U Maritime Command also had control of the Maritime Air Group, which provided coastal patrol aircraft, ship-borne anti-submarine helicopters, and fighter interceptors, helicopters and patrol aircraft for Canada's only aircraft carrier, HMCS Bonaventure.

• Materiel Command
  • Provided logistical supply and maintenance services for all units. History As HMS Powerful she was laid down at Harland and Wolff in Belfast on 21 November 1943, and launched on 27 February

• Training Command
  • Responsible for training personnel serving in all units. Canadian Forces Training Command was an early component of the Canadian Forces after unifications of the military in 1968

In addition to these commands there were several independent organizations reporting to CF Headquarters:

• Reserve and National Survival
• Canadian Forces Communications System (CFCS)
• Canadian Forces Europe (CFE)

On September 1, 1970, Communications System was elevated to command status and became Communication Command. Canadian Forces Europe was Canadian Forces {CF operations in Europe during the Cold War. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On September 2, 1975 the second environmental element was created when Air Defence Command and Air Transport Command and Training Command were disbanded and all air operations in the CF were grouped under a new command named Air Command (AIRCOM). Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mission AIRCOM is responsible for all aircraft operations in the Canadian Forces enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft for supporting the missions of Training was still centralized for all services, however specialized training began to be provided by each environmental element. Similarly, the third environmental command, Force Mobile Command (FMC) was created when Mobile Command was renamed (following the removal of its tactical air assets.

Materiel Command was disbanded during the 1980s and Communications Command was disbanded during a mid-1990s reorganization, with its units reorganized into the Defence Information Services Organization (DISO), later renamed Information Management Group (IM Gp), reporting to NDHQ. Force Mobile Command was also renamed at this time, becoming Land Force Command (LFC).

On February 1, 2006, the CF added four operational commands to the existing structure:

• Canada Command
• Canadian Expeditionary Force Command
• Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
• Canadian Operational Support Command

Commands of the CF

Maritime Command (MARCOM)

Main article: Canadian Forces Maritime Command

Canada's naval forces include 33 warships and submarines and many more auxiliary vessels. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Canada Command ( Canada COM) is responsible for all domestic Canadian and North American continental joint Military operations by the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command is a new operational element of the Canadian Forces for operations outside of Canada. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM is responsible for all special forces operations that will be capable of responding to terrorism and threats to Canadians and Canadian Design HMCS Victoria's displacement is approximately 2200 tons surfaced and 2400 tons submerged Service Algonquin serves on MARPAC missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Pacific Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U The ships are deployed in two fleets, Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at CFB Halifax on the east coast. In the Canadian Forces, Maritime Forces Pacific ( MARPAC) is responsible for Maritime Command (MARCOM fleet and operations in the Pacific Ocean Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt ( CFB Esquimalt) is Canada 's west coast navy base and home port to the Pacific fleet known as Maritime Forces Pacific In the Canadian Forces, Maritime Forces Atlantic ( MARLANT) is responsible for Maritime Command (MARCOM fleet and operations in the Atlantic Ocean Canadian Forces Base Halifax (CFB Halifax is Canada 's east coast navy base and home port to the Atlantic fleet known as Maritime Forces Atlantic. There is no permanent naval presence on the Arctic coast at this time.

MARCOM participates in NATO exercises, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of the Canadian military and in conjunction with multinational deployments. The North Atlantic Treaty

The Canadian fleet comprises:

Class	Type	Number	Commissioning Dates	Details
Halifax	frigate	12	1992-96	The backbone of MARCOM, the twelve Halifax-class frigates carry the Sea King helicopters of the Air Force as well as anti-submarine torpedoes and anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Description Weapons Systems The primary weapon deployed by Halifax -class vessels is the CH-124 Sea King helicopter which acts in concert with shipboard For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship
Iroquois	destroyer	3	1972-73	Area-air-defence and command-and-control destroyers with Sea King helicopters, refitted in the 1990s from anti-submarine role. Original design The ships were originally intended for long-range anti-submarine warfare In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy
Kingston	patrol	12	1996-99	Coastal surveillance, general naval operations and exercises, search and rescue, law enforcement, resource protection, fisheries patrols and mine countermeasure capabilities. A patrol boat is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties
Protecteur	auxiliary	2	1969-70	At-sea resupply of frigates and destroyers and medical support. General characteristics Length 1719 m Beam 232 m Displacement 8380 tons light 24700 tons full load A replenishment oiler is a naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks and dry stores capability which can replenish other ships underway
Victoria	submarine	4 (HMCS Windsor is the only operational member of the Victoria class). History The Royal Navy was going to follow the ''Oberon''s with nuclear powered boats but there was still a role for diesel powered boats as demonstrated by activities A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability	2000-04	Diesel-electric hunter-killer submarines with long-range patrol capability.
Orca	patrol	5 in service, 2 being built, 1 more ordered	2006-08	Training and inshore patrol. Ships in class A patrol boat is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties

Land Force Command (LFC)

Main article: Canadian Forces Land Force Command

The Canadian Army is administered through four geographically determined formations called 'areas':

• LF Atlantic Area (LFAA) based in Halifax
• LF Quebec Area (LFQA) based in Montreal
• LF Central Area (LFCA) based in Toronto
• LF Western Area (LFWA) based in Edmonton. The Leopard (or Leopard 1) is a German designed and produced main battle tank that first entered service in 1965 and was used as the main battle tank Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. Land Force Atlantic Area is responsible for army operations of Canadian Forces Land Force Command in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland Land Force Quebec Area (LFQA is responsible for all Canadian army operations and administration in the region within the province of Quebec. Land Force Central Area (LFCA is responsible for the administration of the Canadian Forces ' Land Force Command in the province of Ontario, from the Land Force Western Area is responsible for all Canadian army operations and administration in western Canada from the northern Lakehead region of Ontario

Today, the Regular Force component of the Land Force Command (army) consists of three field-ready brigade groups, with elements of a fourth located at CFB Gagetown:

• 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group - CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo
• 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group - CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown
• 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group - CFB Valcartier and Quebec City

Each brigade group contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers and three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), as well as a service battalion (logistics), a headquarters/signals squadron, and several minor organizations. In the Canadian Forces, a Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve. 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1CMBG is a Canadian Forces Brigade group that is part of Land Forces Western Area of the Canadian Army. CFB Edmonton is a Canadian Forces Base located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Forces Base Shilo (or CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces, located 35 km east of Brandon Manitoba. 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (2 CMBG is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of Land Forces Central Area of the Canadian army Canadian Forces Base Petawawa, commonly referred to as CFB Petawawa, is a Canadian Forces Base located in Petawawa Ontario. This article is about the military base known as CFB Gagetown headquartered in the town of Oromocto with an extensive training area in southwestern New Brunswick 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group ( French: 5e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada (5CMBG is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of Land Forces Quebec Canadian Forces Base Valcartier is located 25 km north of Quebec City. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. Combat engineering is a Combat service support role of using the knowledge tools and techniques of Engineering by troops in peace and war but specifically in A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Military communications, or Signals ( not to be confused with military Line of communications (LOC is a field of Military activities tactics A squadron is a small unit or formation of Cavalry, armour, Aircraft (including Balloons) or Warships Army A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade but not part of the brigade's command structure.

Each land force area has, in addition to Regular Force troops, reserve forces organized in a total of ten reserve brigade groups. In the Canadian Forces, a Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Each area has three, with the exception of LFNA which has none and LFAA and LFQA which each have only two.

Major training establishments and non-brigaded troops exist at CFB Wainwright, CFB Gagetown and ASU St-Jean (now attached to CFB Montreal. Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, commonly referred to as CFB Wainwright is a Canadian Forces Base located in Denwood, Alberta, adjacent This article is about the military base known as CFB Gagetown headquartered in the town of Oromocto with an extensive training area in southwestern New Brunswick ASU Saint-Jean is a sub-military station (Area Support Unit in Saint-Jean Quebec. Canadian Forces Base Montreal (also CFB Montreal) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Montreal, Quebec. ) Each area also has an area training centre.

CFB Wainwright is home to the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre and provides state-of-the-art force-on-force training in preparation for overseas deployments.

Air Command (AIRCOM)

Main article: Canadian Forces Air Command

Canada's air force is deployed at 13 bases across Canada under the overall direction of 1 Canadian Air Division and constitutes the Canadian NORAD Region. Mission AIRCOM is responsible for all aircraft operations in the Canadian Forces enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft for supporting the missions of 1 Canadian Air Division ( 1 Cdn Air Div) is the operational-level command and control formation of the Canadian Forces ' Air Command (AIRCOM Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador while administrative and command-control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population North Bay ( time zone EST) is a city in Northeastern Ontario, Canada (2006 population 53966 A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is based in Geilenkirchen, Germany. The North Atlantic Treaty Wings vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.

Principal aircraft include (numbers are from CF official website except where noted):

Builder	Model	Type	Number	Dates	Details
McDonnell-Douglas	CF-18A/B Hornet	tactical fighter bombers	98	1982-88	In Phase II of Incremental Modernization Project (IMP)
Lockheed Corporation	CP-140 Aurora	surveillance and long range patrol aircraft	18	1980	Also currently undergoing an Incremental Modernization Project (IMP)
Lockheed Corporation	CP-140A Arcturus	surveillance and long range patrol aircraft	3	1991
Sikorsky Aircraft	CH-124 Sea King	maritime helicopters	27	1963-69	to be replaced by 28 Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone
Agusta Westland Aircraft	CH-149 Cormorant	maritime/search and rescue helicopters	14	2001-2003	replaced CH-113 Labrador
Bell Helicopter Textron	CH-146 Griffon	tactical transport/search and rescue helicopters	85	1995-97
Lockheed Corporation	CC-130 Hercules	combat transport / search and rescue	30	1960-1997	5 of these (C-130H (T)) have air-air refuelling capability) / new order for 17 C-130J replacements
Boeing	CC-177 Globemaster	Strategic transport	4	2007
Airbus	CC-150 Polaris	long range transport	5	1992-93	2 of these have air-air refuelling capability
De Havilland Canada	CC-115 Buffalo	Short range transport/search and rescue aircraft	6	1967	soon to be replaced by either EADS-CASA C-295 or Lockheed/Alenia C-27J Spartan [13]
Canadair	CC-144 Challenger	jet transport	6	1982-85, 2002	4 for VIP and 2 for utility
De Havilland Canada	CC-138 Twin Otter	short transport	4	1970
Canadair	CT-114 Tutor	jet trainers	25	1962-66	trainers retired - used only by the Snowbirds and the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment
Raytheon	CT-156 Harvard II	propeller trainers	26 [14]	2000	based on T-6 Texan II trainers (leased)
BAE Systems	CT-155 Hawk	jet trainers	20 [15]	2000	leased from BAE Systems replaced CT-114's
De Havilland Canada	CT-142 Dash-8	electronic navigator training aircraft	4	1987, 1989-90
Sagem	Sperwer Tactical UAV system	unmanned aerial vehicle	19 [16]	2003-6	Four surviving UAV's from Operation Athena augmented with 10 ex-Danish Sperwers plus follow-on order with Sagem for 5 more

Canada Command (CANCOM)

Canada Command is an operational element created January 31, 2006, to improve response time to domestic terrorism and natural disasters. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It is responsible for the management of the army, navy, and air force to ensure national security, both in emergency and routine situations. Canada Command is analogous to and works closely with the United States Northern Command as well as the United States Department of Homeland Security. United States Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM, or informally just NORTHCOM) is a Unified Combatant Command of the United States military.

The Commander of Canada Command is currently Lieutenant-General M.J. Dumais. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Lieutenant-General MJ Dumais, CMM CD (born Parent Quebec, Canada) is the current Commander of Canada Command. He reports directly to the Chief of Defence Staff.

CANCOM directs operations at home through six regional Joint Task Forces, with Joint Task Force North responsible for activities previously carried out by Canadian Forces North Area. Joint Task Force (North is responsible for all Canadian Forces operations and administration in northern Canada namely the Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories

Canadian Expeditionary Force Command (CEFCOM)

Under a transformed CF structure, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command (CEFCOM) is responsible for the planning, and conduct of all Canadian Forces (CF) international operations, with the exception of operations conducted solely by the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM).

CEFCOM brings together, under one operational command, maritime, land, air and special operations forces assets to conduct humanitarian, peace support or combat operations wherever they are required internationally.

The creation of CEFCOM is based on the new international security environment. Understanding that security in Canada ultimately begins with stability abroad, CEFCOM allows the CF to specifically meet and manage threats to Canadian security as far away from Canada as possible.

Headquartered in Ottawa, CEFCOM is also responsible for setting standards to ensure units and personnel selected for deployment are fully qualified and ready to conduct overseas duties.

The organizations under command of CEFCOM include:

• A standing contingency force (SCF) capable of rapidly responding to international crises. This high-readiness task force has maritime, land, and air elements organized under a single integrated command structure. It is ready to deploy within 10 days’ notice and provides an immediate CF presence to work with security partners to stabilize a situation or facilitate the deployment of larger, follow-on forces should circumstances warrant;
• Mission-specific task forces (MSTFs) task-tailored to meet mission-specific requirements drawing upon any CF capability and can be deployed as a follow-on force to the SCF or as stand-alone contribution. The MSTF is also capable of lead-nation status in multinational peace support operations for limited periods; and
• The Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART). The Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART is a rapidly deployable team of 200 Canadian Forces personnel to provide assistance to disaster-affected regions for up to 40 days An enhanced DART, or its component parts, continues to provide humanitarian support and disaster relief to overseas missions, as directed.

CEFCOM helps ensure the Canadian Forces are:

• Relevant in the new international security environment, by providing a force better suited to adapt its capabilities and force structure to deal with threats that arise from the kind of instability found in failed and failing states around the world;
• Responsive, by enhancing their ability to act quickly in the event of international crises. The CF will arrive on the scene faster, move more effectively within theatre, and increase it’s capability to sustain deployments; and
• Effective, by providing the ability to deploy the right mix of forces – maritime, land, air and special operations forces – to the right place at the right time, in order to produce the desired result.

The commander of CEFCOM is Lieutenant-General Michel Gauthier. Reporting directly to the CDS, he is responsible for the conduct of all international operations – humanitarian, peace support and combat – and has the necessary authorities to perform these responsibilities.

Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM)

Main article: Canadian Special Operations Forces Command

This command is responsible for special forces units. Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM is responsible for all special forces operations that will be capable of responding to terrorism and threats to Canadians and Canadian It includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the newly-formed Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR), the Joint Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence (JNBCD) Company, and a special operations aviation unit based on 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) at CFB Petawawa. Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2 was formed on April 1, 1993 and is the Canadian Forces unit responsible for federal counter-terrorist operations The Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR is a highly trained mobile special forces unit Canadian Forces Base Petawawa, commonly referred to as CFB Petawawa, is a Canadian Forces Base located in Petawawa Ontario. The force is headed by Colonel D. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Michael Day, CD

"Cyber Forces" - Information Management Group (Not a command)

Among other things, this group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Forces communications and computer networks. Within the Group this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units:

• Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ)
• Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC)
• Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC)
• Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC)
• Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim
• 764 Communications Squadron

Canadian Forces reserve force

The CF reserve force has four components:

• the Primary Reserve,
• the Supplementary Reserve,
• the Canadian Rangers,
• and the Cadet Instructors Cadre. The Primary Reserve is a reserve force of the Canadian Forces. Canadian Forces Supplementary Reserve are inactive or retired members of the Canadian Forces whom are willing and available for active service when requested The Canadian Rangers are a reserve sub-component of the Canadian Forces, which provide a limited military presence in Canada's sparsely settled northern coastal and isolated The Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC (Cadre des instructeurs de cadets consists of approximately 7500 commissioned officers of the Canadian Forces (CF whose primary duty is the

The reserve force is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, usually a Major General or Rear Admiral. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral.

Primary Reserve

Main article: Canadian Forces Primary Reserve

The primary reserve comprises citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen who train and are posted to CF operations or duties on a casual or on-going basis. Each reserve force is operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command with a Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR) and Air Reserve. In addition there are two primary reserve forces that do not fall under an environmental command, these being the Communication Reserve (COMMRES) and the Health Services Reserve.

Reservists number approximately 23,000 (all ranks, all services). The CF maintains a "total force" policy as outlined in both the 1987 and 1994 Defence White Papers, where reservists are (in theory) trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts. A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses problems and how to solve them In the Canadian Forces, a Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve. It would be difficult to overstate the importance of the reserves to sustaining CF operations, particularly following the defence budget cuts and increased operational tempo of the 1990s.

Supplementary reserve

The supplementary reserve is part of the CF reserve and comprises a voluntary call-up list for trained former CF regular- and reserve-force personnel who can be considered for reactivation in the event of a national emergency.

Cadet Instructors Cadre

The Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) comprises those commissioned officers who are local instructors with the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets, Royal Canadian Army Cadets, and the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. The Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC (Cadre des instructeurs de cadets consists of approximately 7500 commissioned officers of the Canadian Forces (CF whose primary duty is the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets (RCSC is a Canadian national youth program sponsored by the Canadian Forces and the civilian Navy League of Canada. The Royal Canadian Army Cadets (RCAC is a Canadian national youth program sponsored by the Canadian Forces and the civilian Army Cadet League of Canada Royal Canadian Air Cadets (RCAirC is a Canadian national youth program for persons aged 12 to 18 The CIC is neither trained nor intended for operational deployment.

The Canadian Rangers

The Canadian Rangers are part of the CF reserve, provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's Arctic and other remote areas, and are an essential component to Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its territory. The Canadian Rangers are a reserve sub-component of the Canadian Forces, which provide a limited military presence in Canada's sparsely settled northern coastal and isolated The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself

Current deployments

As of October 2007, Canadian Forces are in operations throughout the world, as part of Canada's obligations to NATO and the United Nations, as well as in support of its international allies, chiefly the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Current notable deployments are:

• Operation ATHENA (2001-present): 2500 troops in Afghanistan as part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)

In addition to this deployment, small detachments of Canadian military are based in different countries for assistance, espionage and logistical work. Operation ATHENA is the Canadian Forces contribution to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF in Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, One example is at Camp Mirage. Camp Mirage is a Canadian Forces forward logistics base located in the Middle East

Further information: List of Canadian military operations

Military expenditures

Main article: Military budget of Canada

Defence is an exclusive federal jurisdiction in Canada: defence spending in fiscal year 2008-9 is projected to be CAN$18. Since 1947 the Canadian Forces have completed 72 international missions. The military budget of Canada is determined by the Government of Canada in the annual federal budgets. A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is a period used for calculating annual ("yearly" Financial statements in Businesses 9 billion. ^[17] In the 2005 federal budget, the government allocated an additional CAN$12. The 2005 Canadian federal budget was the budget of the Government of Canada for the 2005-2006 Fiscal year. 8 billion over five years to the DND and committed to increasing troop levels by an additional 5,000 Regular Force and 3,000 Primary Reserve personnel in the CF over the same period. In the Canadian Forces, a Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve. The Primary Reserve is a reserve force of the Canadian Forces. ^[18]

The 2006 federal budget saw the government commit to maintaining the 2005 budget increase to DND and provided an additional CAN$5. The Canadian federal budget for fiscal year 2006-2007 was presented to the Canadian House of Commons by Finance Minister Jim Flaherty on 3 billion over five years to add 13,000 Regular Force and 10,000 Primary Reserve personnel as well as unspecified capital expenses for equipment purchases. In late June 2006, the federal government made a series of announcements about the "Canada First" Defence Procurement program. ^[19] This plan allocated $17. 1 billion from the budget for the purchase of new trucks for LF, transport aircraft and helicopters for AIRCOM, and joint support ships for MARCOM. Project overview Purpose The JSS Project will replace the Underway replenishment capability of the Protecteur class auxiliary vessel, as well ^[20]

Canadian Forces bases

The Canadian Forces have a number of active installations across the country with some being branch-specific. There are also a number of facilities which have closed in various defence cutbacks since the 1970s.

Navy

• CFB Esquimalt, British Columbia
• CFB Halifax, Nova Scotia
• CFS St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
• CFMETR, Nanoose Bay, British Columbia
• NRS Aldergrove, British Columbia
• CFS Mill Cove, Nova Scotia
• NRS Newport Corner, Nova Scotia

Army

• CFB Edmonton, Alberta
• CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick
• CFB Kingston, Ontario
• CFB Montreal, Quebec
• CFB Petawawa, Ontario
• CFB Shilo, Manitoba
• CFB Suffield, Alberta
• CFB Valcartier, Quebec
• CFB Wainwright, Alberta
• CRPTC Connaught, Ontario
• LFCATC Meaford, Ontario
• LFAATC Aldershot, Nova Scotia

Air Force

• CFB Bagotville (3 Wing), Quebec
• CFB Comox (19 Wing), British Columbia
• CFB Cold Lake (4 Wing), Alberta
• CFB Gander (9 Wing), Newfoundland and Labrador
• CFB Goose Bay (5 Wing), Newfoundland and Labrador
• CFB Greenwood (14 Wing), Nova Scotia
• CFB Moose Jaw (15 Wing), Saskatchewan
• CFB North Bay (22 Wing), Ontario
• Patricia Bay (Victoria International Airport), British Columbia
• CFB Shearwater (12 Wing), Nova Scotia
• CFB Trenton (8 Wing), Ontario (6 aircraft stationed in Ottawa)
• CFB Winnipeg (17 Wing), Manitoba

Air Command and CF Northern Area also maintain a chain of Forward Operating Locations at various points across northern Canada, capable of supporting fighter operations. Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt ( CFB Esquimalt) is Canada 's west coast navy base and home port to the Pacific fleet known as Maritime Forces Pacific British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Canadian Forces Base Halifax (CFB Halifax is Canada 's east coast navy base and home port to the Atlantic fleet known as Maritime Forces Atlantic. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Canadian Forces Station St John's ( CFS St John's) is a Canadian Forces Station located in St Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Canadian Forces Maritime Experimental and Test Ranges (CFMETR Naval Radio Section Aldergrove is the Canadian Navy's primary communications relay site for the Pacific fleet Canadian Forces Station Mill Cove ( CFS Mill Cove) is a former Canadian Forces Station and currently a naval radio station in Nova Scotia operated by the Naval Radio Station Newport Corner ( NRS Newport Corner) is a naval radio station in Nova Scotia operated by the Canadian Forces. CFB Edmonton is a Canadian Forces Base located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 This article is about the military base known as CFB Gagetown headquartered in the town of Oromocto with an extensive training area in southwestern New Brunswick New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Canadian Forces Base Kingston (also CFB Kingston) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Kingston, Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Canadian Forces Base Montreal (also CFB Montreal) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Montreal, Quebec. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Canadian Forces Base Petawawa, commonly referred to as CFB Petawawa, is a Canadian Forces Base located in Petawawa Ontario. Canadian Forces Base Shilo (or CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces, located 35 km east of Brandon Manitoba. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Canadian Forces Base Suffield (also CFB Suffield is the largest Canadian Forces Base and the largest Commonwealth military training base Canadian Forces Base Valcartier is located 25 km north of Quebec City. Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, commonly referred to as CFB Wainwright is a Canadian Forces Base located in Denwood, Alberta, adjacent The Connaught National Army Cadet Training Centre or Connaught Range and Primary Training Centre is a small installation that is primarily used as a Rifle range, found Land Force Central Area Training Centre Meaford (also LFCA TC Meaford) is a Canadian Forces training facility operated by Land Force Central Area (LFCA Land Force Atlantic Area Training Centre Aldershot (also LFAA TC Aldershot) is a training facility for Land Force Atlantic Area of Canadian Forces Canadian Forces Base Bagotville, commonly referred to as CFB Bagotville, is a Canadian Forces Base located west of Bagotville in the city of Saguenay Canadian Forces Base Comox, commonly referred to as CFB Comox, is a Canadian Forces Base located north northeast of Comox, British Columbia Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, commonly referred to as CFB Cold Lake, is a Canadian Forces Base located adjacent to the city of Cold Lake, Alberta Canadian Forces Base Gander (also CFB Gander) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Forces Base Greenwood, commonly referred to as CFB Greenwood, is a Canadian Forces Base located in Greenwood, Nova Scotia. Canadian Forces Base Moose Jaw, commonly referred to as CFB Moose Jaw, is a Canadian Forces Base located south-southwest of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Canadian Forces Base North Bay, also CFB North Bay, is a Canadian Forces Base located in North Bay Ontario. Victoria International Airport serves Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 12 Wing Shearwater, is located in Shearwater, Nova Scotia on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Canadian Forces Base Trenton (also CFB Trenton) is a Canadian Forces Base located northeast of Trenton, Ontario. Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg ( CFB Winnipeg) is a Canadian Forces Base located in Winnipeg Manitoba. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these FOLs for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.

All services

• NDHQ Ottawa, Ontario
• CFS Alert, Nunavut
• CFS Leitrim, Ontario
• CFSOC Det. The Department of National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ is the headquarters for Canada 's Department of National Defence (DND and is located in Ottawa Canadian Forces Station Alert, also CFS Alert, is a Canadian Forces signals intelligence intercept facility located in Alert, Nunavut on the Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Canadian Forces Station Leitrim, also referred to as CFS Leitrim, is an important Canadian Forces Station located in the neighbourhood of Leitrim near Masset, Masset, British Columbia
• CFSOC Det. Gander, Gander, Newfouldland and Labrador
• CFB Borden, Ontario
• CFNA HQ Whitehorse, Yukon Territory
• CFNA HQ Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
• CRPTC Connaught Range, Ontario
• LFAATC Aldershot , Nova Scotia

Uniforms

Main article: Uniforms of the Canadian Forces

Today the Canadian Forces remains a single service, but each member now belongs to one of three "elements": land, air or sea, each with its distinctive uniform. Canadian Forces Base Borden (also CFB Borden) is a Canadian Forces base located in Ontario. Canadian Forces Northern Area Headquarters (CFNA HQ Whitehorse is a detachment of the Canadian Forces, based approximately 24km south of Whitehorse Yukon. Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Canadian Forces Northern Area Headquarters (CFNA HQ Yellowknife is a Canadian Forces base located in the city of Yellowknife Northwest Territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory The Connaught National Army Cadet Training Centre or Connaught Range and Primary Training Centre is a small installation that is primarily used as a Rifle range, found Land Force Atlantic Area Training Centre Aldershot (also LFAA TC Aldershot) is a training facility for Land Force Atlantic Area of Canadian Forces Prior to unification in 1968 the uniforms of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy (RCN and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF were similar to their counterparts The element is usually determined by the individual member's trade: for example, a pilot is automatically in the air element. However, for non-specific or "purple" trades, such as medical technician or military police, the element is assigned more or less at random. In the armed forces of Canada the purple trades are occupations and careers &ndash typically related to logistics or other support &ndash that are not strongly linked to one of the The element remains unchanged throughout the member's career, regardless of the member's unit or base.

Although each element (sea, land and air) wears distinctive uniforms, the CF as a whole has generally been reduced to four orders of dress: No. 1 Ceremonial Dress, No. 2 Mess Dress, No. 3 Service Dress, and No. 5 Operational Dress. No. 4 Base Dress (Garrison Dress in the Army) was eliminated to reduce the number of uniforms members had to ship or pack when going on postings or taskings; either Operational Dress or Service Dress is substituted as appropriate to the situation. No. 2 Mess dress is generally not paid for through public funds. Generally speaking, Operational Dress is now the daily duty uniform across the CF unless Service Dress is prescribed (such as at National Defence Headquarters, on parades, at public events, etc); for occasions of greater formality or dignity, Service Dress can be modified to suit the occasion. Also, most army and some other units have a regimental dress for very specific occasions, such as the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston . The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC is the Military academy of the Canadian Forces, and is a degree-granting University. Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St

Service Dress

For all elements, Service Dress consists of a Distinct Environmental Uniform (DEU) Jacket with rank insignia, national identifier, ribbons of medals, decorations and orders, metallic buttons (silver-coloured, brass-coloured, or black for Land element Rifle regiments), regimental or branch collar insignia (land and sea elements only), and trade insignia. Prior to unification in 1968 the uniforms of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy (RCN and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF were similar to their counterparts Uniform trousers with belt (or kilt/trews and associated accoutrements); collared shirt and tie; ankle boots or shoes; and appropriate headgear with branch or regimental cap badge. Environmental distinctions are as follows for the three elements:

• Sea. Black ("navy blue") tunic, trousers, tie, belt, and slip-ons. White-topped service cap (universal). White shirt. There is also a white naval uniform, generally referred to as "tropical", as follows:

• Tropical white long - white short-sleeve shirt, white trousers (white skirt optional for female personnel), white dress shoes, white belt, white socks. Designated N3B in the Canadian Forces dress manual.
• Tropical semi-ceremonial - white tunic, white trousers, white dress shoes, white belt, white socks. Designated N1C when worn with medals or N1D when worn with ribbons. Officers' tunics have black shoulder boards with gold rank insignia; other ranks have standard rank insignia on white background. This order of dress is optional as the tunic is purchased at the service members' expense.

Note: This uniform is colloquially referred to as "whites" and the N1C/N1D order specifically as the "ice-cream suit".

• Land. Rifle-green DEU Jacket, trousers (or kilt/trews per regimental custom), beret (except as noted below: see Beret), CF green tie (or regimental pattern), belt, and slip-ons. Linden green collared shirt with rank pins and slip-ons.
• Air. Air Force blue tunic, trousers (or kilt of official air force plaid), wedge cap or beret (universal), and slip-ons. Black necktie and belt. Light blue shirt.

• Rank Insignia is worn on the upper arms of the tunic for all ranks up to Sgt/PO2; on the forearms for all ranks from WO/PO1 to CWO/CPO1; and on the cuffs of all officers. Rank insignia is also worn on all slip-ons worn by Navy and Air Force personnel, but only by Army officers; Army NCMs wear miniature metal rank insignia on the shirt collar and plain epaulets.
• Undress ribbons of orders, medals and decorations are worn over the left breast pocket of the tunic; qualification badges (such as a paratrooper's "wings" or submariner's "dolphins") are worn above the top row of ribbons. Command badges (worn by Army personnel, or by non-Army personnel in Army units or formations as ordered) are worn centred on the pleat of the right breast pocket.
• Collar badges. Army personnel also wear collar badges (usually a miniature regimental or branch device but sometimes a separate pattern, depending on unit) on the lapels of the tunic. These badges are known colloquially as "collar dogs". Navy personnel from the rank of Ordinary Seaman (OS) to Chief Petty Officer First Class (CPO1) have their trade badge on the collar of their DEU's. Naval Officer do not have trade badges on their collars.
• Shoulder badges. Brass regimental or branch shoulder titles are worn on the shoulder straps of the DEU/ceremonial dress. By regulation, only numerals and letters may be worn on these titles, the only exception being the Calgary Highlanders and Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's) who wear a special badge in the shape of an oak leaf, as a commemorative of the Battle of Kitcheners' Wood (22 April 1915). The Calgary Highlanders is a Canadian Forces Land Force Primary Reserve Infantry Regiment, headquartered at Mewata Armouries The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's is a Primary Reserve Infantry Regiment of the Canadian Forces based on Vancouver Island
• The National Identifier is the word "CANADA" in an arc, in gold thread on the environmental background, worn on the upper sleeve near the shoulder seam. This is universal, except for Air Force NCMs, whose device also includes a gold eagle in flight. Slip-ons bear the title "CANADA", except for the Army, which may wear approved regimental or branch titles.

For less formal occasions, or when dictated by weather or other concerns, the uniform can be modified as follows:

• removal of tunic, substitution of short-sleeve shirt (same colour), worn open-necked, with ribbons and qualification wings over the left breast pocket and name tag over right breast pocket
• replacement of tunic with V-neck sweater (same colour as tunic) with shoulder straps; slip-ons as per shirt; short- or long- sleeved shirt (open-necked or with tie); shirt otherwise as normal

There also exists Ceremonial Dress (e. g. , the scarlet tunics and bearskin caps of the Canadian Grenadier Guards), worn on formal and solemn parades and ceremonies, such as change of command parades, remembrance ceremonies, royal ceremonies, etc. ; and Mess Dress, or Mess Kit (e. g. dinner jackets, waistcoats or cummerbunds, box spurs, etc), for formal or ceremonial dinners (such as mess dinners). These uniforms generally conform to the traditions of a particular regiment or branch; they are not universally worn, however, as they are generally not provided at public expense. For these occasions, some minor additions or modifications are made to the Service Dress uniform:

• Ceremonial Dress. Replace undress ribbons with full medals. Add white web belts, gloves, bayonet frogs and rifle slings, pistol holsters, etc (for NCMs) or black Sam Browne belts with swords and scabbards (for officers). The Sam Browne belt is a wide belt usually leather which is supported by a Strap going diagonally over the right shoulder
• Mess Dress. Replace undress ribbons with full medals. Replace shirt and tie with white dress shirt and black bow tie (males) or an approved Mess Dress blouse with gold buttons (females).

Operational Dress

Navy. The Naval operational dress is the Naval Combat Dress (NCD). It consists of a black zip-up jacket, trousers, and beret; medium blue shirt (optionally, a white crew-neck T-shirt may be worn underneath); and boots. Dress slip-ons are worn on the jacket and shirt. Black ball caps with ship's name and designation have been approved for shipboard wear.

The Navy is also occasionally required to wear CADPAT. CA nadian D isruptive PAT tern (CADPAT, is the digital camouflage pattern currently used by the Canadian Forces (CF The order of dress is identical to that of the Army operational dress. Starting in Feb 2007, the Naval CADPAT dress has several differences. Nametapes and rank slip-ons are in black embroidery with an anchor in place of crossed swords on the nametape. A black t-shirt is replacing the green t-shirt worn by the Army. ^[21]

Army and Air Force. For daily wear in the Army and Air Force, this is the Temperate Woodland (TW) Canadian Disruptive Pattern (CADPAT) uniform. CA nadian D isruptive PAT tern (CADPAT, is the digital camouflage pattern currently used by the Canadian Forces (CF It consists of a shirt, trousers, combat boots, beret (see below), and olive-drab (army) or dark blue (air force) crew-neck T-shirt. The uniform is well-fitted but comfortably loose, with numerous and voluminous pockets, and drawstrings to adjust the fit. The shirt is worn outside the trousers, and the trouser cuffs are bloused over the boots. The shirt has an epaulet for a slip-on in the centre of the chest; this slip-on bears the rank of the bearer and an appropriate national, branch, or regimental title embroidered on it. The name tag is attached via Velcro fasteners, and bears the member's name, and environmental symbol (crossed swords for Army, eagle for Air Force). Velcro is a brand name of fabric hook-and-loop fasteners. It consists of two layers a "hook" side which is a piece of Fabric covered with tiny hooks Embroidery thread for insignia etc is light green for Army and dark blue for the Air Force. The national identifier is the Flag of Canada, in full colour for garrison wear or in olive drab for operational wear. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag

Depending on the identified airforce occupation, work dress may also be olive-drab flight suit.

During exercises and operations in the field, blue T-shirts are replaced with olive drab, and berets are replaced with more suitable (and camouflaged) headgear such as field hats, helmets, balaclavas, etc. CADPAT is also available in an Arid Region (AR) pattern, for use in environments such as Afghanistan. As well, for winter or Arctic operations, there are camouflaged (i. e. white) accoutrements and coverings for clothes and equipment.

All personnel including recruits are now receiving an initial issue of the CADPAT uniform, with the olive-drab uniform officially replaced Forces-wide.

Berets

The beret is still the most widely worn headgear, and is worn with almost all orders of dress with the exception of the more formal orders of Naval and Air Force dress ( Ceremonial, Mess, and Service Dress). A beret (ber-HET in French or /ˈBer-EHT/ in English, except in the USA, where it is usually pronounced /ber-EHT is a soft round Cap, usually The colour of the beret is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission, as follows:

• Navy — Black ("navy blue")
• All army — Rifle Green (except as noted below)
• Armoured — Black
• Airborne — Maroon
• Military police — Scarlet
• Air force — Air Force Blue
• Search-and-rescue technicians — Blaze Orange
• Canadian Special Operations Regiment — Tan
• United Nations missions — U. The black Beret is a type of headgear commonly worn by armoured forces around the world including the British Army 's Royal Tank Regiment (RTR The The maroon beret has been the international symbol of elite Airborne forces since its selection for use by the airborne forces in World War II. The Tan beret has been adopted as official headdress by several Special operations forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities N. Blue
• Multinational Force and Observers - Terracotta

Soldiers in Highland, Scottish and Irish regiments generally wear alternate headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter and caubeen instead of the beret. The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO is an international Peacekeeping force overseeing the terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. Terra cotta ( Italian: "baked earth" is a Ceramic. Its uses include vessels water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in Building construction Glengarry (also Glengarry bonnet or Glengarry cap) is a type of cap which Alasdair Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry invented and wears in the The Balmoral Bonnet is a traditional Scottish cap that can be worn with Scottish Highland Dress This article is about the hat called a 'tam o' shanter' For the golf course in Niles Illinois see Tam O'Shanter Golf Course. A caubeen (pronounced kaub-'een(from the Irish cáibín meaning "little hat" is an Irish soldier's headdress a variation on the Beret or Tam o'shanter Approximately 1/3 of the Infantry Regiments in the Canadian Forces are designated Scottish, Highland or Irish, not because of the ethnic composition of Canada (though certainly reflecting the strong Scottish communities in Canada) as much as the belief, at the time the Regiments were raised, that units wearing the kilt and boasting pipe bands would be easier to recruit for.

See also

• 26th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery
• Canadian Forces Air Command
• Canadian Forces Land Force Command
• Canadian Forces Maritime Command
• Canadian Forces order of precedence
• Canadian Forces Intelligence Branch
• Canada
• CADPAT
• Canadian military history
• Code of Service Discipline
• Colonial Militia in Canada
• Canadian Forces ranks and insignia
• List of Canadian military operations
• List of conflicts in Canada
• List of infantry weapons and equipment of the Canadian military
• Cadets Canada
• Royal Canadian Army Cadets
• Royal Canadian Sea Cadets
• Royal Canadian Air Cadets
• Royal Military College of Canada
• Authorized marches of the Canadian Forces
• Category:Armouries in Canada
• Category:Canadian Forces bases
• Canadian military fur wedge cap
• List of F-104 Starfighter operators

Other countries with unified or partially unified armed forces:

• Australia - Australian Defence Force
• New Zealand - New Zealand Defence Force
• Israel - Israeli Defense Force
• United Kingdom - British Armed Forces
• South Africa - South African National Defence Force

References and notes

Further reading

• Faces of War at Library and Archives Canada

External links

• Canadian American Strategic Review (CASR) - Illustrated
• Official website of the Canadian Army
• Official website of the Canadian Navy
• Official website of the Canadian Air Force

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