| Canada | ||||||
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| Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" |
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| Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen" |
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| Capital | Ottawa |
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| Largest city | Toronto | |||||
| Official languages | English, French | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, Cree, Dëne Sųłiné, Gwich’in, Inuvialuktun, Slavey, Tłįchǫ Yatiì | |||||
| Demonym | Canadian | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Monarch | HM Queen Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor General | Michaëlle Jean | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Stephen Harper | ||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | British North America Act | July 1, 1867 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | December 11, 1931 | ||||
| - | Canada Act | April 17, 1982 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,984,670 km² (2nd) 3,854,085 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 8. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag The Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Royal Arms of Canada or more properly the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right of Canada) is since 1921 the official A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's "O Canada" is the National anthem of Canada. The song was originally commissioned by the then Lieutenant Governor of Quebec the Honourable Théodore A royal anthem is a patriotic song much like a National anthem but specifically praising or praying for a Monarch or royal dynasty "God Save the Queen", or "God Save the King", is an anthem used in a number of Commonwealth realms It is the National Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Population of Canada: 31612895 (2006 Census Provinces and territories Metropolitan areas Cities Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Canadian English ( CanE, en-CA) is the variety of English used in Canada. French is the mother tongue of about 67 million Canadians (22 A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Inuktitut ( Inuktitut syllabics: iu-Cans ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ( fonts required literally "like the Inuit") is the name of the varieties of Inuinnaqtun is an indigenous language of Canada. It is related very closely to Inuktitut, and many people believe that Inuinnaqtun is only a dialect of Inuktitut Cree (also known as Cree-Montagnais Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117000 people across Dene Suline (also Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Sųłiné, Chipewyan, Dene Suliné, Dëne Suliné, Dene Soun’liné or just The Gwich’in language is the Athabaskan language of the Gwich’in Indigenous people. Inuvialuktun is a word routinely used to describe the varieties of the language of the Inuit spoken in the northern Northwest Territories by those Canadian Slavey (also Slave, Slavé) (pronounced) is an Athabaskan language spoken among the Slavey First Nations of Canada Dogrib (also Tłįchǫ Yatiì, jatîː is a Language spoken by the First Nations Tłįchǫ people of the Canadian territory A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Population of Canada: 31612895 (2006 Census Provinces and territories Metropolitan areas Cities For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD ʒɑ̃ (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c 11 is an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament that severed all remaining legislative dependence of Canada Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different surface Areas here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 92 (891,163 km²/344,080 mi²) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2008 estimate | 33,288,000[1] (36th) | ||||
| - | 2006 census | 31,612,897 | ||||
| - | Density | 3. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 2/km² (219th) 8. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² 3/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1. The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 274 trillion[2] (13th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $38,200[2] (21st) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 432 trillion [3] (9th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $42,738 (14th) | ||||
| Gini | 32. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 1 (2005)[2] | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 961 (high) (4th) | |||||
| Currency | Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) |
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| Time zone | (UTC−3. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established 5 to −8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−2. Daylight saving time ( DST 5 to −7) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .ca | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
| Canada portal | ||||||
Canada (IPA: /ˈkænədə/) is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major It is the world's second largest country by total area,[2] and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The Canada – United States border is the international Border between Canada and the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various aboriginal people. Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled the Atlantic coast. British colonization of the Americas (including colonization under the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland before the 1707 Acts of Union created French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years War. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and [4][5][6] This began an accretion of additional provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the Canada Act in 1982 which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament. This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the borders of Canada, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c 11 is an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament that severed all remaining legislative dependence of Canada
A federation now comprising ten provinces and three territories, Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Canadian English ( CanE, en-CA) is the variety of English used in Canada. Canadian French is an Umbrella term for the varieties of the French language used in Canada. Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has a long and complex relationship. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors
Contents |
Etymology
The name Canada most likely comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement". The name of Canada has been in use since the earliest European settlement in Canada, with the Name originating from a First Nations word Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France The St Lawrence Iroquoians lived until the late 16th century along the shores of the St In 1535, inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct explorer Jacques Cartier toward the village of Stadacona. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France Stadacona was a 16th century St Lawrence Iroquoian village near present-day Quebec City. [7] Cartier used the word 'Canada' to refer to not only that village, but the entire area subject to Donnacona, Chief at Stadacona. Chief Donnacona (died c 1539 in France) was the chief of Stadacona, a St By 1545, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada. [8]
The French colony of Canada referred to the part of New France along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Later, it was split into two British colonies, called Upper Canada and Lower Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was adopted for the entire country, and Dominion was conferred as the country's title. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and [9] It was frequently referred to as the Dominion of Canada until the 1950s. As Canada asserted its political autonomy from Britain, the federal government increasingly used Canada on legal state documents and treaties. The Canada Act 1982 refers only to "Canada" and, as such, it is currently the only legal (and bilingual) name. The Canada Act 1982 (1982 c 11 is an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament that severed all remaining legislative dependence of Canada This was reflected in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day. Dominion Day is or was a commemoration day of the granting of national status in various Commonwealth countries Canada Day (Fête du Canada formerly Dominion Day, is Canada 's national day, a federal statutory holiday, celebrating the anniversary of the
History
Various groups of Inuit and First Peoples inhabited North America prehistorically. Inhabited for millennia by First Nations ( aboriginal) the history of Canada has evolved from a group of European colonies into an officially This is a timeline of the History of Canada. Early BC Canada Early AD Canada 1000s 1400s This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the borders of Canada, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the country The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting While no written documents exist, various forms of rock art, petroforms, petroglyphs, and ancient artifacts provide thousands of years of information about the past. Petroglyphs are Images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking carving and abrading Archaeological studies support a human presence in northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in southern Ontario from 9,500 years ago. Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec [10][11] Europeans first arrived when the Vikings settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows around AD 1000. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas L'Anse aux Meadows (from the French L'Anse-aux-Méduses or "Jellyfish Cove" is an Archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the island The next Europeans to explore Canada's Atlantic coast included John Cabot in 1497 for England[12] and Jacques Cartier in 1534 for France;[13] seasonal Basque whalers and fishermen subsequently exploited the region between the Grand Banks and Tadoussac for over a century. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Tadoussac is a village of 857 inhabitants (2005 in Quebec, Canada. [14]
French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Port Royal is a small rural community in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province These would become respectively the capitals of Acadia and Canada. The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Among French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley, Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while French fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada A coureur des bois (runner of the woods was an individual who engaged in the Fur trade without permission from the French authorities René Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle ( November 22, 1643 &ndash March 19, 1687) was a French The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Louisiana (La celina+mario) was the name of an administrative district of New France. The French and Iroquois Wars broke out over control of the fur trade. The French and Iroquois Wars, also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars, commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur.
The English established fishing outposts in Newfoundland around 1610 and colonized the Thirteen Colonies to the south. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the A series of four Intercolonial Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763. The French and Indian Wars is a name used in the United States for a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain following the Seven Years' War. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War.
The Royal Proclamation (1763) carved the Province of Quebec out of New France and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory The Province of Quebec was a colony in North America created by Great Britain after the Seven Years' War. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, It also restricted the language and religious rights of French Canadians. In 1769, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony. Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P To avert conflict in Quebec, the Quebec Act of 1774 expanded Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley and re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law in Quebec; it angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, helping to fuel the American Revolution. The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 14 Geo The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" [15] The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally Approximately 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the United States to Canada. The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [16] New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada and English-speaking Upper Canada, granting each their own elected Legislative Assembly. The Province of Quebec was a colony in North America created by Great Britain after the Seven Years' War. The Constitutional Act of 1791 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (1791 (31 Geo The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario
Canada was a major front in the War of 1812 between the United States and British Empire. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Its defence contributed to a sense of unity among British North Americans. Large-scale immigration to Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The timber industry surpassed the fur trade in importance in the early nineteenth century. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber.
The desire for Responsible Government resulted in the aborted Rebellions of 1837. Responsible government is a conception of a System of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster The Rebellions of 1837 were a pair of Canadian armed uprisings that occurred in 1837 and 1838 in response to frustrations in political reform and ethnic conflict The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into British culture. The Report on the Affairs of British North America, commonly known as Lord Durham's Report, is an important document in the history of Quebec, Canada [17] The Act of Union (1840) merged The Canadas into a United Province of Canada. The Act of Union (3 & 4 Vict c 35 passed in July 1840 and proclaimed February 10, 1841, abolished the legislatures of Lower Canada and Upper Canada Upper Canada and Lower Canada, collectively referred to as the Canadas, were two British colonies in Canada. The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 French and English Canadians worked together in the Assembly to reinstate French rights. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.
The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel and paving the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). The Oregon Treaty, officially known as the Treaty with Great Britain in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains, Buchanan-Packenham The Oregon boundary dispute (or Oregon question) arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of The 49th parallel north is a Circle of latitude that is 49 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. See main article Vancouver Island Vancouver Island (officially known as the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies was a Crown colony of British The Colony of British Columbia was a Crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1871. Canada launched a series of western exploratory expeditions to claim Rupert's Land and the Arctic region. Rupert's Land, also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land" was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. The Canadian population grew rapidly because of high birth rates; British immigration was offset by emigration to the United States, especially by French Canadians moving to New England. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the
Following several constitutional conferences, the Constitution Act, 1867 brought about Confederation creating "one Dominion under the name of Canada" on July 1, 1867, with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the borders of Canada, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the country The Constitution Act 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act) constitutes a major part of The name of Canada has been in use since the earliest European settlement in Canada, with the Name originating from a First Nations word "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally [18] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. For other geographical names that use the term "Northwest" see Northwest. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, The Red River Rebellion or Red River Resistance are names given to the events surrounding the actions of a Provisional government established by Métis Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had united in 1866) and the colony of Prince Edward Island joined Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively. The United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia was the name informally given to the defacto amalgamation of the two crown colonies from 1866 until their incorporation Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P
Prime Minister John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party established a National Policy of tariffs to protect nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC ( January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary To open the West, the government sponsored construction of three trans-continental railways (most notably the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory. The Canadian Pacific Railway ( The Dominion Lands Act (short for An Act Respecting the Public Lands of the Dominion) was an 1872 Canadian law that aimed to encourage the settlement of Canada's In 1898, after the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon territory. The Klondike Gold Rush, infrequently referred to as the Yukon Gold Rush or Alaska Gold Rush, was a frenzy of Gold rush Immigration to and for Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Under Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276
Canada automatically entered the First World War in 1914 with Britain's declaration of war, sending volunteers to the Western Front, who played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military offensive by the Canadian Corps against elements of the German Sixth Army in World War I. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objection of French-speaking Quebecers. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. Not to be confused with his cousin Frederick Borden, Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence from 1896 to 1911 In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain; in 1931 the Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo
The Great Depression of 1929 brought economic hardship to all of Canada. In response, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan presaged a welfare state as pioneered by Tommy Douglas in the 1940s and 1950s. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF (French Fédération du commonwealth coopératif, then Parti social démocratique du Canada) was a Canadian Thomas Clement "Tommy" Douglas, PC, CC, SOM ( October 20, 1904 – February 24, 1986) was a Canada declared war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The military history of Canada during the Second World War began with a declaration of war on Germany on September World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. [19] Canadian troops played important roles in the Battle of the Atlantic, the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid in France, the Allied invasion of Italy, the D-Day landings, the Battle of Normandy and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944. The Dieppe Raid, also known as The Battle of Dieppe or Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the The process Allied invasion of Italy, was the Allied landing on mainland Italy in September 1943 by General Harold Alexander 's 15th Army Group D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of Military operations of the First Canadian Army, led by Lieutenant General Guy Simonds. The Canadian economy boomed as industry manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China and the Soviet Union. Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with one of the largest armed forces in the world. The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis following the introduction of forced military service in Canada during World War II [19]
In 1949, Newfoundland joined Confederation. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Post-war prosperity and economic expansion ignited a baby boom and attracted immigration from war-ravaged European countries. As is often the case after a major war the end of World War II brought a Baby boom to many countries notably those in Europe, Asia, North America [20]
Under successive Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Trudeau, a new Canadian identity emerged. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Canadian identity refers to the set of characteristics and Symbols that many Canadians regard as expressing their unique place and role in the world Canada adopted its current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag In response to a more assertive French-speaking Quebec, the federal government became officially bilingual with the Official Languages Act of 1969. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged The Official languages Act is a law adopted by the Parliament of Canada in 1969 and substantially amended in 1988 Non-discriminatory Immigration Acts were introduced in 1967 and 1976, and official multiculturalism in 1971; waves of non-European immigration had changed the face of the country. Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Social democratic programs such as Universal Health Care, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans were initiated in the 1960s and consolidated in the 1970s; provincial governments, particularly Quebec, fought these as incursions into their jurisdictions. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left This article refers to medicare a name for Canada's publicly-funded health insurance system for hospital and physician services The Canada Pension Plan ( CPP) is a contributory earnings-related Social insurance program Student loans in Canada help post-secondary students pay for their education in Canada. Finally, Prime Minister Trudeau pushed through the patriation of the constitution from Britain, enshrining a Charter of Rights and Freedoms based on individual rights in the Constitution Act of 1982. Patriation is a non-legal term particularly used in Canada, to describe a process of Constitutional change also known as "bringing home" the constitution The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the Individual rights refer to the Rights of Individuals in contrast with Group rights. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. Canadians continue to take pride in their system of universal health care, their commitment to multiculturalism, and human rights. Health care in Canada is funded and delivered through a Publicly-funded health care system with most services provided by private entities [21]
Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. The Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective Secularization Quebec nationalists under Jean Lesage began pressing for greater autonomy [22]. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world Jean Lesage, PC, CC, CD ( June 10, 1912 &ndash December 12, 1980) was a lawyer and politician in Quebec The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970 with bombings and kidnappings. The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist Kidnappings of government officials by members of the The more moderate Parti Québécois of René Lévesque came to power in 1976 and held an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in the 1980 Quebec referendum. The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty Efforts by Progressive Conservative (PC) government of Brian Mulroney to recognize Quebec as a "distinct society" under the Meech Lake Accord in 1987 collapsed in 1989. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial Anger in French Quebec and a sense of alienation in Canada's western provinces resulted in a sovereignist federal party Bloc Québécois under Lucien Bouchard and the Reform Party of Canada under Preston Manning rising to prominence in the election of 1993. The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 Ernest Preston Manning, CC (born June 10, 1942, in Edmonton Alberta) is a Right-wing populist Canadian politician The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Each advocated greater decentralization in Canadian federalism. Canadian federalism is one of the three pillars of the constitutional order along with Responsible government and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Another Parti Québécois government in Quebec led by Jacques Parizeau held a second referendum in 1995 that was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50. Jacques Parizeau GOQ (born August 9, 1930) is an Economist and noted Sovereignist (the term commonly used in Quebec The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second Referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should 6% to 49. 4%. [23] In 1997, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province to be unconstitutional, and Parliament passed the "Clarity Act" outlining the terms of a negotiated departure. Reference re Secession of Quebec, 2 SCR 217 was an opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality under both Canadian and International law The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law is legislation of Canada 's federal parliament that established the conditions under which the [23] A merger of Reform and PC Parties into the Conservative Party of Canada was completed in 2003. The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative Stephen Harper became party leader and formed a minority government in the 2006 federal election. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC The 2006 Canadian federal election (more formally the 39th General Election) was held on January 23 2006 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the
Government and politics
Canada is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, as head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of the government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus [24][25] The country is a parliamentary democracy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those
Executive authority is formally and constitutionally vested in the monarch. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. [26] However, by convention, the monarch and her appointed representative, the Governor General, act in a predominantly ceremonial and apolitical role, deferring the exercise of executive power to the Cabinet,[27][28] which is made up of ministers generally accountable to the elected House of Commons, and headed by the Prime Minister, who is normally the leader of the party that holds the confidence of the House of Commons. Alternative meaning Constitutional convention (political meeting A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative The Cabinet of Canada (Cabinet du Canada plays an important role in the Government of Canada, in accordance with the Westminster System. Minister of the Crown is the formal constitutional term used in the Commonwealth realms to describe a minister to the reigning sovereign The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus In Political science confidence refers to a Government 's support in the Legislature. Thus, the Cabinet is typically regarded as the active seat of executive power. [29][26] This arrangement, which stems from the principals of responsible government,[30][27] ensures the stability of government, and makes the Prime Minister's Office one of the most powerful organs of the system, tasked with selecting, besides the other Cabinet members, Senators, federal court judges, heads of Crown corporations and government agencies, and the federal and provincial viceroys for appointment. In Canada, the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO located in the Langevin Block, on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, is one of the most powerful [31] However, the sovereign and Governor General do retain their right to use the Royal Prerogative in exceptional constitutional crisis situations. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy A constitutional crisis is a severe breakdown in the orderly operation of Government. [32]
The leader of the party with the second most seats usually becomes the Leader of the Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system that keeps the government in check. In Canada Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition ( French: L'Opposition Loyale de Sa Majesté) commonly known as the Official Opposition, is usually Michaëlle Jean has served as Governor General since September 27, 2005; Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative Party, has been Prime Minister since February 6, 2006; and Stéphane Dion, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, has been Leader of the Opposition since December 2, 2006. Michaëlle Jean, CC CMM COM CD ʒɑ̃ (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Stéphane Maurice Dion PC not change it to "Liberal"! --> MP The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
The federal parliament is made up of the Queen (represented by the Governor General) and two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed Senate. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general [33][34] Each member in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in a riding or electoral district. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member An electoral district (also known as a Constituency or a riding in the Canadian English political Jargon) is a geographically-based General elections are either every four years as determined by fixed election date legislation, or triggered by the government losing the confidence of the House (usually only possible during minority governments). Historically in Canada both the Prime Minister and the provincial Premiers have had the power to call a General election at will as is traditional in Westminster-style A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, are chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the Governor General, and serve until age 75.
Four parties have had substantial representation in the federal parliament since 2006 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the Liberal Party of Canada (Official Opposition), the New Democratic Party (NDP), and the Bloc Québécois. The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal The Green Party of Canada does not have current representation in Parliament but garners a significant share of the national vote. The Green Party of Canada is a Canadian federal Political party founded in 1983 with around 9000 registered members as of November 2007. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial. This article lists political parties in Canada. Federal parties See also List of federal political parties in Canada Provincial
In line with Canada's federalist structure, the constitution divides government responsibilites beween the federal government and the ten provinces, whose unicameral provincial legislatures operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the federal House of Commons. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but with less constitutional responsibilities than the provinces, and with some structural differences (for example, the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut has no parties and operates on consensus). The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut is located in Iqaluit, and is the territory's Parliament.
Law
- See also: Court system of Canada
The constitution is the supreme law of the country,[35] and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions [36] The Constitution Act, 1867, affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent "similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom" and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster, 1931, granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any level of government – though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years – and added a constitutional amending formula. The Constitution Act 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act) constitutes a major part of The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. [37]
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian Beverley McLachlin PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold that position C. since 2000. Its nine members are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels. Judicial posts at the lower provincial and territorial levels are filled by their respective governments.
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Criminal law in Canada is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of all provinces except Ontario and Quebec, policing is contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Foreign relations and military
Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partners. Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions such as Governments States or subnational administrative Canada has nevertheless maintained an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to participate in the Iraq War. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie (French-Speaking Countries). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples
Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of about 64,000 regular and 26,000 reserve personnel. [38] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the army, navy, and air force. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U Mission AIRCOM is responsible for all aircraft operations in the Canadian Forces enforcing the security of Canada's airspace and providing aircraft for supporting the missions of Major CF equipment deployed includes 1,400 armoured fighting vehicles, 34 combat vessels, and 861 aircraft. [39]
Strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth in English Canada led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, the First World War, and the Second World War. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. English Canada is a term used to describe one of the following English Canadians a term usually meaning English-speaking Canadians as opposed to See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. Multilateralism is a term in International relations that refers to multiple countries working in concert on a given issue [40][41] Canada joined the United Nations in 1945 and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The North Atlantic Treaty During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. Canada played a Middle power, and an occasionally important role in the Cold War. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the
Canada has played a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace [42] Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989[43] and has since maintained forces in international missions in the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian
Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990; Canada hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001. The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and lies at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC). The Pacific Rim refers to the countries and cities located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Since 2001, Canada has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations Canada's Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) has participated in three major relief efforts in the past two years; the two-hundred member team has been deployed in relief operations after the December 2004 tsunami in South Asia, Hurricane Katrina in September 2005 and the Kashmir earthquake in October 2005. The Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART is a rapidly deployable team of 200 Canadian Forces personnel to provide assistance to disaster-affected regions for up to 40 days The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake (also known as the South Asian earthquake or the Great Pakistan earthquake) was a major earthquake centred in Azad Kashmir
In February 2007, Canada, Italy, Britain, Norway, and Russia announced their funding commitments to launch a $1. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 5 billion project to help develop vaccines they said could save millions of lives in poor nations, and called on others to join them. [44] In August 2007, Canadian sovereignty in Arctic waters was challenged following a Russian expedition that planted a Russian flag at the seabed at the North Pole. Under international law no country currently owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it Arktika 2007 (Российская полярная экспедиция "Арктика-2007" was a 2007 expedition in which Russia performed the first ever crewed The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925. [45]
Provinces and territories
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories; in turn, these may be grouped into regions. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Types of administrative and/or political territories include Many types of legally administered territories, each of which is a non-sovereign geographic area National regions Provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following Regions (generally from west to east Northern Canada Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions natural or political Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America Central Canada consists of Quebec and Ontario. Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada 's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia), along with Newfoundland and Labrador. Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together. Eastern Canada (also the Eastern provinces) is generally considered to be the region of Canada east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces Three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) make up Northern Canada. Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northern Canada is the vast Northernmost Region of Canada variously defined by Geography and Politics. Provinces have more autonomy than territories. Canadian federalism is one of the three pillars of the constitutional order along with Responsible government and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Each has its own provincial or territorial symbols. Symbols of Canada's provinces and territories
The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as health care, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Health care in Canada is funded and delivered through a Publicly-funded health care system with most services provided by private entities Education in Canada is provided funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and Local governments Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum Welfare is financial assistance paid to people by governments Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these but rarely do so in practice. The Canada Health Act (CHA is a piece of Canadian federal Legislation, adopted in 1984 which specifies the conditions and criteria with which the provincial and Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. Equalization payments are cash payments made in some federal systems of government from the federal government to state or provincial governments with the objective of offsetting differences
All provinces have unicameral, elected legislatures headed by a Premier selected in the same way as the Prime Minister of Canada. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber This is a list of the Legislative Assemblies of Canada 's provinces and territories. In Canada, a premier is the Head of government of a province or territory. Each province also has a Lieutenant-Governor representing the Queen, analogous to the Governor General of Canada. In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure The Lieutenant-Governor is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, though with increasing levels of consultation with provincial governments in recent years.
Geography and climate
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and with the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second largest country in the world—after Russia—and largest on the continent. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions By land area it ranks fourth. [46] Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W longitude,[47] but this claim is not universally recognized. Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement The northernmost settlement in Canada and in the world is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island—latitude 82. Canadian Forces Station Alert, also CFS Alert, is a Canadian Forces signals intelligence intercept facility located in Alert, Nunavut on the Ellesmere Island is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. 5°N—just 817 kilometres (450 nautical miles) from the North Pole. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. [48] Canada has the longest coastline in the world: 243,000 kilometres. [49]
The population density, 3. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5 inhabitants per square kilometre (9. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 1/sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. [50] The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in the southeast. [51] To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers. The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period Canada by far has more lakes than any other country and has a large amount of the world's freshwater. [52][53]
In eastern Canada, most people live in large urban centres on the flat Saint Lawrence Lowlands. The St Lawrence Lowlands is an Ecoregion of the Mixedwood Plains, a physiographic region of Canada and the United States. The Saint Lawrence River widens into the world's largest estuary before flowing into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint The gulf is bounded by Newfoundland to the north and the Maritime provinces to the south. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada The Maritimes protrude eastward along the Appalachian Mountain range from northern New England and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The Gaspésie (official name or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a Peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water Ontario and Hudson Bay dominate central Canada. West of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies spread toward the Rocky Mountains, which separate them from British Columbia. The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions natural or political Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America.
In northwestern Canada, the Mackenzie River flows from the Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean. The Mackenzie River (Fleuve Mackenzie originates in Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, and flows north into the Arctic Ocean. Great Slave Lake (French Grand lac des Esclaves) is the second-largest Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada (behind Great Bear The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major A tributary of a tributary of the Mackenzie is the South Nahanni River, which is home to Virginia Falls, a waterfall about twice as high as Niagara Falls. The South Nahanni River is the centrepiece of Nahanni National Park Reserve, located roughly 500 kilometres west of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories Virginia Falls is a waterfall in Nahanni National Park Reserve, Northwest Territories, Canada. The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario
Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. Northern Canada is the vast Northernmost Region of Canada variously defined by Geography and Politics. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the world's largest islands. The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, also known as just the Arctic Archipelago, is an Archipelago north of the Canadian mainland in the Arctic This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary depending on the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F) but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 [54] In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.
On the east and west coast, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (75 to 85 °F) with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). [55][56] For a more complete description of climate across Canada see Environment Canada's Website. [57]
Economy
Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations, with a high per-capita income, and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Canada is a mixed market,[58] ranking lower than the U. A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system S. but higher than most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom. The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. [59] Since the early 1990s, the Canadian economy has been growing rapidly with low unemployment and large government surpluses on the federal level. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Today Canada closely resembles the U. S. in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. [2] As of October 2007, Canada's national unemployment rate of 5. 9% is its lowest in 33 years. Provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 3. 6% in Alberta to a high of 14. 6% in Newfoundland and Labrador. [60]
In the past century, the growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. As with other first world nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. The term " first world " refers to countries that are capitalist, which are technologically advanced and whose [61] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada's most important. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit
Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy. [2] Atlantic Canada has vast offshore deposits of natural gas and large oil and gas resources are centred in Alberta. Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 The vast Athabasca Tar Sands give Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil behind Saudi Arabia. The Athabasca Oil Sands (also known as the Athabasca Tar Sands) are large deposits of Bitumen, or extremely Heavy crude oil, located in northeastern The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [62] In Quebec, British Columbia, Newfoundland & Labrador, New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba, hydroelectric power is a cheap and clean source of renewable energy. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water
Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat, canola and other grains. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Canola is a type of Edible oil derived from plants initially bred in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur Stefansson in the 1970s [63] Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead;[64] many towns in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 WikipediaNaming Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries. Aeronautics (from Greek aero which means air or sky and nautis which means sailor i
Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The Canada-United States Automotive Agreement in 1965 opened the borders to trade in the auto manufacturing industry. The Automotive Products Trade Agreement, commonly known as the Auto Pact or APTA, was an important Trade agreement between Canada and the The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while North American Free Trade Agreement expanded the free trade zone to include Mexico in the 1990s . The Free Trade Agreement ( FTA) was a Trade agreement signed by Canada and the United States on October 4th 1988. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Canadian nationalists continue to worry about their cultural autonomy as American television shows, movies and corporations are omnipresent. [65]
Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has maintained the best overall economic performance in the G8. [66] Since the mid-1990s, Canada's federal government has posted annual budgetary surpluses and has steadily paid down the national debt.
Demographics
| Largest cities of Canada | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core City | Province | Population | Core City | Province | Population | |||||
| 1 | Toronto | Ontario | 2,503,281 |  Toronto  Montreal |
11 | Brampton | Ontario | 433,806 | ||
| 2 | Montreal | Quebec | 1,620,693 | 12 | Surrey | British Columbia | 394,976 | |||
| 3 | Calgary | Alberta | 1,019,942 | 13 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 372,679 | |||
| 4 | Ottawa | Ontario | 812,129 | 14 | Laval | Quebec | 368,709 | |||
| 5 | Edmonton | Alberta | 730,372 | 15 | London | Ontario | 352,395 | |||
| 6 | Mississauga | Ontario | 668,549 | 16 | Markham | Ontario | 261,573 | |||
| 7 | Winnipeg | Manitoba | 633,451 | 17 | Gatineau | Quebec | 242,124 | |||
| 8 | Vancouver | British Columbia | 578,041 | 18 | Vaughan | Ontario | 238,866 | |||
| 9 | Hamilton | Ontario | 504,559 | 19 | Longueuil | Quebec | 229,330 | |||
| 10 | Quebec City | Quebec | 491,142 | 20 | Windsor | Ontario | 216,473 | |||
| Source: Canada 2006 Census | ||||||||||
Canada's 2006 census counted a total population of 31,612,897, an increase of 5. Population of Canada: 31612895 (2006 Census Provinces and territories Metropolitan areas Cities This is a list of incorporated cities of Canada in alphabetical order categorized by province This is a list of Canadian residents ( Citizens, Landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents by the ethnic origin(s they chose to list on their Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Brampton (pronounced bramton is the third-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada and the seat of Peel Region. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Surrey is a Canadian city in the Province of British Columbia that lies within the Metro Vancouver British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Laval ( IPA læˈvæl is a City and a region in southwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Greater Montreal Area. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor with a metropolitan area population of 457720 the city proper Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Mississauga (ˌmɪsɪˈsɑgə) incorporated in 1974 is a City located in the Regional Municipality of Peel Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Markham ( pronounced /ˈmɑrkəm/ 2006 population 261573 is a town located in the Regional Municipality of Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America Gatineau ( 2006 census population 242124 is a city in western Quebec, Canada. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Hamilton (ˈhæməltən ( 2006 population 504559 UA population 647634 CMA population Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and lies at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The Canada 2006 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population The Canada 2006 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population 4% since 2001. [67] Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 150 kilometres (90 mi) of the US border. [68] A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Greater Golden Horseshoe including Toronto and area, Montreal, and Ottawa), the BC Lower Mainland (consisting of the region surrounding Vancouver), and the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor in Alberta. As far as I know the Golden Horseshoe is ancient history and this page should be renamed (or forwarded to to Greater Golden Horseshoe now that Statistics Canada is (finally using the same Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The National Capital Region is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, the neighboring city of Gatineau, Quebec The Lower Mainland is a name commonly applied to the region surrounding Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is a geographical region of the Canadian province of Alberta. [69]
According to the 2006 census, there are 43 ethnic origins that at least one hundred thousand people in Canada claim in their background. [70] The largest ethnic group is English (21%), followed by French (15. English Canada|Canadians of English descentAn English Canadian is a Canadian whose principal language is English or who is of English ancestry; it is used 8%), Scottish (15. Scottish Canadians are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. 2%), Irish (13. Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who origninated in Ireland. 9%), German (10. The 2006 Canadian census put the number of Canadians of German ethnicity at 3179425 2%), Italian (5%), Chinese (4%), Ukrainian (3. An Italian Canadian' is a Canadian of Italian descent or heritage Chinese Canadians are Canadians of Chinese descent and constitute the second-largest Visible minority group in Canada standing at 1346510 which A Ukrainian Canadian is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or immigrated to Canada. 6%), and First Nations (3. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people 5%); Approximately, one third of respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian. [1] Canada's aboriginal population is growing almost twice as fast as the Canadian average. Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act In 2006, 16. 2% of the population belonged to non-aboriginal visible minorities. Visible minority is a term used primarily in Canada to describe persons who are not of the majority race in a given population
According to Statistics Canada's forecasts, the number of visible minorities in Canada is expected to double by 2017. A survey released in 2007 reveals that virtually 1 in 5 Canadians (19. 8%) are foreign born. [71] Nearly 60% of new immigrants hail from Asia (including the Middle East). [71]
Canada has the highest per capita immigration rate in the world,[72] driven by economic policy and family reunification; Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees. Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country The economic impact of immigration is an important topic in Canada. Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada and become nationals of the country According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. In the 2006 census, there were 5,068,100 people considered to belong to a visible minority, making up 16. 2% of the population. Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27. 2 %. [73][74]
Support for religious pluralism is an important part of Canada's political culture. Religious pluralism (rel Comparative religion) is a loosely defined expression concerning acceptance of different Religions and is used in a number of related Canadian political culture is in some ways part of a greater North American and European political culture, which emphasizes Constitutional law According to the 2001 census,[75] 77. 1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described 6% of Canadians). The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The United Church of Canada was founded in 1925 as a merger of four Christian denominations two thirds of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (then the largest Canadian Protestant About 16. 5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6. 3% are affiliated with religions other than Christianity, of which the largest is Islam numbering 1. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. 9%, followed by Judaism at 1. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut 1%.
Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. Each system is similar, while reflecting regional history, culture and geography. [76] The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,[76] contributing to an adult literacy rate that is 99%. [2] Postsecondary education is also administered by provincial and territorial governments, who provide most of the funding; the federal government administers additional research grants, student loans and scholarships. In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged between 25 and 64 had post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34 the post-secondary education rate reaches 51%. [77]
Culture
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Canadian culture has historically been influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal cultures and traditions. British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act It has also been influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries. The development of the culture of the United States of America — music, cinema, dance, architecture, literature, poetry American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the U. S. and worldwide. [78] Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified "North American" or global market.
The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture are supported by federal government programs, laws and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is Canada's public film producer and distributor CRTC may also stand for Cathode Ray Tube Controller. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC, in French Conseil [79]
Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country. Canadian culture has also been greatly influenced by immigration from all over the world. Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural. [21] Multicultural heritage is the basis of Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a section of the Charter that as part of a range of provisions within the section 25 to
National symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and First Nations sources. National symbols of Canada are the Symbols that are used in Canada and abroad to represent the country and its people. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Particularly, the use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms. The maple leaf is the characteristic Leaf of the Maple tree, and is an important national symbol of Canada. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag The Canadian Red Ensign is the former flag of Canada, used officially by the federal government though it was never adopted as official by the Parliament of Canada In Canada, a penny is a Coin worth one cent or of a dollar. According to the Royal Canadian Mint, the official national term of The Coat of Arms of Canada (also known as the Royal Arms of Canada or more properly the Arms of His/Her Majesty in Right of Canada) is since 1921 the official [80] Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada goose, common loon, the Crown, the RCMP[80], and more recently the totem pole and inukchuk. Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe The Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis) is a Goose belonging to the Genus Branta native to North America. The Great Northern Diver, known in North America as the Common Loon ( Gavia immer) is a large member of the Loon, or diver Family TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of Totem poles are monumental Sculptures carved from great Trees usually cedar but mostly Western Redcedar, by a number of Indigenous cultures along An inuksuk (plural inuksuit) (from the Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ plural ᐃᓄᒃᓱᐃᑦ alternatively inukshuk in English or inukhuk
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey in the winter and lacrosse in the summer. A wide variety of Sports are practiced in Canada. Ice hockey, referred to as simply hockey in the country is Canada's official Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Lacrosse is a full contact Team sport played using a solid rubber ball and long handled racket called a crosse or Lacrosse stick. [81] Ice hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation. It is the most popular sport Canadians play, with 1. 65 million active participants in 2004. [82] Canada's six largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton – have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the league than from all other countries combined. The National Hockey League ( NHL) is a professional Ice hockey league composed of 30 teams in North America After hockey, other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Curling is a team Sport with similarities to Bowls and Shuffle board, played by two teams of four players each on a rectangular sheet of carefully prepared In accordance with the Manual of Style (see) Canadian English is used throughout this article (see Canadian_English#Spelling) The Canadian Football League (CFL ( Ligue canadienne de football (LCF in Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, volleyball, and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels,[82] but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Snow skiing is a group of sports utilizing Skis as primary equipment Soccer is one of the many popular recreational sports played in Canada, and for the past two decades it has overtaken Ice hockey as the sport with the most registered Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m
Canada hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Winter Olympics, and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Montreal, Quebec The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in Calgary The 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the sixteenth edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup (formerly called FIFA World Youth Championship hosted by Canada from Canada will be the host country for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Whistler is a Resort town in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia [83][84]
Language
Canada's two official languages are English and French. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Official Bilingualism in Canada is law, defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the The Official languages Act is a law adopted by the Parliament of Canada in 1969 and substantially amended in 1988 A Commissioner of Official Languages is an official head of an office that is responsible for dealing with matters regarding a country's policy towards its Official Languages English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories. [85]
English and French are the mother tongues of 59. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth 7% and 23. 2% of the population respectively,[86] and the languages most spoken at home by 68. 3% and 22. 3% of the population respectively. [87] 98. 5% of Canadians speak English or French (67. 5% speak English only, 13. 3% speak French only, and 17. 7% speak both). [88] English and French Official Language Communities, defined by First Official Language Spoken, constitute 73. 0% and 23. 6% of the population respectively. [89]
Although 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in Ontario, Alberta and southern Manitoba, with an Acadian population in the northern and southeastern parts of New Brunswick constituting 35% of that province's population, as well as concentrations in southwestern Nova Scotia and on Cape Breton Island. Franco-Ontarians (franco-ontarien are French Canadian or Francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario. The Franco-Albertans are an extended community of French Canadians or French -speaking people living in Alberta. Franco-Manitobans are a community of French Canadians or French -speaking people living in Manitoba. This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. The Charter of the French Language in Quebec makes French the official language in Quebec, and New Brunswick is the only province to have a statement of official bilingualism in its constitution. The Charter of the French Language ( La charte de la langue française, in French) also known as Bill 101 and Loi 101, [90] Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully co-official. Several aboriginal languages have official status in Northwest Territories. Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and one of three official languages in the territory. Inuktitut ( Inuktitut syllabics: iu-Cans ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ( fonts required literally "like the Inuit") is the name of the varieties of
Non-official languages are important in Canada, with over five million people listing one as a first language. [86] Some significant non-official first languages include Chinese (853,745 first-language speakers), Italian (469,485), German (438,080), and Punjabi (271,220). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi [86]
International rankings
| Organization | Survey | Ranking |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index | 4 out of 177 |
| A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine | Globalization Index 2006 | 6 out of 111 |
| IMD International | World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 | 10 out of 60 |
| The Economist | The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005 | 14 out of 111 |
| Yale University/Columbia University | Environmental Sustainability Index, 2005 (pdf) | 6 out of 146 |
| Reporters Without Borders World-wide | Press Freedom Index 2006 | 16 out of 168 |
| Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index 2005 | 14 out of 159 |
| Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal | Index of Economic Freedom, 2007 | 10 out of 161 |
| The Economist | Global Peace Index | 8 out of 121 |
| Fund for Peace/ForeignPolicy.com | Failed States Index, 2007 | 168 out of 177[91] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Canada's population clock (source code). The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP AT Kearney is a global Management consulting firm focusing on strategic and operational CEO-agenda concerns Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P The International Institute for Management Development ( IMD) is a non profit business school located in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London The Global Peace Index is an attempt to measure the relative position of nations’ and regions’ peacefulness The Fund for Peace is an independent Washington DC -based Nonprofit research and educational organization Statistics Canada (2007-12-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian “StartPop = 32976026; EndPop = 33305836; StartDate = new Date(2007, 6, 1); EndDate = new Date(2008, 6, 1)”
- ^ a b c d e f g Central Intelligence Agency (2006-05-16). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. The World Factbook: Canada. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.
- ^ IMF (2008 Data base)
- ^ Territorial evolution (html/pdf). Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. “In 1867, the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are united in a federal state, the Dominion of Canada. . . . ”
- ^ Canada: History (html/pdf). Country Profiles. Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. “The British North America Act of 1867 brought together four British colonies . . . in one federal Dominion under the name of Canada. ”
- ^ Hillmer, Norman; W. David MacIntyre. Commonwealth (html). Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Project. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. “With CONFEDERATION in 1867, Canada became the first federation in the British Empire . . . ”
- ^ Trigger, Bruce G. ; Pendergast, James F. (1978). "Saint-Lawrence Iroquoians", Handbook of North American Indians Volume 15. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 357–361. OCLC 58762737.
- ^ Jacques Cartier (1545). Relation originale de Jacques Cartier. Tross (1863 edition). Retrieved on 2007-02-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable
- ^ J. E. Hodgetts. 2004. "Dominion". Oxford Companion to Canadian History, Gerald Hallowell, ed. (ISBN 0195415590) Toronto: Oxford University Press; p. 183: "The title conferred on Canada by the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867, whereby the provinces declare 'their desire to be federally united into one Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom'. "
- ^ Cinq-Mars, J. (2001). "On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia". The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome.
- ^ Wright, J. V (2001-09-27). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ "John Cabot =". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Cartier, Jacques". World book Encyclopedia. World Book, Inc. . ISBN 071660101X. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ "Basques". The Canadian Encyclopedia. (2007). Historica.
- ^ Wars on Our Soil, earliest times to 1885. Retrieved on 2006-08-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
- ^ Moore, Christopher (1994). The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-6093-9.
- ^ David Mills. Durham Report. Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Farthing, John (1957). Freedom Wears a Crown. Toronto: Kingswood House. ASIN B0007JC4G2.
- ^ a b Stacey, C.P. (1948). Colonel Charles Perry Stacey, OC, OBE, CD, FRSC ( 30 July 1906 &ndash 17 November 1989) was the official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Queen's Printer.
- ^ Harold Troper (2000-03). History of Immigration to Toronto Since the Second World War: From Toronto 'the Good' to Toronto 'the World in a City'. Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Retrieved on 2006-05-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ a b Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds). (2004). Canadian Politics, 4th edition, Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-595-6.
- ^ Bélanger, Claude (2000-08-03). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Quiet Revolution. Quebec History. Marionopolis College, Montreal. Retrieved on 2008. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ a b Dickinson, John Alexander; Young, Brian (2003). A Short History of Quebec, 3rd edition, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2450-9.
- ^ Heritage Canada (2005-04-21). The Department of Canadian Heritage, or simply Canadian Heritage, is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for policies and programs Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) The Queen and Canada: 53 Years of Growing Together. Heritage Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Governor General of Canada (2005-12-06). The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ a b Canada's System of Justice: The Canadian Constitution. Department of Justice Canada. “The executive power in Canada is vested in the Queen. In our democratic society, this is only a constitutional convention, as the real executive power rests with the Cabinet. ”
Constitution Act 1867; III.9. Queen's Printer for Canada. “The Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen. ”
By Executive Decree: The Governor General. Library and Archives Canada. “The governor general holds formal executive power within the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and signs orders-in-council. ” - ^ a b Responsible Government: Clarifying Essentials, Dispelling Myths and Exploring Change. Canada School of Public Service. “Under the constitutional convention of responsible government, the powers of the Crown are exercised by Ministers, both individually and collectively. ”
- ^ Ray T. Donahue. Diplomatic Discourse: International Conflict at the United Nations. Greenwood Publishing Group. “As Head of State . . . Elizabeth II has no political power, only symbolic power”
David Stewart. Introduction: Principles of the Westminster Model of Parliamentary Democracy. Module on Parliamentary Democracy. Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Athabasca University. “the Crown now serves as the ceremonial executive”
By Executive Decree:. Library and Archives Canada. “As Canada is a constitutional monarchy, the symbolic head of the executive is the governor general. ” - ^ McWhinney, Edward (2005). The Governor General and the Prime Ministers. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press, 25. ISBN 1-55380-031-1.
By Executive Decree: The Cabinet. Library and Archives Canada. “The Cabinet as selected and directed by the prime minister constitutes the active seat of executive power in Canada. ”
Joseph Magnet. Separation of Powers in Canada. Constitutional Law of Canada. University of Ottawa Faculty of Law. “. . . democratic principles dictate that the bulk of the Governor General's powers be exercised in accordance with the wishes of the leadership of that government, namely the Cabinet. So the true executive power lies in the Cabinet. ”
By Executive Decree: The Cabinet. Library and Archives Canada. “The Cabinet as selected and directed by the prime minister constitutes the active seat of executive power in Canada. ”
W. A. Matheson. Prime Minister. The Canadian Encyclopedia. “The prime minister is the chief minister and effective head of the executive in a parliamentary system . . . ”
The Prime Minister. By Executive Decree. National Archives of Canada. “While the modern governor general has only a nominal influence on the operation of the Canadian government, the prime minister's influence is decisive. ” - ^ Canadian Cofederation: Responsible Government. Library and Archives Canada. “The Executive Council would be governed by the leader of the political party that held an elected majority in the Legislative Assembly. That same leader would also appoint the members of the Executive Council. The governor would therefore be forced to accept these "ministers", and if the majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly voted against them, they would have to resign. The governor would also be obliged to ratify laws concerning the internal affairs of the colony once these laws had been passed to the Legislative Assembly. ”
The Canadian Encyclopedia: Responsible Government. Historica Foundation of Canada. “This key principle of responsibility, whereby a government needed the confidence of Parliament, originated in established British practice. But its transfer to British N America gave the colonists control of their domestic affairs, since a governor would simply follow the advice (ie, policies) of responsible colonial ministers. ”
Responsible Government and Checks and Balances: The Crown. “Responsible government means that the Crown no longer has the prerogative to select or remove Ministers. They are selected and removed by the first Minister — the Prime Minister. ” - ^ Responsible Government and Checks and Balances: The Crown. Responsible Government: Clarifying Essentials, Dispelling Myths and Exploring Change. Canada School of Public Service. “Ministers are thereby accountable to the Prime Minister who, in the Canadian tradition, has the sole power to appoint and dismiss them. ”
- ^ Forsey, Eugene. How Canadians Govern Themselves: Parliamentary Government (pg. 2). Queen's Printer for Canada. “In very exceptional circumstances, the Governor General could refuse a request for a fresh election. ”
Forsey, Eugene. How Canadians Govern Themselves: The Institutions of Our Federal Government (pg. 2). Queen's Printer for Canada. “But they almost invariably must act on their Ministers’ advice, though there may be very rare occasions when they must, or may, act without advice or even against the advice of the Ministers in office. ”
Forsey, Eugene. How Canadians Govern Themselves: Canadian and American Government (pg. 2). Queen's Printer for Canada. “Yes: in Canada, the head of state can, in exceptional circumstances, protect Parliament and the people against a Prime Minister and Ministers who may forget that "minister" means "servant," and may try to make themselves masters. For example, the head of state could refuse to let a Cabinet dissolve a newly elected House of Commons before it could even meet, or could refuse to let Ministers bludgeon the people into submission by a continuous series of general elections. ”
Zolf, Larry (June 28, 2002). CBC News: Boxing in a Prime Minister. CBC News. “The Governor General must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister prematurely calling for the death of a Parliament. ”
By Executive Decree: The Governor General. Library and Archives Canada. “In exceptional circumstances, the governor general may appoint or dismiss a prime minister. ”
Governor General of Canada: Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General. Office of the Governor General of Canada. “One of the governor general’s most important responsibilities is to ensure that Canada always has a prime minister and a government in place. In the case of the death of a prime minister, it is the governor general’s responsibility to ensure the continuity of government. ”
McWhinney, Edward (2005). The Governor General and the Prime Ministers. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press, 16-17; 34. ISBN 1-55380-031-1. - ^ Constitution Act, 1867; IV. Queen's Printer for Canada. “There shall be One Parliament for Canada, consisting of the Queen, an Upper House styled the Senate, and the House of Commons. ”
- ^ Parliament of Canada: About the Governor General of Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. “Parliament is the legislative branch of Government, composed of the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General), the Senate and the House of Commons. ”
- ^ The Constitution Act, 1982. Department of Justice Canada. “"52. (1) The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of Canada, and any law that is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution is, to the extent of the inconsistency, of no force or effect. ”
- ^ Department of Justice. Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982. Department of Justice, Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ The Constitution Act, 1982. Department of Justice Canada. “"38. (1)”
- ^ Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs). The National Defence family. Department of National Defence. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs). Canadian Forces Equipment. Department of National Defence. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Government of Canada (2005). Canada's international policy statement : a role of pride and influence in the world. Ottawa: Government of Canada. ISBN 0-662-68608-X.
- ^ Cooper, Andrew Fenton; Higgot, Richard A. ; Nossal, Kim R. (1993). Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0450-5.
- ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2006). Lester B. Pearson. CBC. ca. Retrieved on 2006-05-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Morton, Desmond (1999). Desmond Morton, OC, PhD, FRSC (born 1937 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in the history of the Canadian military A Military History of Canada. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, pg. 258. ISBN 0-7710-6514-0.
- ^ "Rich Nations Launch Vaccine Pact". Reuters. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson February 10, 2007. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Blomfield, Adrian (2007-08-03). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ World Factbook: Area Country Comparison Table
- ^ National Resources Canada (2004-04-06). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Territorial Evolution, 1927. National Resources Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ National Defence Canada (2006-08-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert. National Defence Canada. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ Natural Resources Canada (2006-12-19). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. [http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/coast/facts_e.php CoastWeb: Facts about Canada's coastline]. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ WorldAtlas. com (2006-02). Countries of the World (by lowest population density). WorldAtlas. com. Retrieved on 2006-05-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
- ^ railwaypeople. com (2006). Quebec–Windsor Corridor Jet Train, Canada. railwaypeople. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ The Atlas of Canada (2004-04-02). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Drainage patterns. National Resources Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Encarta (2006). Canada. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-06-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ The Weather Network. Statistics, Regina SK. The Weather Network. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The Weather Network. Statistics: Vancouver Int'l, BC. The Weather Network. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The Weather Network. Statistics: Toronto Pearson Int'l. The Weather Network. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Environment Canada (2004-02-25). Environment Canada (EC, legally incorporated as the Department of the Environment under the Department of the Environment Act ( R "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000. Environment Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ PBS, commanding heigths, map of the world's economic systems. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ The Heritage Foundation (2006). Index of Economic Freedom. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ Statistics Canada (2006-08-04). Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Latest release from Labour Force Survey. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-08-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans.
- ^ Employment by Industry. Statistics Canada (2007-01-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
- ^ Clarke, Tony; Campbell, Bruce; Laxer, Gordon (2006-03-10). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing US oil addiction could make us sick. Parkland Institute. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia (2006). Agriculture and Food: Export markets. Historical Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia (2006). Canadian Mining. Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Granatstein, J. L. (1997). Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638541-9.
- ^ Chretien, Jean (2003-12-04). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Notes for an Address by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien on the Occasion of the Commonwealth Business Forum. Privy Council Office, Government of Canada. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
- ^ Beauchesne, Eric (2007-03-13). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. We are 31,612,897. National Post. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ Hillmer, Norman (2005-01-25). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Canada World View – Issue 24. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ Statistics Canada (2001). Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census
- ^ a b The Daily, Tuesday, December 4, 2007. 2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration
- ^ Benjamin Dolin and Margaret Young, Law and Government Division (2004-10-31). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Canada's Immigration Program. Library of Parliament. Retrieved on 2006-11-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
- ^ Visible minorities pass 5-million mark for first time
- ^ 2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation
- ^ Statistics Canada (2005-01-25). Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Population by religion, by provinces, and territories. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ a b Council of Ministers of Canada. General Overview of Education in Canada. Education@Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Department of Finance (2005-11-14). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Creating Opportunities for All Canadians. Department of Finance Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Blackwell, John D. (2005). Culture High and Low. International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service. Retrieved on 2006-03-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,
- ^ National Film Board of Canada (2005). The National Film Board of Canada (usually National Film Board or NFB) is Canada's public film producer and distributor Mandate of the National Film Board. Retrieved on 2006-03-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,
- ^ a b Canadian Heritage (2002). Symbols of Canada. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Government Publishing. ISBN 0-660-18615-2.
- ^ National Sports of Canada Act (1994). Consolidated Statutes and Regulations. Department of Justice. The purpose of the Department of Justice is to ensure that the Canadian Justice system is fair accessible and efficient Retrieved on 2006-07-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold
- ^ a b Conference Board of Canada (December 2004). The Conference Board of Canada is a not-for-profit Canadian organization dedicated to researching and analyzing economic trends as well as organizational performance and public Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population. Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada—Report August 2005. Sport Canada. Retrieved on 2006-07-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
- ^ The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (2006). Vancouver 2010. www. vancouver2010. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ Canadian Soccer Association (2006). FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada 2007. canadasoccer. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
- ^ Federal Legislation on Official Languages. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (2003-09-01). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ a b c Statistics Canada (2005-01-27). Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Population by mother tongue, by province and territory. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ First Official Language Spoken (7) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1 , 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data. Statistics Canada, 2001 Census of Population. Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Statistics Canada (2005-01-27). Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Statistics Canada (2005-01-27). Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Canadian Heritage. Canadian Heritage.
- ^ larger number indicates sustainability
References
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External links
- Government
- Official website of the Government of Canada
- Official website of the Prime Minister of Canada
- Official website of the Governor General of Canada
- Official website of the Canadian Forces
- Official Government of Canada online Atlas of Canada
- Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations
- Crown corporations
- Other
- Culture.ca — Canada's Cultural Gateway
- Culturescope.ca — Canadian Cultural Observatory
- Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources
- Statistics Canada with Canada's population clock
- The Canadian Atlas Online
- Canada entry at The World Factbook
- UN Human Development Program: Country Fact Sheet: Canada, Statistics — Country Sheet: Canada
- Canada travel guide from Wikitravel
- Canada from The Canadian Encyclopedia
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.
Dictionary
Canada
-proper noun
- A country in North America; official name: Canada.
- (historical) Lower Canada or Upper Canada, often "the Canadas". Also Canada East or Canada West.
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