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Map of Canaan
Map of Canaan
For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation).
Canaanites redirects here. For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Canaanites is a political and Aesthetic movement which reached its peak in the 1940s among the Jewish residents in Palestine and has significantly impacted
See also: Phoenicians

Canaan is an ancient term for a region encompassing present-day Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Lebanon and Jordan, plus adjoining coastal lands and parts of Egypt and Syria. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية In the Hebrew Bible, the "Land of Canaan" extends from Lebanon southward across Gaza to the "Brook of Egypt" and eastward to the Jordan Valley, thus including modern Israel and the Palestinian Territories. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. The Brook of Egypt is the name used in some English translations of the Bible for the Hebrew Nachal Mitzrayim ("River of Egypt" used for the The Jordan Valley is a geographical region that forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called This southern area included various ethnic groups. The Amarna Letters found in Ancient Egypt mention Canaan (Akkadian: Kinaḫḫu) in connection with Gaza and other cities along the Phoenician coast and into Upper Galilee. The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Many earlier Egyptian sources also make mention of numerous campaigns conducted in Ka-na-na, just inside Asia.

Various Canaanite sites have been excavated by archaeologists. Canaanites spoke Canaanite languages, closely related to other West Semitic languages. The Canaanite languages or Hebraic languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, which were spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub-grouping of Semitic languages. Canaanites are mentioned in the Bible, Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian texts. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Although the residents of ancient Ugarit in modern Syria do not seem to have considered themselves Canaanite, and did not speak a Canaanite language (but one that was closely related), archaeologists have considered the site, which was rediscovered in 1928, as quintessentially Canaanite[1]. Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel The Ugaritic language, discovered by French archaeologists in 1928 is known only in the form of writings found in the lost city of Ugarit, near the modern Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Much of the modern knowledge about the Canaanites stems from excavation in this area. It is generally thought that they originally migrated from the Arabian Peninsula[2][3], as that is the most generally accepted Semitic urheimat. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Proto-Semitic is the hypothetical Proto-language of the Semitic languages. More recently Juris Zarins has suggested that Canaanite culture developed in situ from the Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex, which in turn developed from a fusion of Harifian hunter gatherers with PPNB farming cultures, practicing animal domestication, during the 6,200 BC climatic crisis[4]. Juris Zarins (b Germany 1945) is an American archaeologist and professor at Missouri State University, who specializes in the Middle East. The Harifian is a specialized regional cultural development of the Epipalaeolithic of the Negev Desert. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her Archaeological excavations at Jericho The 82 kiloyear event is the term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8200 years before the present or

Contents

Nomenclature

The name Canaan is mentioned frequently in the Bible. It refers to parts or all of the region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea in antiquity[5] It is also sometimes used interchangeably with the Land of Israel, Zion, the Holy Land or the Promised Land. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Zion ( Hebrew: צִיּוֹן ( Persian: صهیون tziyyon; Tiberian vocalization: tsiyyôn; transliterated Zion The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש The Promised Land ( הארץ המובטחת, translit: ha-Aretz ha-Muvtachat) is another name for the Land of Israel, the region which according

Canaan predates the name Land of Israel but describes the same land [6]. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is The classical Jewish view, as explained by Schweid, is that "Canaan" is the geographical name; the renaming as "Israel" prior to its conquest by the people of Israel marks its sanctification, the origin of the Holy Land concept [7]. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש The province of Judaea was later renamed Palestina by the Romans following the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century AD. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In the Bible and elsewhere, Zion originally meant the region around Jerusalem but, because of the importance of this city, came to designate the whole of the land, as for example in the naming of Zionism. Zion ( Hebrew: צִיּוֹן ( Persian: صهیون tziyyon; Tiberian vocalization: tsiyyôn; transliterated Zion Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

Etymology

The English name Canaan comes from the (Hebrew: כנען, via the Greek: Χαναάν whence Latin Canaan. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Hebrew name Canaan is of obscure origins, with one possibility being the non-Semitic Hurrian "Knaa" or Akkadian Kinahhu, referring to the rich purple dye produced from the murex snail. The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Murex is a Genus of medium to large sized Predatory tropical sea Snails These are carnivorous marine Gastropod The first known references appear in the 2nd millennium BC, possibly from Hurrian sources in the Mesopotamian city of Nuzi. The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Nuzi (or Nuzu; Akkadian Gasur; modern Yorghan Tepe, Iraq) was an ancient Mesopotamian city southwest of Kirkuk

Another etymology is straightforward. "Can" means low as "Aram"[2] means high. A straightforward meaning of Canaan is "lowland. " This was first applied to the lowland or classical Phoenicia, mainly Sidon, then by extension to the whole region. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun [3]

A third possibility is that Canaan derives from the Semitic root *k-n-' meaning "to be subdued" [8]. This meaning is supported by the story contained in the Bible. The Bible attributes the name to Canaan, the son of Ham and the grandson of Noah, whose offspring correspond to the names of various ethnic groups in the land of Canaan, listed in the "Table of Nations" (Gen. 10), where Sidon is named as his firstborn son, to be subdued by the descendents of Shem. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Canaan is a Biblical figure who according to the Old Testament, was the son of Ham and the grandson of the patriarch Noah. Ham (; Greek Χαμ, Cham; Arabic: ar حام, xam, "hot" according to the Table of Nations in Genesis, was a Noah (or Noe, Noach;; Nūḥ; Arabic: نوح; "Rest") was according to the Bible, the tenth and last of The Table of Nations or Sons of Noah is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing within the Torah at Genesis 10 representing Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh

The eponym Ham[4] merely means "Hot" or "Red" in Hebrew or Canaanite, although it may have been derived initially from the Egyptian word Kemet (KMT), a word applied to the land along the Nile. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Some authors reason that the attribution was made because the Canaanite coast but not the interior was under Egyptian domination for several centuries. [9]

Canaan in the Hebrew Bible

Map of Canaan, with the border defined by Numbers 34:1-12 shown in red.
Map of Canaan, with the border defined by Numbers 34:1-12 shown in red.

The Hebrew Bible lists borders for the land of Canaan. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic Numbers 34:2 includes the phrase "the land of Canaan as defined by its borders. " The borders are then delineated in Numbers 34:3-12.

John N. Oswalt notes that "Canaan consists of the land west of the Jordan and is distinguished from the area east of the Jordan. " Oswalt then goes on to say that in Scripture Canaan "takes on a theological character" as "the land which is God's gift" and "the place of abundance". [10]

Canaan in Mesopotamian inscriptions

Certain scholars of the Eblaite material (dated 2350 BC) from the archive of Tell Mardikh see the oldest reference to Canaanites in the ethnic name ga-na-na which provides a third millennium reference to the name Canaan. Eblaite (also known as Eblan 639-3 is an extinct perhaps East Semitic language, which was spoken in the 3rd millennium BCE in the ancient city of Ebla Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. [11]

Canaan is mentioned in a document from the 18th century BC found in the ruins of Mari, a former Sumerian outpost in Syria, located along the Middle Euphrates. The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Apparently Canaan at this time existed as a distinct political entity (probably a loose confederation of city-states). A letter from this time complains about certain "thieves and Canaanites (i. e. Kinahhu)" causing trouble in the town of Rahisum. [12]

Tablets found in the Mesopotamian city of Nuzi use the term Kinahnu ("Canaan") as a synonym for red or purple dye, produced from murex shells on the Mediterranean coast, apparently a renowned Canaanite export commodity. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Nuzi (or Nuzu; Akkadian Gasur; modern Yorghan Tepe, Iraq) was an ancient Mesopotamian city southwest of Kirkuk Murex is a Genus of medium to large sized Predatory tropical sea Snails These are carnivorous marine Gastropod The dyes were likely named after their place of origin (much as "champagne" is both a product, and the name of the region where it is produced). Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation. The name 'Phoenicia' is connected with the Greek word for "purple", apparently referring to the same product, but it is difficult to state with certainty whether the Greek word came from the name, or vice versa. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The purple cloth of Tyre in Phoenicia was well known far and wide and long associated with royalty. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew

Anne Killebrew has shown how cities such as Jerusalem were large and important walled settlements in the Middle Bronze IIB and Iron Age IIC periods (ca. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for 1800-1550 and 720-586 BC), but that during the intervening Late Bronze (LB) and Iron Age I and IIA/B Ages sites like Jerusalem were small and relatively insignificant and unfortified towns[13]. The Bronze Age collapse is the name given by those historians who see the transition from the This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the

References to Canaanites are also found throughout the Amarna letters of Pharaoh Akenaton circa 1350 BC, and a reference to the "land of Canaan" is found on the statue of Idrimi of Alalakh in modern Syria. The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep Idrimi was the king of Alalakh in the 15th century BC Idrimi was a Hurrianised Semitic son of the king of Aleppo who had been deposed by the new regional Alalakh (or Alalah, modern Tell Atchana near Antakya (ancient Antioch) Turkey) is the name of an ancient Amorite After a popular uprising against his rule, Idrimi was forced into exile with his mother's relatives to seek refuge in "the land of Canaan", where he stayed, preparing for an eventual attack to recover his city. Texts from Ugarit also refer to an individual Canaanite (*kn'ny), suggesting that the people of Ugarit, contrary to much modern opinion, considered themselves to be non-Canaanite[14]. Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel

Archaeological excavations of a number of sites, later identified as Canaanite, show that prosperity of the region reached its apogee during this Middle Bronze Age period, under leadership of the city of Hazor, at least nominally tributary to Egypt for much of the period. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for In the north, the cities of Yamkhad and Qatna were hegemons of important confederacies, and it would appear that Biblical Hazor was the chief city of another important coalition in the south. Yamhad (also written Yamkhad or Jamhad) was an ancient Amorite kingdom centered at Halab (modern Aleppo, Syria) Qatna, (Arabic "قطنا" modern Tell el-Mishrife, Arabic "المشرفة" Syria, in the Wadi Il-Aswad, a tributary of Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. In the early Late Bronze Age, Canaanite confederacies were centred on Megiddo and Kadesh, before again being brought into the Egyptian Empire. Megiddo (מגידו is a hill in modern Israel near the Kibbutz of Megiddo, known for historical geographical and theological reasons This article is about Kadesh in Syria see also Kadesh (South of Israel or Kedesh Kadesh (also Qadesh) was an ancient city of The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and

Early Development of Canaanite Civilization

History of the Levant
Stone Age

Kebaran · Natufian culture ·
Halafian culture · Jericho
Ancient History

Sumerians · Ebla · Akkadian Empire ·
Canaan · Phoenicians
Amorites · Aramaeans · Edomites · Hittites
Nabataeans ·Palmyra · Philistines ·Israel and Judah
Assyrian Empire · Babylonian Empire
Persian Empire · Seleucid Empire ·
Hasmonean kingdom
Roman Empire · Byzantine Empire
The Middle Ages

Umayyad · Abbasid · Fatimid
Mamluks · Ottoman Empire
Modern Times

British Mandate of Palestine
Syria · Lebanon · Jordan
Israel · Palestinian territories
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Main article: Pre-history of the Southern Levant

The urban development of Canaan lagged considerably behind that of Egypt and Mesopotamia and even Syria, where from ca. The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Kebarans was an archaeological culture that lived in the eastern Mediterranean area (c The Natufian culture (natʏˈfjẽː existed in the Mediterranean region of the Levant. Tell Halaf ( Akkadian: Guzana; تل حلف, Syria) Jericho ( Arabic, ʼArīḥā; Hebrew, Standard Yəriḥo Tiberian Yərîḫô "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan Palmyra ( Arabic: تدمر Tadmor) was in ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an Oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement History of Bahrein, AND COMPARE THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO STATES The history of Lebanon is almost as old as the earliest evidence of humankind The land that became Jordan forms part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region The State of Israel (מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael) was established in 1948 after nearly two thousand Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called The Pre-history of the Southern Levant explains the various cultural changes that occurred as revealed by archaeological evidence prior to recorded traditions in the area of the 3500 BC a sizable city developed at Hamoukar. Hamoukar (in Arabic: حموقار is a large archaeological site located in the Jazira region of northeastern Syria near the Iraqi border ( This city, which was colonised, probably by people coming from Uruk, perhaps saw the first connections between Syria and Southern Mesopotamia that were repeated throughout history. Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Urban development again began, culminating in the Early Bronze Age development of sites like Ebla, which by ca. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. 2300 BC was incorporated once again into the Akkadian empire of Sargon the Great and Naram-Sin of Akkad (Biblical Accad). You may be looking for the Assyrian kings Sargon I Sumerian references to the Mar. tu ("tent dwellers" - considered to be Amorite) country West of the Euphrates date from even earlier than Sargon, at least to the reign of Enshakushanna of Uruk. Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî Enshakushanna (or En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana) was a king of Uruk sometime in the later 3rd millennium BC who is The archives of Ebla show reference to a number of Biblical sites, including Hazor, Jerusalem, and as a number of people have claimed, to Sodom and Gomorrah mentioned in Genesis as well. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The collapse of the Akkadian Empire saw the arrival of peoples using Khirbet Kerak Ware pottery,[15] coming originally from the Zagros Mountains, east of the Tigris. The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern It is suspected by some [16]that this event marks the arrival in Syria and Canaan of the Hurrians, possibly the people later known in the Biblical tradition as Horites. The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Horites (Egyptian Khar) were cave-dwellers mentioned in the Torah ( Genesis 146 3620 Deuteronomy 212 inhabiting areas around Petra

John Bright[17]and William F. Albright[18] have suggested that contact during the early Isin-Larsa period of Amorite states lies behind the Abraham stories of the patriarchal traditions. William Foxwell Albright ( May 24, 1891 – September 19 / September 20, 1971) was an American archaeologist, However, since the critiques of Jon Van Seters and Thomas L. Thompson, these views have failed to find a consensus.

Today it is thought that Canaanite civilization is a response to long periods of stable climate interrupted by short periods of climate change. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences During these periods, Canaanites profited from their intermediary position between the ancient civilisations of the Middle East — Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Minoan Crete — to become city states of merchant princes along the coast, with small kingdoms specializing in agricultural products in the interior. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. This polarity, between coastal towns and agrarian hinterland, was illustrated in Canaanite mythology by the struggle between the storm god, variously called Teshub (Hurrian) or Ba'al Hadad (Aramaean) and Ya'a, Yaw, Yahu or Yam, god of the sea and rivers. Teshub (also written Teshup) was the Hurrian god of sky and storm The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Ba'al (pronounced; Hebrew בעל (ordinarily spelled Baal in English is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group Yamm, from the Canaanite word Yam, meaning "Sea" is one name of the Ugaritic god of Rivers and Sea Small walled market towns characterized early Canaanite civilization surrounded by peasant farmers growing a range of local horticultural products, along with commercial growing of olives, grapes for wine, and pistachios, surrounded by extensive grain cropping, predominantly wheat and barley. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation The Olive is the Fruit of the Olive tree (Olea europaea and is a major component of the Agriculture and Gastronomy of many countries For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice The pistachio ( Pistacia vera L Anacardiaceae or sometimes Pistaciaceae) is a small Tree native to mountainous regions of Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Harvest in early summer was a season when transhumance nomadism was practiced — shepherds staying with their flocks during the wet season and returning to graze them on the harvested stubble, closer to water supplies in the summer. Transhumance is a term with two accepted usages Older sources use transhumance for vertical seasonal Livestock movement typically to higher Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Evidence of this cycle of agriculture is found in the Gezer Calendar and in the Biblical cycle of the year. The Gezer calendar is a tablet of soft Limestone inscribed in a paleo-Hebrew script

Periods of rapid climate change generally saw a collapse of this mixed Mediterranean farming system; commercial production was replaced with subsistence agriculural foodstuffs; and transhumance pastoralism became a year-round nomadic pastoral activity, whilst tribal groups wandered in a circular pattern north to the Euphrates, or south to the Egyptian delta with their flocks. Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed the family and to pay taxes or feudal dues Pastoralism or pastoral farming is the branch of Agriculture concerned with the raising of Livestock. During the periods of the collapse of Akkad and the First Intermediary Period in Egypt, the Hyksos invasions and the end of the Middle Bronze Age in Babylonia, and the Late Bronze Age collapse, trade through the Canaanite area would dwindle, as Egypt and Mesopotamia withdrew into their isolation. The First Intermediate Period is the name conventionally given by Egyptologists to that period in Ancient Egyptian history between the end of the Old When the climates stabilized, trade would resume firstly along the coast in the area of the Philistine and Phoenician cities. The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Philistines, while an integral part of the Canaanite milieu, do not seem to have been ethnically homogenous with the Canaanites; the Hurrians, Hittites, Aramaeans, Moabites, and Ammonites are also considered distinct from generic Canaanites or Amorites, in scholarship or in tradition (although in the Biblical Book of Nations, "Heth", (Hittites) are a son of Canaan). The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east As markets redeveloped, new trade routes that would avoid the heavy tariffs of the coast would develop from Kadesh Barnea, through Hebron, Lachish, Jerusalem, Bethel, Samaria, Shechem, Shiloh through Galilee to Jezreel, Hazor and Megiddo. This article is about Kadesh in the South of Israel see also Kadesh or Kedesh. Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south Lachish (לכיש was a town located in the Shephelah, or maritime plain of Philistia ( Joshua 103 5 1211 Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Bethel (בֵּית אֵל also written as Beth El or Beth-El, meaning "House of God" (in general or " House of (the specific god named El Samaria, or the Shomron ( שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard Šoməron Tiberian Šōmərôn Shechem ( Sichem, Shkhem or Shachmu, Hebrew: שְׁכֶם‎ / שְׁכָם, Standard Shiloh or Shilo may refer to People Shiloh (given name Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt, daughter of Angelina Jolie "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, The Jezreel Valley (עמק יזרעאל Emek Yizrael) is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the south of the Lower Galilee region of Israel Secondary Canaanite cities would develop in this region. Further economic development would see the creation of a third trade route from Eilath, Timna, Edom (Seir), Moab, Ammon and thence to Damascus and Palmyra. Eilat (Hebrew אילת should not be confused with the nearby kibbutz of Eilot (Hebrew אילות Timna ( Arabic, تمنة) is an ancient city in Yemen, the capital of the Qataban kingdom it is distinct from a city in Southern Israel Seir - שֵׂעִיר "Rough hairy" Standard Hebrew Seʿir, Tiberian Hebrew Śēʿîr. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Palmyra ( Arabic: تدمر Tadmor) was in ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an Oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus Earlier states (for example the Philistines and Tyrians in the case of Judah and Israel, for the second route, and Judah and Israel for the third route) tried generally unsuccessfully to control the interior trade. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Eventually, the prosperity of this trade would attract more powerful regional neighbors, such as Ancient Egypt, Assyria, the Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks and Romans, who would attempt to control the Canaanites politically, levying tribute, taxes and tariffs. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Often in such periods, thorough overgrazing would result in a climatic collapse and a repeat of the cycle (eg. PPNB, Ghassulian, Uruk, and the Bronze Age cycles already mentioned). Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her Archaeological excavations at Jericho The Ghassulian was an archaeological stage dating to the Middle Chalcolithic Period in southern Israel (c Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The fall of later Canaanite civilization occurred with the incorporation of the area into the Greco-Roman world (as Iudaea province), and after Byzantine times, into the Arab, Ottoman and Abbasid Caliphates. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Aramaic, one of the two lingua francas of Canaanite civilization, is still spoken in a number of small Syrian villages, whilst Phoenician Canaanite disappeared as a spoken language in about 100 AD. Aramaic is a Semitic language with A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pūt in Ancient Egyptian Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and The Canaanite languages or Hebraic languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, which were spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region

Egyptian Canaan

The name Canaan occurs in hieroglyphs as k3nˁnˁ on the Merneptah Stele in the 13th century BC
The name Canaan occurs in hieroglyphs as k3nˁnˁ on the Merneptah Stele in the 13th century BC

During the 2nd millennium BC, Ancient Egyptian texts use the term Canaan to refer to an Egyptian province, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the Hebrew Bible, bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of Hamath in Syria, to the east by the Jordan Valley, and to the south by a line extended from the Dead Sea to around Gaza (Numbers 34). Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek The Merneptah Stele (also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah) is the reverse of a large granite stele originally erected by the The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic Hama (ancient Hamath; Arabic: حماة meaning fortress is a city on the banks of the Orontes river in central Syria north of The Jordan Valley is a geographical region that forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. Nevertheless, the Egyptian and Hebrew uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of Qadesh in Syria near Turkey as part of the "Land of Canaan", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, Retenu. This article is about Kadesh in Syria see also Kadesh (South of Israel or Kedesh Kadesh (also Qadesh) was an ancient city of See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Retjenu ( rṯnw Reṯenu Retenu) was an Ancient Egyptian name for Canaan and Syria.

There is uncertainty about whether the name Canaan refers to a specific ethnic group wherever they live, the homeland of this ethnic group, or a region under the control of this ethnic group, or perhaps any of the three.

At the end of what is referred to as the Middle Kingdom era of Egypt, was a breakdown in centralised power, the assertion of independence by various nomarchs and the assumption of power in the Delta by Pharaohs of the 17th Dynasty. The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of Ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty Nomarchs were the semi- Feudal rulers of Ancient Egyptian provinces Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Around 1674 BC, these rulers, whom the Egyptians referred to as "rulers of foreign lands" (Egyptian, Heqa Khasut), hence "Hyksos" (Greek), came to control Lower Egypt (northern Egypt), evidently leaving Canaan an ethnically diverse land. The Hyksos ( Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers" Greek,, Arabic,) were an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Lower Egypt is the northern-most section of Egypt. It refers to the fertile Nile Delta region which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet

Among the migrant tribes who appear to have settled in the region were the Amorites. Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî In the Old Testament, we find Amorites mentioned in the Table of Peoples (Gen. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. The Table of Nations or Sons of Noah is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing within the Torah at Genesis 10 representing 10:16-18a). Evidently, the Amorites played a significant role in the early history of Canaan. In Gen. 14:7 f. , Josh. 10:5 f. , Deut. 1:19 f. , 27, 44, we find them located in the southern mountain country, while in Num. 21:13, Josh. 9:10, 24:8, 12, etc. , we hear of two great Amorite kings residing at Heshbon and Ashtaroth, east of the Jordan. Heshbon (also (HEsebon, Esbous Esebus Arabic حسبان was an ancient town located east of the Jordan River in the modern Hashemite Kingdom of In Demonology Astaroth (also Ashtaroth, Astarot, and Asteroth) is a Prince of Hell. However, in other passages such as Gen. 15:16, 48:22, Josh. 24:15, Judg. 1:34, etc. , the name Amorite is regarded as synonymous with "Canaanite" — only "Amorite" is never used for the population on the coast.

In Egyptian inscriptions Amar and Amurru are applied strictly to the more northerly mountain region east of Phoenicia, extending to the Orontes. See Orontid dynasty for the Armenian kings and satraps called Orontes In the Akkadian Empire, as early as Naram-Sin's reign (ca. 2240 BC), Amurru was called one of the "four quarters" surrounding Sumer, along with Subartu, Akkad, and Elam, and Amorite dynasties also came to dominate in Mesopotamia, including at Babylon and Isin. The land of Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur or Subartu (Akkadian Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri) was situated Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Later on, Amurru became the Assyrian term for the interior of south as well as for northerly Canaan. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. At this time the Canaanite area seemed divided between two confederacies, one centred upon Megiddo in the Jezreel Valley, the second on the more northerly city of Kadesh on the Orontes River. The Jezreel Valley (עמק יזרעאל Emek Yizrael) is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the south of the Lower Galilee region of Israel This article is about Kadesh in Syria see also Kadesh (South of Israel or Kedesh Kadesh (also Qadesh) was an ancient city of See Orontid dynasty for the Armenian kings and satraps called Orontes

In the centuries preceding the appearance of the Biblical Hebrews, Canaan and Syria became tributary to the Egyptian Pharaohs, although domination by the sovereign was not so strong as to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter-city struggles. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Under Thutmose III (1479–1426 BC) and Amenhotep II (1427–1400 BC), the regular presence of the strong hand of the Egyptian ruler and his armies kept the Syrians and Canaanites sufficiently loyal. Thutmose III (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis III and meaning Thoth is Born) was the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Amenhotep II (sometimes read as Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Nevertheless, Thutmose III reported a new and troubling element in the population. Habiru or (in Egyptian) 'Apiru, are reported for the first time. Habiru (Ha biru or Apiru or prw (Egyptianwas the name given by various Sumerian Egyptian, Akkadian Hittite, Mitanni These seem to have been mercenaries, brigands or outlaws, who may have at one time led a settled life, but with bad-luck or due to the force of circumstances, contributed a rootless element of the population, prepared to hire themselves to whichever local mayor or princeling prepared to undertake their support. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by An outlaw or bandit is a person living the lifestyle of outlawry; the word literally means "outside the Law " by folk-etymology from the original Although Habiru SA-GAZ (a Sumerian ideogram glossed as "brigand" in Akkadian), and sometimes Habiri (an Akkadian word) had been reported in Mesopotamia from the reign of Shulgi of Ur III, their appearance in Canaan appears to have been due to the arrival of a new state in Northern Mesopotamia based upon Maryannu aristocracy of horse drawn charioteers, associated with the Indo-Aryan rulers of the Hurrians, known as Mitanni. Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Habiru (Ha biru or Apiru or prw (Egyptianwas the name given by various Sumerian Egyptian, Akkadian Hittite, Mitanni Shulgi (also formerly read as Dungi) of Urim was the second king of the " Sumerian Renaissance " The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC ( Short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Maryannu is an ancient word for the caste of Chariot -mounted hereditary warrior nobility which dominated many of the societies of the Middle East during the Bronze Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) The Habiru seem to have been more a social class than any ethnic group. One analysis shows that the majority were, however, Hurrian, though there were a number of Semites and even some Kassite adventurers amongst their number. The reign of Amenhotep III, as a result was not quite so tranquil for the Asiatic province, as Habiru/'Apiru contributed to greater political instability. Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. It is believed that turbulent chiefs began to seek their opportunities, though as a rule could not find them without the help of a neighboring king. The boldest of the disaffected nobles was Aziru, son of Abdi-Ashirta, a prince of Amurru, who even before the death of Amenhotep III, endeavoured to extend his power into the plain of Damascus. Aziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru modern Lebanon, in the fourteenth century BC. Abdi-Ashirta (c 1300s BC) was the ruler of Amurru a new kingdom in southern Syria subject to nominal Egyptian control that was in conflict with King Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Akizzi, governor of Katna-(Qatna?) (near Hamath), reported this to the Pharaoh, who seems to have sought to frustrate his attempts. Prince Akizzi was the ruler of Qatna in the 14th century BC. Prince Akizzi authored three of the Amarna letters correspondence Kątna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Długołęka, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland Qatna, (Arabic "قطنا" modern Tell el-Mishrife, Arabic "المشرفة" Syria, in the Wadi Il-Aswad, a tributary of Hama (ancient Hamath; Arabic: حماة meaning fortress is a city on the banks of the Orontes river in central Syria north of In the next reign, however, both father and son caused infinite trouble to loyal servants of Egypt like Rib-Addi, governor of Gubla (Gebal), not the least through transferring loyalty from the Egyptian crown to that of the expanding neighbouring Hittites under Suppiluliuma I. Rib-Hadda (also rendered Rib-Addi, Rib-Addu, Rib-Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE Byblos ( Βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology)

Egyptian power in Canaan thus suffered a major setback when the Hittites (or Hatti) advanced into Syria in the reign of Amenhotep III, and became even more threatening in that of his successor, displacing the Amurru and prompting a resumption of Semitic migration. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Abd-Ashirta and his son Aziru, at first afraid of the Hittites, afterwards made a treaty with their king, and joining with other external powers, attacked the districts remaining loyal to Egypt. In vain did Rib-Addi send touching appeals for aid to the distant Pharaoh, who was far too engaged in his religious innovations to attend to such messages.

In the el Amarna letters (~1350 BC) sent by governors and princes of Canaan to their Egyptian overlord Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) in the 14th century BC — commonly known as the Tel-el-Amarna tablets — we find, beside Amar and Amurru (Amorites), the two forms Kinahhi and Kinahni, corresponding to Kena' and Kena'an respectively, and including Syria in its widest extent, as Eduard Meyer has shown. The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Eduard Meyer ( January 25, 1855 - August 31, 1930) was an eminent German Historian, born at Hamburg and educated The letters are written in the official and diplomatic Akkadian language, though "Canaanitish" words and idioms are also in evidence.

In the El Amarna letters(~1350 BC), we meet with the Habiri in northern Syria. The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Itakkama wrote thus to the Pharaoh,

"Behold, Namyawaza has surrendered all the cities of the king, my lord to the SA-GAZ in the land of Kadesh and in Ubi. Etakkama, as a common name but also Aitukama Atak(kama Etak(kama and Itak(kama is the name for the 'mayor' (king of Qidšu ( Kadesh) of the 1350 Biryawaza was king of Damascus in the middle fourteenth century BC This article is about Kadesh in Syria see also Kadesh (South of Israel or Kedesh Kadesh (also Qadesh) was an ancient city of Upu, also called Apu -(and Ubi or Upi by some authors was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters But I will go, and if thy gods and thy sun go before me, I will bring back the cities to the king, my lord, from the Habiri, to show myself subject to him; and I will expel the SA-GAZ. "

Similarly Zimrida, king of Sidon- (named 'Siduna'), declared, "All my cities which the king has given into my hand, have come into the hand of the Habiri. Zimredda (Sidon mayor, also Zimr-Edda or Zimr-Eddi was the mayor of Siduna, (modern Sidon) in the mid 14th century BC. Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh " The king of Jerusalem, Abdi-Heba, reported to the Pharaoh,

"If (Egyptian) troops come this year, lands and princes will remain to the king, my lord; but if troops come not, these lands and princes will not remain to the king, my lord. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Abdi-Heba ( Abdi-Kheba, Abdi-Hepat or Abdi-Hebat) was king of Jerusalem (called Urusalim at that time during the Amarna period (mid-1330s "

Abdi-heba's principle trouble arose from persons called Iilkili and the sons of Labaya, who are said to have entered into a treasonable league with the Habiri. Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a Canaanite warlord who lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten (14th century BCE Apparently this restless warrior found his death at the siege of Gina. Gina (Canaan mentioned in the Amarna Letters, was a town in ancient Canaan. All these princes, however, maligned each other in their letters to the Pharaoh, and protested their own innocence of traitorous intentions. Namyawaza, for instance, whom Itakkama (see above) accused of disloyalty, wrote thus to the Pharaoh,

"Behold, I and my warriors and my chariots, together with my brethren and my SA-GAZ, and my Suti ?9 are at the disposal of the (royal) troops to go whithersoever the king, my lord, commands. The Suteans were a tribe who lived throughout the Levant and Canaan circa 1350 BC. " [19]

Just after the Amarna period a new problem arose which was to trouble the Egyptian control of Canaan. Pharaoh Horemhab campaigned against Shasu (Egyptian = "wanderers") or living in nomadic pastoralist tribes, who had moved across the Jordan to threaten Egyptian trade through Galilee and Jezreel. Shasu is an Egyptian term for Nomads who appeared in the Levant from the fifteenth century BCE all the way to the Third Intermediate Period. Nomadic pastoralism is a form of Agriculture where Livestock (such as cattle sheep goats and camels are taken to different locations in order to find fresh Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, The Jezreel Valley (עמק יזרעאל Emek Yizrael) is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the south of the Lower Galilee region of Israel Seti I (ca. Menmaatre Seti I (also called Sethos I after the Greeks) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt ( Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt) the son of Ramesses 1290 BC) is said to have conquered these Shasu, Semitic nomads living just south and east of the Dead Sea, from the fortress of Taru (Shtir?) to "Ka-n-'-na". Shasu is an Egyptian term for Nomads who appeared in the Levant from the fifteenth century BCE all the way to the Third Intermediate Period. The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between After the near collapse of the Battle of Kadesh, Rameses II had to campaign vigorously in Canaan to maintain Egyptian power. } The Battle of Kadesh (also Qadesh) took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Egyptian forces penetrated into Moab and Ammon, where a permanent fortress garrison (Called simply "Rameses") was established. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east After the collapse of the Levant under the so called "Peoples of the Sea" Ramesses III (ca. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political Usimare Ramses III (also written Ramesses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great 1194 BC) is said to have built a temple to the god Amen in "Ka-n-'-na. Amun, reconstructed Egyptian Yamānu (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Ἄμμων " This geographic name probably meant all of western Syria and Canaan, with Raphia, "the (first) city of the Ka-n-'-na,", on the southwest boundary toward the desert. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Some archaeologists have proposed that Egyptian records of the 13th century BC are early written reports of a monotheistic belief in Yahweh noted among the nomadic Shasu. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] For information about Yahweh see God in Abrahamic religions, which provides useful links Evidently, belief in Yahweh had arisen among these nomadic peoples. By the reign of King Josiah (around 650 BC). Josiah or Yoshiyahu ( was king of Judah, and son of Amon and Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. Events and trends Occupation begins at Maya site of Piedras Negras Guatemala. [20][21] Yahweh had displaced the polytheistic family of "El" as the principle God amongst those living in the high country of Israel and Judah.

Some believe the "Habiru" signified generally all the nomadic tribes known as "Hebrews. " and particularly the early Israelites, who sought to appropriate the fertile region for themselves, but the term was rarely used to describe the Shasu. Shasu is an Egyptian term for Nomads who appeared in the Levant from the fifteenth century BCE all the way to the Third Intermediate Period. Whether the term may also include other related peoples such as the Moabites, Ammonites and Edomites is uncertain. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east It may not be an ethnonym at all; see the Habiru article for details. An ethnonym ( Gk έθνος ethnos, 'tribe' + όνομα onoma, 'name' is the name applied to a given Ethnic group. Habiru (Ha biru or Apiru or prw (Egyptianwas the name given by various Sumerian Egyptian, Akkadian Hittite, Mitanni

Biblical Canaanites

The Middle East through eyes of the ancient Israelites (according to the Documentary hypothesis)
The Middle East through eyes of the ancient Israelites (according to the Documentary hypothesis)

The part of the book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible often called the Table of Nations describes the Canaanites as being descended from an ancestor called Canaan (Hebrew: כְּנַעַן‎, Knaan), saying (Genesis 10:15–19):

Canaan is the father of Sidon, his firstborn; and of the Hittites, Jebusites, Amorites, Girgashites, Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, Arvadites, Zemarites, and Hamathites. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The Table of Nations or Sons of Noah is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing within the Torah at Genesis 10 representing Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established According to the Hebrew Bible, the Jebusites ( were a Canaanite tribe who inhabited the region around Jerusalem prior to its capture by King David Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî This list contains tribes or other groups of people named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections The Hivites were one of the sons of Canaan according to the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 This list contains persons named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections This list contains persons named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections This list contains persons named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections This list contains persons named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections Later the Canaanite clans scattered, and the borders of Canaan reached [across the Mediterranean coast] from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, and then [inland around the Jordan Valley] toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.

The Biblical scholar, Richard Friedman, argues that this part of Genesis showing the origin of the Canaanites was written by the hypothetical Priestly Source[22][23]. Richard Friedman is the name of Richard A Friedman, American psychiatrist Richard Elliott Friedman, biblical scholar Richard S The Priestly Source (P is posited as the most recent of the four chief sources of the Torah, as postulated by the long-established "standard" Wellhausen (or Graf-Wellhausen

The Sidon whom the Table identifies as the firstborn son of Canaan has the same name as that of the coastal city of Sidon, in Lebanon. Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh This city dominated the Phoenician coast, and may have enjoyed hegemony over a number of ethnic groups, who are said to belong to the "Land of Canaan". Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun

Similarly, Canaanite populations are said to have inhabited:

During the Canaanite Period of the Archaeology of Israel, the cities of Canaan were ruled by vassals of the Egyptian Empire. The archaeology of Israel is researched intensively in the universities of the region and also attracts considerable international interest on account of the region's Biblical The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and The Table of Nations calls Canaan the "son of Ham", whose ethnicities, e. g. Egypt ("Mitzrayim"), are associated with Africa (Genesis 10:6).

A Biblical story involving Canaan seems to refer to the ancient discovery of the cultivation of grapes around 4000 BC around the area of Ararat, which is associated with Noah. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is Noah (or Noe, Noach;; Nūḥ; Arabic: نوح; "Rest") was according to the Bible, the tenth and last of [24] After the Flood, Noah planted a vineyard, made wine but became drunk. Noah (or Noe, Noach;; Nūḥ; Arabic: نوح; "Rest") was according to the Bible, the tenth and last of While intoxicated, an incident occurred involving him and his youngest son, Ham. The Curse of Ham (also called the curse of Canaan) refers to the curse that Ham 's father Noah placed upon Ham's son Canaan, after Ham "saw Ham (; Greek Χαμ, Cham; Arabic: ar حام, xam, "hot" according to the Table of Nations in Genesis, was a Afterward, Noah cursed Ham's son Canaan (but not Ham, for reasons that are not stated) to a life of servitude (a possible pun on the Hebrew word "Can" meaning serviteur). He is to serve his brothers (who were not cursed either due to the respect they exhibited towards their inebriated father) and also his uncles Shem and Japheth (Genesis 9:20–27). Shem (; Greek: Σημ, Sēm; Arabic: ar سام; Ge'ez: ሴም Sēm; "renown prosperity name" Japheth (ˈdʒeɪfɪθ Hebrew. יפת Greek Ιάφεθ, Iapheth, Latin Iafeth or Iapetus Arabic يافث Noah's curse is typically interpreted to apply to the descendants of the mentioned figures. "Shem" includes the Israelites, Moabites, and Ammonites, who dominated the Canaanite inland areas around the Jordan Valley. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east

The Canaanites (Hebrew: כנענים, Standard Knaanim Tiberian Kəna‘anîm) are said to have been one of seven regional ethnic divisions or "nations" driven out before the Israelites following the Exodus. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. Specifically, the other nations include the Hittites, the Girgashites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites (Deuteronomy 7:1). The Hittites (also Hethites) and Children of Heth, translating Hebrew HTY and BNY-HT are the second of the eleven Canaanite This list contains tribes or other groups of people named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî Perizzites - villagers dwellers in the open country the Girgashite Canaanite nation inhabiting the fertile regions south and south-west of Carmel The Hivites were one of the sons of Canaan according to the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 According to the Hebrew Bible, the Jebusites ( were a Canaanite tribe who inhabited the region around Jerusalem prior to its capture by King David

According to the Book of Jubilees, the Israelite conquest of Canaan, and the curse, are attributed to Canaan's steadfast refusal to join his elder brothers in Ham's allotment beyond the Nile, and instead "squatting" on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, within the inheritance delineated for Shem. Jubilee The Book of Jubilees (ספר היובלים sometimes called the Lesser Genesis ( Leptogenesis) is an ancient Jewish religious work considered

The Bible describes God cautioning the Israelites against the sexual idolatry of the Canaanites and their fertility cult (Leviticus 18:27). Fertility rites are religious Rituals that reenact either actually or symbolically sexual acts and/or reproductive processes Thus the Land of the Canaanites, defined as including these seven groups, was deemed suitable for conquest by the Israelites partly on moral grounds (Deuteronomy 20:16–17). One of the 613 mitzvot (precisely n. See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos 596) prescribes that no inhabitants of the cities of six Canaanite nations, the same as mentioned in 7:1, minus the Girgashites, were to be left alive.

By the time of the Second Temple, "Canaanite" in Hebrew had come to be not an ethnic designation, so much as a general synonym for "merchant", as it is interpreted in, for example, Zechariah 14:21.

Historical context

It has been argued that the Israelites were themselves Canaanites, and that "historical Israel", as distinct from "literary" or "Biblical Israel" was a subset of Canaanite culture [25]. "Canaan" when used in this sense refers to the entire Ancient Near Eastern Levant down to about 100 AD, including the kingdoms of Israel and Judah[26]. The Ancient Near East refers to early Civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the For example, Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the 'Canaanites' and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and 'Canaanites' in the Iron I period (ca. 1200-1000 BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from 'Canaanite' culture. . . In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period. " (pp6-7)[27].

Unlike Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt, where documentation exists that is rich and varied, the documentation about Canaan is very sparse. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The only sources that come from inside the region are from Syria - with Bronze Age cuneiform archives of Ebla, Mari, Alalakh and Ugarit. Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Alalakh (or Alalah, modern Tell Atchana near Antakya (ancient Antioch) Turkey) is the name of an ancient Amorite Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel Iron Age materials are even more scarce, as writing then was mostly on papyrus, of which, unlike Egypt, none of which has survived the humid climates of the most populous parts of the region. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man.

The material of the Bible cannot be ignored historically, but ever since the ground-breaking publication of Thomas L. Thompson's 1974 monumental and painstaking study "Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives"[28], has established a backbone for epigraphers, archaeologists and Old Testament scholars that cannot be ignored[29], any debate on the historicity of the Canaanites as presented in Genesis has to take into account that the Biblical narratives represent a compilation of many individual sources of information, and according to Biblical minimalism, the process of editing these sources into a coherent narrative cannot have occurred at the earliest before the 7th or possibly the 6th century BC. Thomas L Thompson (born Jan 7, 1939 in Detroit Michigan) is a biblical theologian who lives in Denmark and is now a Danish citizen The Copenhagen School of Biblical Studies also known as The Minimalist School is a school of biblical Exegesis, developing out of Higher Criticism [30][31][32][33] (this assertion is widely disputed by both conservative scholars, however). The writers or editors of these Biblical texts had access to a very wide variety of source materials [34][35], most of which were contemporary or near contemporary with the time of writing. These included religious and literary texts, songs, geographic and topographical information, traditional folk legends, propaganda and annalistic and chronological information of specific events. This material had an unknown and generally variable credibility [36][37]. The intention of the writers was not to produce an objective modern historical account[38][39][40], but instead to present a rationalisation for the theological and genealogical emergence of the monotheistic entity called Israel, bound in a specific covenant with a single divinity. Genesis was never intended to be a manual for archaeological excavation, as the anachronisms were of no concern to its contemporary audience, for whom the texts had meaning[41].

Names of Canaanite kings or other figures mentioned in historiography or known through archaeology

Confirmed archaeologically

Biblical Characters

Rulers of Tyre

Phoenician Canaanites

See also: Phoenicians

Early on the Canaanites acquired fame as traders across a wide area beyond the Near East. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century There are occasional instances in the Hebrew Bible where "Canaanite" is used as a synonym for "merchant" — presumably indicating the aspect of Canaanite culture that the authors found most familiar. Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. The term was derived from the place name, because so many merchants described themselves as Canaanites.

One of Canaan's most famous exports was a much sought-after purple dye, derived from two species of Murex sea snails found along the east Mediterranean coast and worn proudly by figures from ancient kings to modern popes. Hexaplex trunculus (also known as Murex trunculus or the banded dye-murex) is a medium-sized Species of sea Snail,

Between ca. 1200–1100 BC, most of southern Canaan was settled, and according to the Bible conquered, by the Israelites, while the northern areas were taken over by Arameans. The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group The remaining area still under clear Canaanite control, is referred to by its Greek name, "Phoenicia" (meaning "purple", in reference to the land's famous dye). Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun

Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus affirms that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name that Philo of Byblos subsequently adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Hecataeus of Miletus (c 550&ndashc 476 BC named after the Greek Goddess Hecate, was a Greek Philosopher of a wealthy The more famous Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE-40 CE was an educated Hellenized Jewish philosopher Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Quoting fragments attributed to Sanchuniathon, he relates that Byblos, Berytus and Tyre were among the first cities ever built, under the rule of the mythical Cronus, and credits the inhabitants with developing fishing, hunting, agriculture, shipbuiding and writing. Sanchuniathon is the purported Phoenician author of three lost works originally in the Phoenician language, surviving only in partial paraphrase and summary of a Byblos ( Βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla) Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Cronus or Kronos, ( Ancient Greek Κρόνος Krónos) was the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, divine descendants

St. Augustine also mentions that one of the terms the seafaring Phoenicians called their homeland was "Canaan. " This is further confirmed by coins of the city of Laodicea by the Lebanon, that bear the legend, "Of Laodicea, a metropolis in Canaan"; these coins are dated to the reign of Antiochus IV (175–164 BC) and his successors. Latakia or Latakiyah (اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Λαοδικεία transliterated as Laodicea, Laodikeia or Laodiceia, Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Gaius Julius Antiochus IV Epiphanes, also known as Antiochus IV Epiphanes or Antiochus IV of Commagene, ( Greek: ο Γαίος Ιούλιος Αντίοχος Events By place Seleucid Empire King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for

The first of many Canaanites who emigrated seaward finally settled in Carthage, and St. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Augustine adds that the country people near Hippo, presumably Punic in origin, still called themselves Chanani in his day. Hippo Regius is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba (formerly Bône Algeria. The Punics, (from Latin pūnicus meaning Phoenician were a group of Western Semitic speaking peoples originating from Carthage

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Tubb, Jonathan N. Canaanite religion is the name for the group of Ancient Semitic religions observed by the Canaanites living in the ancient Levant from at least the early The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic This is a list of the " Amarna letters " &ndash Text corpus, categorized by Amarna letters-localities and their rulers. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Over recorded history there have been many names of the Levant, a large area in the Middle East The Qemant are a small ethnic group in Ethiopia, who despite their close historical and ethnic relationship should not be confused with the Beta Israel. (1998)"Canaanites" (British Museum Peoples of the Past)
  2. ^ Lewis '93, quote:
    [p. 16] "Until we can dig for history in Arabia, as we have dug in Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia, the early centuries of Arabia will remain obscure, and the searcher in the
    [p. 17] field will have to pick his way warily among the debris of half-erected and half-demolished hypotheses which the historian, with the scanty equipment of fact that he now possesses, can neither complete nor raze to the ground.
    Perhaps the best known of these is Winckler-Caetani theory, so named after its two most distinguished proponents. Hugo Winckler ( July 4, 1863, Gräfenhainchen, Saxony &mdash April 19, 1913, Berlin) was a German Leone Caetani ( September 12 1869 – December 25[[ 935]] Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani) was an Italian scholar The Winckler-Caetani theory, named after its two most distinguished proponents Hugo Winckler and Leone Caetani, which claims that Arabia was originally a land of According to this, Arabia was originally a land of great fertility and the first home of the Semitic peoples. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Through the millennia it has been undergoing a process of steady dessication, a drying up of wealth and waterways and spread of the desert at the expenses of the cultivable land. Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying The declining productivity of the peninsula, together with the increase in the number of the inhabitants, led to a series of crises of overpopulation and consequently to a recurring cycle of invasions of the neighbouring countries by the semitic peoples of the peninsula. It was these crises that carried the Assyrians, the Aramaeans, Canaanites (including the Phoenicians and Hebrews), and finally the Arabs themselves into the Fertile Crescent. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Hebrews (or Hebertes, Eberites, Hebreians, " Habiru " or " Habiri " Hebrew: עברים The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often The Arabs of history would thus be the undifferentiated residue after the great invasion of ancient history had taken place.
    "
  3. ^ ARABIA
  4. ^ Zarins, Juris (1992), "Pastoral nomadism in Arabia: ethnoarchaeology and the archaeological record—a case study" in in O. Bar-Yosef and A. Khazanov, eds. "Pastoralism in the Levant"
  5. ^ Canaan. Retrieved on [[26 March 2008]]. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  6. ^ Canaan article in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia online
  7. ^ The Land of Israel: National Home Or Land of Destiny, By Eliezer Schweid, Translated by Deborah Greniman, Published 1985 Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, ISBN 0838632343
  8. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (The British Museum Peoples of the Past)
  9. ^ Asimov, Isaac, Asimov's Guide to the Bible, Volume I, Page 44, Avon 1971
  10. ^ John N. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Asimov's Guide to the Bible is a work by Isaac Asimov that was first published in two volumes covering the Old Testament (including the Apocrypha Oswalt, "כנען," in R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer and Bruce K. Waltke (eds. ), Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (Chicago: Moody, 1980) 445-446.
  11. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (!998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past) p. 15
  12. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (!998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past)
  13. ^ Killebrew Ann E. "Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment" in Andrew G. Vaughn and Ann E. Killebrew, eds. , "Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period" (SBL Symposium Series 18; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003)
  14. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past) p. 16
  15. ^ See [1]
  16. ^ http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/urseals.htm
  17. ^ Bright, John (2000) "A History of Israel" (John Knox Press Westminster)
  18. ^ Albright, William F. "From Abraham to Ezra"
  19. ^ El Amarna letter, EA 189. William Foxwell Albright ( May 24, 1891 – September 19 / September 20, 1971) was an American archaeologist,
  20. ^ Who Were the Early Israelites?, William G. Dever. William G Dever is an American Archaeologist, specialising in the history of Israel and the Near East in Biblical times who was Professor of Near Eastern Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 2003, pp. 128, 236.
  21. ^ Neil A. Silberman and Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed. Neil Asher Silberman (born June 19 1950 Boston Massachusetts is an Archaeologist and historian with a special interest in history archaeology public interpretation and Israel Finkelstein is an Israeli archaeologist and academic. He is currently the Jacob M New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
  22. ^ Friedman, Richard Elliot (1997), "Who Wrote the Bible" (Eerdmans)
  23. ^ Friedman, Richard Elliot (2005), "The Bible with Sources Revealed" (Eerdmans)
  24. ^ http://www.savoreachglass.com/articles.php/13
  25. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past) p. 16
  26. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past) p. 16
  27. ^ Smith Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
  28. ^ Thompson, Thomas L. (1974) "Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives"
  29. ^ Van Seters, John "Abraham in History and Tradition"
  30. ^ "But now, all the thinking about the historicity of the Patriarchs is being radically reexamined. The somewhat facile assumptions of the past are under fierce scrutiny" (p. 25) Magnusson, Magnus ((1977) "The archaeology of the Bible Lands" (Bodley Head BBC)
  31. ^ Thompason, Thomas L. (2000), "The Bible in History: How writers create a past" (Pimlico)
  32. ^ Mitchell, T. C. "The Bible in the British Museum: Interpreting the Evidence" (British Museum Press) p. 75
  33. ^ Jagersma, H. A (1985) "History of Israel to Bar Kochba" (SCM Press) pp. 14-33
  34. ^ Redford Donald B> "Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times"(Princeton Uni Press) pp. 137ff
  35. ^ "First the narratives represent a compilation of very many individual sources" (p. 17) Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past)
  36. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past) p. 17
  37. ^ Soggin, J. Alberto (1985), "A History of Israel: from the beginnings to the Bar Kochba revolt" (SCM Press) pp. 90-108
  38. ^ Whitelam, Keith W. (1996), "The Invention of Ancient Israel: the silencing of Palestinian history" (Routledge) pp. 52-57
  39. ^ Anderson, G. W. (1966), "The History and Religion of Israel" (Oxford Uni Press) pp. 15-21
  40. ^ "Unfortnately there are serious problems with this [Genesis Patriarchs] Scheme. First it accepts impossibly long lifespans assigned to the patriarchs. Second it is internally inconsistent. Moses and Aaron were the fourth generation descendents of Jacobs son Levi. . . The 430 years assigned to slavery in Egypt is too much for the three generations from Levi to Moses, an average of 143 years" pp. 2-3 ,McCarter, P. Kyle The Patriarchal Age: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob" in Shanks, Hershel (Ed)(1989), "Ancient Israel: A Short History from Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple" (SPCK)
  41. ^ Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998) "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past)

References

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

Canaan

-noun

  1. An historic region of the Middle East.
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