Contents 1 Prehistoric era 2 Early Roman Camulodunum 3 Roman town 4 References 4.1 Bibliography

Camulodunum is the Roman name for the ancient settlement which is today's Colchester, a town in Essex, England. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Colchester ( /ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/ is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Camulodunum is the oldest town in England as recorded by the Romans, existing as a Celtic settlement before the Roman conquest, when it became the first Roman town, and eventually a settlement of discharged Roman soldiers, known as Colonia Claudia Victricensis. The Oldest town in Britain is a title claimed by a number of settlements in Great Britain. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC There is archaeological evidence of settlement 3,000 years ago. Its Celtic name was "Camulodunon", meaning "the Fortress of Camulos" (Camulos being a British god equated with the Roman Mars). In Celtic mythology, Camulus or Camulos was the god of war of the Remi, a Celtic tribe who lived in the area of today's Belgium Mars was the Roman Warrior god, the son of Juno and Jupiter, husband of Bellona, and the lover of Venus. This name was modified to the Roman spelling of "Camulodunum".

Prehistoric era

Camulodunon was the capital of the Trinovantes tribe, who built an impressive system of earthwork defences to the west and south of the town. The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic Tribes that lived in pre- Roman Britain. It was probably established as their capital by Addedomarus, a king known from his inscribed coins dating to around 25 - 10 BC (at the time of Caesar's invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, the tribe were probably based at Braughing). Addedomarus (sometimes written Aθθedomarus on coins was a king of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC. During his Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar invaded' Britain twice in 55 and 54 BC. Braughing (pronounced /'bɹæfɪŋ/ is a Village and Civil parish, between the rivers Quin and Rib, in the Non-metropolitan district For a brief period around 10 BC Tasciovanus, a king of the Catuvellauni already issuing coins from Verlamion, also issued coins from Camulodunon, suggesting that the Trinovantes' capital had been conquered by the Catuvellauni, but he was soon forced to withdraw, perhaps as a result of Roman pressure – his later coins are no longer marked with the Latin REX (for "king"), but with the Brythonic RICON – and Addedomarus was restored. Tasciovanus was a historical king of the Catuvellauni tribe before the Roman conquest of Britain. The Catuvellauni were a Celtic Belgic tribe or state of south-eastern Britain before the Roman conquest. Verlamion, or Verlamio ("settlement above the marsh" was the capital of the Catuvellauni tribe in Iron Age Britain from approximately 20 BC Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. His son Dubnovellaunus succeeded him, but was soon supplanted by Tasciovanus' son Cunobelinus. Dubnovellaunus or Dumnovellaunus was the name of at least one and possibly several kings of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC /early Cunobelinus (also written Kynobellinus, Κυνοβελλίνος in Greek sometimes abbreviated to Cunobelin) (late 1st century BC - 40s AD Cunobelinus then succeeded his father at Verlamion, beginning the dominance of the Catuvellauni over the south-east. ^[1] Cunobelinus was friendly with Rome, marking his coins with the word REX and classical motifs rather than the traditional Gallo-Belgic designs. Archaeology shows an increase in imported luxury goods, probably through the port of Caulodunon, during his reign. ^[2] He was probably one of the British kings that Strabo says sent embassies to Augustus. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Strabo reports Rome's lucrative trade with Britain: the island's exports included grain, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs. ^[3]

Early Roman Camulodunum

Cunobelinus had died prior to the Roman invasion under Aulus Plautius in 43, and the British defence was led by his sons Caratacus and Togodumnus. Aulus Plautius was a Roman politician and general of the mid-1st century Caratacus ( Brythonic *Caratācos, Greek Καράτακος; variants Latin Caractacus, Greek Καρτάκης Togodumnus (d AD 43 was a historical king of the British Catuvellauni tribe at the time of the Roman conquest. Plautius secured a crossing point of the River Thames, halted, and sent word for the emperor Claudius to lead the march to Camulodunon. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to Claudius arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants,^[4] but as Suetonius and Claudius' triumphal arch state, the British kings surrendered without further bloodshed. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. ^[5]

A Roman legionary fortress or castra, the first permanent legionary fortress to be built in Britain, was established at Camulodunum in 43. The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military A veteran colony was established in an effort to subdue the Silures and as part of an attempt at Romanisation. The Silures were a powerful and warlike Tribe of ancient Britain, occupying approximately the counties of Monmouthshire, Breconshire and Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which ^[6] Later it became a colonia – a settlement of discharged Roman soldiers – and the principal city of Roman Britain. A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it A Roman monumental temple was built there c. The Temple of Claudius (Templum Claudii or Temple of the Deified Claudius (Templum Divi Claudii built in Camulodunum ( Roman Colchester) around AD 44 and was dedicated to the emperor Claudius. ^[7]

According to Tacitus, in 60/61 when the Iceni and Trinovantes under Boudica revolted against Roman rule, the city was undefended by fortifications,^[8] and was only garrisoned by 200 members of the procurator's guard. The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic Tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic Tribes that lived in pre- Roman Britain. Boudica (also spelled Boudicca, formerly known as Boadicea, and known in Welsh culture and legends as "Buddug" (d ^[9] The rebels destroyed the city. The settlement was a target for the rebels because the veterans who inhabited the city had "drove people out of their houses, ejected them from their farms, called them captives and slaves". ^[8] The temple, where the citizens had taken refuge, was destroyed after a two day siege. After the defeat of the uprising, the administrative centre of the Roman province moved to the newly established commercial settlement of Londinium (London). This article covers the history of London during the Roman period from around 47 AD when the Roman city of Londinium was founded London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[10]

Roman town

Colchester was the only place in the province of Britannia where samian ware was produced (for a short time). Samian ware is a kind of bright red Roman Pottery also known as terra sigillata (although this is not quite correct on the continental mainland terra Roman brick making and wine growing also took place in the area. Bricks have been made in Colchester (or in the surrounding area) for around 2,000 years.

Many Roman mosaics and artifacts have been found in subsequent archaeological digs in the town and some can be seen at the Colchester Castle museum. Colchester Castle in Colchester, Essex ( is an example of a largely complete Norman Castle, built in the same style as the White Tower of the The Roman walls still survive (they are the most complete in the country) and they contain the largest surviving Roman gateway in Britain. Many holes have been cut in the walls over the years and the history of the whole town can be seen in its surviving structure. Medieval buttresses, shops and steps are still present in Colchester, reusing spolia. Spolia ( Latin, 'spoils' is a modern art-historical term used to describe the re-use of earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments

References

Bibliography

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