Campus radio - Citizendia

Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Programming may be exclusively by students, or may include programmers from the wider community in which the station is based. Sometimes campus stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other stations exist to provide an alternative to commercial or government broadcasters.

Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and so have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness — or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement — to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits. Contemporary hit radio (also known as CHR, Contemporary Hits, or Top 40) is a Radio format that is common in the United States and Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends (cf. alternative rock in the latter portion of the 20th century in the United States and elsewhere). Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Despite this, many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Spoken word is a form of literary Art or artistic performance in which Lyrics, Poetry, or stories are spoken rather than sung Often the format is best described as a freeform radio format, with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. Freeform, or freeform radio, is a Radio station programming format in which the Disc jockey is given total control over A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience A number of these stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet.

Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only. Low-power broadcasting is the concept of Broadcasting at very low power and low cost to a small community area Carrier current is a method of low power AM broadcasting that does not require a broadcast license in the United States, but is allowed on the Campus of Some stations are distributed through the cable television network on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV station. Cable Radio or Cable FM is a concept similar to that of Cable television, bringing Radio signals into Homes and Businesses via Second ' audio program' ( SAP) is an Auxiliary audio channel for Analog television that can be broadcast or transmitted Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more Internet radio feeds — either instead of, or in addition to a campus radio station — which may differ in format significantly from licensed traditional campus radio. Internet radio (also known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio and e-radio) is an audio Broadcasting service transmitted via

1 Campus radio around the world
2 See also

Campus radio around the world

Canada

In Canada, radio stations are regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) which provides that "a campus radio station is a station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution" (see the Campus Radio Policy). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page CRTC may also stand for Cathode Ray Tube Controller. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC, in French Conseil The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio: instructional (for training of professional broadcasters) and community-based campus (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based format is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio. "

Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from a requirement not to compete directly with commercial stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum.

The first licensed community-based campus radio station was CKCU-FM (based at Carleton University in Ottawa) which first broadcast on November 14, 1975. CKCU-FM is a Canadian community-based Campus radio station broadcasting at 93 This article is about the university in Ottawa Ontario Canada Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Prior to this date, some developmental university radio projects had previously produced and aired programs on commercial radio stations, and CJRT-FM, a campus radio station of the instructional type, had been on air since 1949. CJRT-FM is a Canadian Public radio station which broadcasts at 91 Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CFRC at Queen's University has been on the air since 1923, however, until the 1940s it was a commercial radio station and even a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation affiliate. CFRC is the Campus radio station of Queen's University in Kingston Ontario, Canada. Queen's University, generally referred to simply as Queen's, is a coeducational non-sectarian Public university located in Kingston, Ontario Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through the use of conditions of license that stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in the Canadian content system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. Canadian content (abbreviated cancon or can-con) refers to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission requirements that Radio (In early 2005, Humber College's radio station CKHC-FM became the first broadcast station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Humber College Institute of Technology & Advanced Learning (generally referred to as Humber) is a College in Toronto, Ontario, CKHC is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 969 FM in Toronto, Ontario. ) Other requirements generally made of campus stations include quotas of non-hit, folk and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming.

Most English language campus radio stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association. The National Campus and Community Radio Association/L'Association nationale des radios étudiantes et communautaires ( NCRA/ANREC) is a Non-profit organization of

See also List of campus radio stations in Canada. This is a list of Campus radio stations in Canada. Most stations listed here are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association, or NCRA

India

Community groups in India, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been campaigning for permission to set up community radio (CR) stations since the late nineties. But the government, particularly under the earlier Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), allowed the setting up of campus radio stations by educational institutions. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political

News, as of November 2006, has it that the India cabinet decided to grant permission to non-profit organizations and educational institutions to set up community radio stations. The cabinet decision will allow civil society and voluntary organizations, state agriculture universities and institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or agricultural science centres, registered societies and autonomous boards and public trusts registered under Societies Act to start community radio stations.

Ravi Shankar Prasad, the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the BJP-lead National Democratic Alliance government, told India's upper house of parliament the Rajya Sabha on December 22, 2003, that four organizations including Jammu University and Kashmir University were found ineligible for grant of license as per the laid down guidelines. Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad a politician from Bharatiya Janata Party is presently a Member of the Parliament of India representing Bihar in the Rajya The Rajya Sabha (meaning the "Council of States" is the Upper house of the Parliament of India. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The minister also ruled out any review of the policy despite limited response to the non-commercial, low-powered FM radio scheme which former information and broadcasting minister Sushma Swaraj had said would "revolutionize" radio broadcast in the country. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that Sushma Swaraj (born February 14, 1952) is a former union cabinet minister of India

Radio enthusiast Alokesh Gupta saying: "The announcement of the Government was to have seen 1000 radio stations by December 2003. Instead administrative wrangling came in the way of implementing the project as colleges spent time running around for licenses and approval from four ministries — Home Affairs, Communications & Information & Broadcasting — as they took their time processing applications. "

On February 2, 2004, Anna University in Chennai unveiled the country's first campus radio station, Anna FM. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Anna University (அண்ணா ப‌ல்கலைக்கழகம் is one of India 's premier engineering universities Radio Ujjas in Kutch (in the western state of Gujarat) is one such CR and gets its funding from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Central Government. Kachchh (also spelled as Kutch) is a District of Gujarat state in western India. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Similarly a community based radio programme titled Panchayat Vani (People’s Voice) was recently broadcast on All India Radio (AIR), Darbhanga, Bihar. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Darbhangā is a city and a Municipal corporation in and headquarters of Darbhanga district and Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. The campus station Gyanvaani has also been licensed.

Pune University is the first University in the State of Maharashtra to have an FM station. The University of Pune (formerly the University of Poona) located in northwestern Pune, is one of India 's premier universites Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The University of Pune’s FM Radio inaugurated on May 1, 2005, has been named as Vidyavani. It covers a wide range of subjects, focusing specifically on the requirements of students of various departments and affiliated Colleges. It reaches an area around the campus within eight-km radius.

Unsuccessful attempts have been also made to start CR without obtaining any permission. The small village of Orvakal in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh (South India) launched "Mana Radio" (Our Radio) in November 2002. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kurnool is a city in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh state of southern India This project run under the aegis of the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty used a tiny transmitter that covered a radius of half a kilometer to enable rural women members of self help groups. Four months later, officials from the Central Government brought in police to seize the equipment and declared the broadcasts illegal.

The Government policy to permit educational institutions to have their own FM Channels at low frequency levels emerged in mid December 2002, as a result of years of campaigning by activists and a strongly-worded Supreme Court judgment directing the opening up of the airwaves. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V Chapter IV of the Constitution of India.

A unique experiment in using media technologies, especially radio, for development and empowerment of marginalized, rural communities is the community radio initiative "Chalo Ho Gaon Mein" a programme that is broadcast once a week on AIR Daltonganj in the Palamu district of Jharkhand, eastern India. TemplateInfobox Indian Jurisdiction for details --> Daltonganj is a town in Jharkhand state of India. Palamau is a district of Jharkhand state India. The district lies between 23°50&prime and 24°8&prime north Latitude and between 83°55&prime Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. This radio programme is supported by the National Foundation for India and produced by Community representatives, of Alternative for India Development (AID), a non-governmental organization.

According to the terms of the campus broad license, a number of aspects are disallowed from broadcasts. This includes anything that offends good taste or decency, contains criticism of friendly countries, contains an attack on religion, contains anything obscene, defamatory, false and suggestive innuendos and half truths, likely to encourage or incite violence, contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation, criticizes, maligns or slanders any individual in person, encourages superstition or blind belief, denigrates women, denigrates children, or presents or depicts or suggests as desirable the misuse of drugs, alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco.

Israel

Campus radio also exists in Israel, where several colleges, universities and high schools have successful programs. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. One of the most famous is Kol HaCampus (Voice of the Campus/Campus Voice), broadcast out of Tel Aviv on 106MHz. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel More information can be found with the Israel Broadcast Authority. Another college radio station is the Hebrew University's Mt. Scopus Radioin Jerusalem, broadcasting mostly indie and alternative music. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the

Pakistan

[radio.lums.edu.pk RadioLUMS - Gal Sunn Oye] (Lahore University of Management Sciences)

Poland

Students Radio Żak (Technical University of Lodz) [1]
Akademickie Radio LUZ (Wroclaw University of Technology) [2]

Portugal

In Portugal, there are several college and university radio stations continuously broadcasting programs. The Lahore University of Management Sciences, usually referred to by its Acronym LUMS, is a University located in Lahore, Pakistan The Technical University of Łódź was created in 1945 and has developed into one of the biggest in Poland. Wrocław University of Technology (Politechnika Wrocławska founded as Technische Hochschule Breslau is an autonomous technical University in Wrocław, Poland Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Rádio Universidade de Coimbra and Rádio Universidade Marão, founded in 1986, are the oldest university student radio stations in the country still in operation. Coimbra University Radio (Portuguese Rádio Universidade de Coimbra) is a University radio station of the Coimbra Academic Association ( Students' There are also many online-only radio sites belonging to higher education institutions.

Portugal's major college and university radio stations include:

Rádio Universidade de Coimbra (University of Coimbra) [3]
Rádio Universidade Marão (Trás-os-Montes and Alto-Douro University) [4]
Rádio Universitária da Beira Interior (University of Beira Interior) [5]
Rádio Universitária do Algarve (University of the Algarve) [6]
Rádio Universitária do Minho (Minho University) [7]

Switzerland

Fréquence Banane is the student radio in Lausanne on EPFL and UNIL campus. Coimbra University Radio (Portuguese Rádio Universidade de Coimbra) is a University radio station of the Coimbra Academic Association ( Students' The University of Coimbra (UC ( Portuguese: Universidade de Coimbra, pron The University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD is a Public university located in Vila Real, Portugal. The University of Beira Interior ( Universidade da Beira Interior or UBI for short is a Public university located in the city of Covilhã The University of the Algarve ( Universidade do Algarve or UAlg for short is a Portuguese Public university with administrative and financial Minho University or Universidade do Minho is a Public university in Portugal, divided in the following spaces Largo do Paço (headquarters Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva The University of Lausanne (in French: Université de Lausanne) or UNIL in Lausanne, Switzerland was founded in 1537 as a school of It exists since 1993 and is broadcasting on the Internet and CATV network on FM 94. 55 MHz in Lausanne and region. In the past Frequence Banane has broadcast with former Radio Acidule from 1992 to 1996 and then had its independent FM transmitter operating on 92. 4 MHz from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, Swiss frequency regulation authority (BAKOM) decided to end the low power FM licence.

Radio Radius is an uprising campus radio in Zurich on ETHZ and UNIZH campus. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the The University of Zurich ( German: Universität Zürich) located in the city of Zurich, is the largest University in Switzerland It's broadcasting on the Internet only. Radius is trying to get a permanent licence to broadcast on FM but it is very hard in Zurich. Right now Radius is negotiating with BAKOM.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, campus radio is generally referred to as Student Radio. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located University Radio York, founded in 1967, became the first student radio station in the country, followed by Swansea University's station Action Radio (today called Xtreme Radio) in 1968. URY redirects here for other meanings see URY (disambiguation. Swansea University Students' Union ( Undeb Myfyrwyr Prifysgol Abertawe) is the Students' union for Swansea University and is part of the part of National

Some student radio stations operate on the FM waveband for short periods at a time under the Restricted Service Licence scheme, while others choose to broadcast full-time on the AM waveband using an LPAM licence. A UK Restricted Service Licence (often called an RSL) is typically granted to Radio stations and Television stations broadcasting within the Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave Low-power broadcasting is the concept of Broadcasting at very low power and low cost to a small community area There are only three UK student radio stations permitted to broadcast all year on LPFM. Low-power broadcasting is the concept of Broadcasting at very low power and low cost to a small community area These are Xpression FM (Exeter), Storm FM (Bangor) and Bailrigg FM (Lancaster). The University of Exeter (usually abbreviated as Exon for post-nominals) is a University in the South West of Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. Bangor University (Prifysgol Bangor is a university based in the city of Bangor in the county of Gwynedd in north Wales. Bangor, in Gwynedd, North Wales, is one of the smallest cities in the United Kingdom. Bailrigg FM (Formerly known as URB and Radio Bailrigg) is the radio station for Lancaster University, operating in a music radio format predominantly Lancaster (pronounced ˈlæŋˌkæstə or ˈlænˌkæstə is a City in Lancashire, England. None of these licences provides for a reception area greater than four kilometres from the point of transmission. To counteract these licence restrictions and, in the case of AM broadcasts, poor quality audio, many stations simulcast on the Internet. Simulcast is a Portmanteau of " simul taneous broad' cast' " and refers to programs or events broadcast across more than one

The Student Radio Association works on behalf of more than fifty UK-based member stations to further their development, encourage and facilitate communication between member stations and links to the commercial radio industry, and lobby for the membership's interests on both a regional and national level. The UK Student Radio Association (SRA is a representative body which supports and acts on behalf of the UK Student radio community The association organises and hosts the annual Student Radio Awards in conjunction with BBC Radio 1. The Student Radio Awards is a UK awards scheme celebrating talent within the UK student radio industry held annually since 1996 by the Student Radio Association and supported

United States

College radio (as it is generally known in the United States) began in the 1960s when the FCC began issuing class D licenses for ten-watt stations to further the development of the then-new FM band. This is a list of Radio stations in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man: National analogue and digital stations This is a list of broadcast station classes applicable in much of North America under international agreements between the United States, Canada and The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. A band is a small section of the spectrum of Radio communication frequencies, in which channels are usually used or set aside for the same Some colleges had already been broadcasting for decades on the AM band, often originating in physics experiments in the early 20th century. Medium Wave (MW is a part of the Medium frequency (MF radio band used mainly for AM broadcasting. Most of the FM stations received higher-class licenses, typically a few hundred watts. This is a list of broadcast station classes applicable in much of North America under international agreements between the United States, Canada and A few got several kilowatts, and a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of thousands sometimes reaching up to full-power 100 kilowatt outlets. Still, due to strict class D regulations, some stations were prohibited from a wattage upgrade for possible signal interference with adjacent stations, such as KWUR 90. KWUR is a Radio station in St Louis Missouri located at 903 MHz FM. 3 FM interfering with KWMU 90. KWMU (907 FM is a radio station in St Louis Missouri that is affiliated with National Public Radio. 7 FM in St. Louis, Missouri.

The earliest college radio stations carried news, sports, and music along with educational shows and sometimes distance learning courses. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design In the latter portion of the 20th century, many U. S. stations played what came to be known as "college rock" (later known as alternative rock), a type of rock music that had not yet hit the mainstream. College rock was a term used in the United States to describe 1980s Alternative rock before the term "alternative" came into common usage Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Most stations have now diversified, with many following a very commercial-like music rotation during the weekdays, and having specialty shows on evenings and weekends. Music rotation is a practice under the jurisdiction of the music director at a radio station A specialty show is a dog show which reviews a single breed unlike other Dog shows particularly Conformation shows which are generally referred to as "all-breed" A few stations really go out on a limb, occasionally being described as a cacophony of randomness. College stations are typically considered to be public radio stations. Public broadcasting refers to radio television and other electronic media outlets that receive some or all of their funding from the public

By the late 1970s, FM had taken off, and competition for channels for new stations was intensifying. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the newly-founded National Public Radio (NPR) convinced the FCC that the low-power stations were detrimental to broadcasting, and class D licenses were no longer issued for applications made after 1979. National Association of Broadcasters (NAB is a trade association representing the interests of for-profit over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Making matters worse, the stations were demoted to a second-class status, meaning that they would be forced off the air if any full-power station wanted their space.

Many stations were forced to upgrade their facilities at considerable expense to the students. Many other stations were eventually (and still continue to be) forced off the air, because they could not afford the upgrades at all, or not in time to avoid being locked-in by other expanding stations.

There have also been situations where some college radio stations have actually been forced off the air by a school administration. In one instance, the student media director of WUSC-FM in Columbia, South Carolina implied that the station's license had been flagged by the FCC due to an out of control staff and inappropriate songs being played on public airwaves. WUSC-FM is a student-run Radio station operating at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina, United States Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the US state of South Carolina. This serious charge proved to be false, but it led directly to WUSC, which had been named as 1992 Spin Magazine College Radio Station of the Year, being shut down in 1995. WUSC-FM is a student-run Radio station operating at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina, United States Spin is a Music Magazine that reports on Music for Life Founded in 1985 by publisher Bob Guccione Jr The entire executive board of the station (students elected by their peers) was fired for promoting a culture of irresponsibility. This caused most student DJs to quit in protest. After silence for 45 days, WUSC came back - but it had abandoned its popular alternative format, playing songs it never allowed before. WUSC-FM is a student-run Radio station operating at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina, United States As a result, College Music Journal and the now-defunct Gavin Report dropped WUSC as a reporter of new music they played on air. WUSC-FM is a student-run Radio station operating at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina, United States

Many college stations in the U. S. also carry syndicated programming, such as that of National Public Radio and affiliated regional networks.

A very few stations have been added to the airwaves in very isolated cities with the return of the LPFM license to the U. Low-power broadcasting is the concept of Broadcasting at very low power and low cost to a small community area S. The restrictions that U.S. Congress placed on LPFM stations as a result of the NAB's lobbying have seriously limited the effectiveness of this however. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups

One of the first college radio stations in the country is WRUC from Union College in Schenectady, New York. WRUC (897 FM) is the campus Radio station of Union College in Schenectady, New York. Union College is a non-denominational independent liberal arts college located in Schenectady New York. Schenectady (skəˈnɛktədi Θkahnéhtati in Tuscarora) is a City in Schenectady County, New York, United States Their first experimental broadcasts under the call sign 2ADD were in 1920.

Sweden

Radio AF
Radio UPF
Radio AFB

Norway

Radio Nova, Oslo
Studentradioen i Bergen, Bergen
Studentradioen i Trondheim, Trondheim

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