Campinas
Skyline of Campinas
Flag Seal
Nickname: Cidade das Andorinhas, Brazilian Silicon Valley, Princesa ´d'Oeste
Location of Campinas
Country	Brazil
Region	Southeast
State	São Paulo
Founded	July 14, 1774
Government
- Mayor	Hélio de Oliveira Santos (PDT)
Area
- City	797. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Brazilian Silicon Valley is a term commonly applied to the city of Campinas, Brazil, because of its similarity to the 'original' Silicon Valley, located Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Brazil is currently divided into five Regions (also called Macroregions by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica ( IBGE) The Southeast Region of Brazil is composed by the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The Federative Republic of Brazil is a union of twenty-six estados ("states" singular estado) and formed by the states and one district the Distrito ( is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Democratic Labour Party ( Partido Democrático Trabalhista, PDT is a populist, social-democratic Political party of Brazil. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 6 km² (308 sq mi)
- Metro	3,645 km² (1,407. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 3 sq mi)
Elevation	685 m (2,247 ft)
Population (2006)
- City	1,059,420
- Density	1,331/km² (3,447. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 3/sq mi)
- Metro	3,2 million people
Time zone	UTC-3 (UTC-3)
- Summer (DST)	UTC-2 (UTC-2)
Postal Code	13000-000
Area code(s)	19
HDI (2000)	0. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Areas using UTC−3 Single zone countries without DST Suriname Single zone countries with DST Areas using UTC−3 Single zone countries without DST Suriname Single zone countries with DST Daylight saving time ( DST UTC−2 is used as offset for Argentina (DST only except for San Luis Province) Brazil: Ocean Islands - UTC−2 is used as offset for Argentina (DST only except for San Luis Province) Brazil: Ocean Islands - A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 852 – high
Website: Campinas, São Paulo

Campinas (pronounced [kɐ̃ːˈpinɐs]) is a city and county (município) located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. ( is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

The county area is 797,6 km². Population is approximately 1,059,420 (2004 est. ), with over 98% in the urban region. Its metropolitan area, defined in 2000, has some 19 cities and a population of 3,2 million people. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Campinas is also the administrative center of the meso-region of the same name, with 3,641,766 inhabitants (2005 est. ) and 49 cities. It is the third largest city in the state, after São Paulo (10,927,985 inhab. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world - 2006 est. ) and Guarulhos (1,283,253 inhab. Guarulhos is the second largest city in the Brazilian state of São Paulo and a suburb of São Paulo city itself - 2006 est. ).

Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Ecology 1.2 Climate 2 History 3 Title and symbols 4 Metropolitan Region of Campinas 5 Economy 5.1 Socio-economic conditions 6 Transportation 7 Communications 8 Media 9 Education 9.1 Universities and Colleges 9.2 Technical schools 10 Culture 11 Sports 12 Tourism and recreation 13 Administration 13.1 Notable mayors 14 Notable people from Campinas 15 The Secretariat of International Cooperation of Campinas 16 City twinning 17 Footnotes 18 External links

Geography

Ecology

Campinas has a relevant ecological interest area (Portuguese: Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico) — Santa Genebra forest, with 2. 51 km², created in 1985 and regulated by IBAMA, Campinas City Hall and José Pedro de Oliveira Foundation.

Among the public parks, there are the "Bosque Municipal", the "Lagoa do Taquaral Park", the "Ecological Park of Campinas" and the "Lagoa da UNICAMP" Park. These parks feature jogging and bicycle paths. Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind

Climate

Climate chart for Campinas
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
310   29 19	202   28 19	152   27 18	63   26 17	59   24 14	29   23 13	13   22 12	18   24 14	54   26 16	109   27 17	163   28 18	237   29 19
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: MSN Weather
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     12. 2   84 66     8   82 66     6   81 64     2. 5   79 63     2. 3   75 57     1. 1   73 55     0. 5   72 54     0. 7   75 57     2. 1   79 61     4. 3   81 63     6. 4   82 64     9. 3   84 66 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Campinas is located on the São Paulo plateau, in the transition area to the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting The Mantiqueira Mountains (Portuguese Serra da Mantiqueira) are a mountain range in southeastern Brazil, with parts in the states of São Paulo, It has an excellent climate throughout the year, characterized by mostly sunny and hot days (more than 200 days in the year), a mild temperature range (average yearly temperature of 22. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Temperature range is the numerical difference between the minimum and maximum values of temperature observed in a system such as Atmospheric temperature in a given location 4 degrees Celsius, ranging from an average minimum of 7. 2 degrees to a maximum of 35. 9 degrees) and a constant regime of cool winds. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) Due to this, Campinas has little air pollution and smog and the local airports almost never close due to bad weather. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Thanks to a regular rain regimen, the region's vegetation is evergreen, and some crops, such as sugarcane have three harvests per year. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae

The wet season is from mid-October to mid-June, with heavier rains particularly in January and February, and the dry season is from mid-May to mid-September. Average rainfall is 24. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to 3 mm in August and 267. 8 mm in January. Average humidity ranges from 37% (August) to 56% (January). Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity.

In the region around Campinas near the state of Minas Gerais there are a number of cities enjoying an even milder mountain climate, such as Atibaia, Águas de Lindóia, Itapira, Itatiba, Joanópolis, Serra Negra, Socorro, where several water spas are located. Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation Atibaia (or Estância de Atibaia) is a Brazilian city located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Águas de Lindóia is a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. Itapira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Itatiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Joanópolis is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. History Serra Negra was founded on 23 September 1828, but at least a century before that the region was already inhabited and was on the passageway between "Socorro" redirects here For other uses see Socorro (disambiguation. A destination spa is a short term residential/lodging facility with the primary purpose of guiding individual spa-goers to develop healthy habits

History

The city was founded on July 14, 1774, by Barreto Leme. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a It was initially a simple outpost on the way to Minas Gerais and Goiás serving the "Bandeirantes" who were in search of precious minerals and Indian slaves. Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation Goiás (goˈjajs is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country The Bandeirantes were Portuguese colonial Scouts who took part in the Bandeiras exploration expeditions The Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( Portuguese: povos indígenas) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who inhabited the country prior to As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another In the first half of the 19th century, Campinas became a growing population center, with many coffee and sugarcane farms. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock

The construction of a railway linking the city of São Paulo to Santos' seaport, in 1867, was very important for its growth. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. In the second half of the 19th century, with the abolition of slavery, farming and industrialization attracted many foreign immigrants to replace the lost manpower, mainly from Italy. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Coffee became an important export and the city became wealthy. In consequence, a large service sector was established to serve the growing population, and in the first decades of the 20th century, Campinas could already boast of having an opera house, theaters, banks, movie theaters, radio stations, a philharmonic band, two newspapers (Correio Popular and Diário do Povo), a good public education system (with the Escola Normal de Campinas and the Colégio Culto à Ciência), and hospitals, such as the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a charity for poor people) and the Casa de Saúde de Campinas (for the Italian community), and the most important Brazilian research center in agricultural sciences, the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, which was founded by Emperor Pedro II. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Correio Popular is the largest daily Newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Diário do Povo (Portuguese for People's Diary) is a Newspaper published in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil The Colégio Culto à Ciência ( Portuguese for "Cult to Science" High School) currently denominated E A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates The Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (Agronomical Institute of Campinas -- IAC is a Research and development institution affiliated to the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Pedro II, (ˈpedɾu seˈgũdu December 2, 1825 December 5, 1891) was the second and last Emperor of Brazil. Finally, the construction of the first Brazilian highway in 1938, between Campinas and São Paulo, the Anhanguera Highway, was a turning point in the integration of Campinas into the rest of the state. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve History The route was first used in 1774 as a dirt road between São Paulo city Jundiaí and Campinas, serving the Cattle troops and voyagers

Campinas was the birthplace of opera composer Carlos Gomes (1836 — 1896) and of the President of the Republic Campos Salles (1841 — 1913). Antônio Carlos Gomes ( July 11, 1836 &mdash September 16, 1896) is one of the most distinguished nineteenth century classical composers being Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales ( February 15, 1841 - June 28, 1913) was a Brazilian lawyer coffee farmer and Politician For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was home for 49 years for Hércules Florence, reputed as one of the early inventors of photography, photocopying and the mimeograph. Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence (1804– March 27, 1879) was a French-Brazilian painter and Inventor, known as the isolate inventor of Photography Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply

Title and symbols

Campinas means grass fields in Portuguese and refers to its characteristic landscape, which originally comprised large stretches of dense subtropical forests (mato grosso or thick woods in Portuguese), mainly along the many rivers, interspersed with gently rolling hills covered by low-lying vegetation. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria

Campinas is also known as "Cidade das Andorinhas" (City of Swallows), because it was a favorite spot for these migratory birds, which flocked annually in enormous numbers to downtown Campinas. The swallows and martins are a group of Passerine Birds in the family Hirundinidae which are characterised by their adaptation to aerial Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability However, they almost disappeared around the 1950s, probably because the church and plaza where they used to roost were torn down. Campinas' official crest and flag has a picture of the mythical bird, the phoenix, because it was practically reborn after a devastating epidemic of yellow fever in the 1800s, which killed more than 25% of the city's inhabitants. The phoenix ( Ancient Greek: Φοῖνιξ phoínix is a mythical sacred firebird in ancient mythologies starting with the Greek and later the In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease

An inhabitant of Campinas is called a campineiro.

Metropolitan Region of Campinas

As of 2000, Campinas became an official metropolitan region (RMC — Região Metropolitana de Campinas), with 19 municipalities, with a total of 2. 3 million inhabitants and a total land area of 3,348 km² (data of 2000), adjacent to the São Paulo metropolitan region (RMSP). São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world

• Americana
• Artur Nogueira
• Cosmópolis
• Engenheiro Coelho
• Holambra
• Hortolândia
• Indaiatuba
• Itatiba
• Jaguariúna
• Monte Mor
• Nova Odessa
• Paulínia
• Pedreira
• Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
• Santo Antônio de Posse
• Sumaré
• Valinhos
• Vinhedo

The Campinas municipality is also the administrative center of the micro- and meso-regions of the same name. Americana is a city ( município) located in the Brazilian State of São Paulo. Artur Nogueira is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Cosmópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Engenheiro Coelho is a municipality on the east of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, with a population of 11845 ( 2004) and an area of 110 Holambra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Hortolândia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Indaiatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Itatiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Jaguariúna is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Monte Mor is a municipality ( Município) in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Nova Odessa (lit New Odessa) is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Paulínia is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Pedreira ( Portuguese for Quarry) is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Santa Bárbara d'Oeste ( Portuguese for Santa Barbara of the West) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Santo Antônio de Posse is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Sumaré is a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The population in 2004 was 225308 and the area is 153 For the Brazilian football manager nicknamed Valinhos see Jose Claudinei Valinhos is a city and municipality ( municipio) in the state of Vinhedo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The micro-region includes the RMC (Metropolitan Region of Campinas) and the municipality of Elias Fausto; the meso-region also includes the following municipalities: Aguaí, Amparo, Águas da Prata, Águas de Lindóia, Caconde, Casa Branca, Divinolândia, Espírito Santo do Pinhal, Estiva Gerbi, Itapira, Itobi, Lindóia, Mococa, Mogi Guaçu, Moji-Mirim, Monte Alegre do Sul, Pedra Bela, Pinhalzinho, Pirassununga, Porto Ferreira, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Santo Antônio do Jardim, São João da Boa Vista, São José do Rio Pardo, São Sebastião da Grama, Serra Negra, Socorro, Tambaú, Tapiratiba, Vargem Grande do Sul and Vinhedo. Elias Fausto is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Aguaí is a Brazilian city located in the eastern part of the state of São Paulo. Águas da Prata is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo. Águas de Lindóia is a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. Tourism Photo Gallery Caconde Brazil Casa Branca (White House is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Divinolândia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Espírito Santo do Pinhal is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. ---- Estiva Gerbi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Itapira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Itobi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Lindóia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Mococa is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Mogi Guaçu is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Moji-Mirim is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Monte Alegre do Sul is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Pedra Bela is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Pinhalzinho is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Pirassununga is a municipality/country in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Porto Ferreira is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Santa Cruz das Palmeiras is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Neighboring municipalities Albertina Andradas Espírito Santo do Pinhal São João da Boa São João da Boa Vista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. São José do Rio Pardo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. São Sebastião da Grama is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. History Serra Negra was founded on 23 September 1828, but at least a century before that the region was already inhabited and was on the passageway between Socorro is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Tambaú is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Tapiratiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Vargem Grande do Sul is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Vinhedo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.

Other cities which are geographically, historically or economically tied to the meso-region of Campinas could be mentioned: Araras, Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Capivari, Conchal, Iracemápolis, Itu, Itupeva, Jarinu, Jundiai, Limeira, Louveira, Mombuca, Morungaba, Piracicaba, Rafard, Rio das Pedras, Salto and Tuiuti. Araras is a city and county in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Atibaia (or Estância de Atibaia) is a Brazilian city located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Bragança Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. People Tarsila do Amaral (1886-1973 born in the area of Fazenda São Bernardo, currently located at the municipality of Conchal is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Iracemápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. This article is about the location For the article on the UN Specialised Agency, see ITU ( International Telecommunication Union) for the university see Istanbul Itupeva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Jarinu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Jundiaí is a city and Municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Limeira is a city in the eastern part of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Louveira is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Mombuca is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Morungaba is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Piracicaba ation in 2004 was 0 in an area of 13718 km² at an elevation of 547 m above sea level Rafard is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was estimated 8243 and the area is 13282 km² Rio das Pedras is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Tuiuti is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.

Economy

See also: List of companies in Campinas

Campinas' main economic activities are agriculture (mainly coffee, sugarcane, and cotton), industry (textiles, motorcycles, cars, machinery, agricultural equipment, food and beverages, chemical and petrochemical, pharmaceuticals, paper and cellulose, telecommunications, computers and electronics, etc. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity Agricultural machinery is any kind of Machinery used on a Farm to help with Farming. The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical ), commerce and services. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer

The region is responsible for 9% of Brazil's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with just over 3% of the country's population. Per capita income is one of the highest in Latin America (over US$ 9,000/year Purchase Parity Power). Absolute GDP has experienced a growth of more than 50%¨between 2000 and 2003. Five cities in Campinas' region are among the 100 largest in GDPs in Brazil (Campinas, Paulínia, Americana, Sumaré and Indaiatuba), with Campinas occupying the 14^th position (total GDP of US$ 60 billion). Paulínia is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Americana refers to artifacts of the Culture of the United States, the history and folklore resultant from its Westward expansion. Sumaré is a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The population in 2004 was 225308 and the area is 153 Indaiatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. About 70 companies listed in the directory of the 500 largest private and public companies are headquartered in the Campinas region, with a total gross sales volume of more than 25 billion dollars in 2005 and more than 100,000 workers.

The Campinas Metropolitan Region is home to many national and international high-tech industries, including IBM, Motorola, Freescale, Lucent, Nortel, Compaq, Celestica, Samsung, Alcatel, Bosch, 3M, Texas Instruments. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. Freescale Semiconductor Inc is an American Semiconductor manufacturer Lucent Technologies was a technology company composed of what was formerly AT&T Technologies, which included Western Electric and Bell Labs. Nortel Networks Corporation () formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited and sometimes known simply as Nortel, is a multinational Telecommunications Compaq Computer Corporation was an American Personal computer company founded in 1982 and is now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. Celestica Inc () is a multinational Electronics manufacturing services (EMS company headquartered in Toronto, Canada. The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate Alcatel-Lucent is one of the world's biggest industry players in Telecommunications that provides hardware software and services to Service Providers Enterprises and Robert Bosch GmbH is a German diversified technology-based corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart Germany. 3M Company ( formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002 is an American multinational conglomerate corporation with a worldwide Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA .

The automotive industry is also heavily represented: General Motors, Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Magneti Marelli, Eaton Corporation, Tenneco, Toyota and many others are present. General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. Magneti Marelli Holding SpA is an Italian company which deals with development and manufacturing of systems modules and high-technology components for the Automotive Eaton Corporation ( is a diversified industrial manufacturer with 2007 sales of $13 Tenneco (formerly Tenneco Automotive) is a $62 billion Fortune 500 company that has been publicly traded on the NYSE since November 5, (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. . It also has a sizable pharmaceutical industry sector, with companies like Medley Farma, EMS Farma, Altana, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Cristália, Valeo, etc. Altana Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship This article is about the corporation Merck & Co Inc ( also known as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the USA and Canada, is one of the largest Pharmaceutical companies Cristália is a Brazilian municipality located in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. Valeo is a French automotive components manufacturer History The Société Anonyme Française du Ferodo was founded in 1923 in Saint-Ouen a suburb of Paris

In addition the region is home to many research centers and universities, such as LNLS, CPqD, CenPRA, Embrapa, Unicamp, and Puccamp. Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS is the Brazilian National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light, a research institution on Physics, Chemistry, The Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações ( CPqD is a Brazilian Research and development institution in Telecommunications It is located The Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer (CenPRA is a Research and development center of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT previously named Fundação The Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA (Brazilian Enterprise for Research on Farming and Cattle Raising is a state-owned Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, According to the Times Higher Education 2007 World University Rankings, the University of Campinas (Unicamp) is the 177th best university in the world, and the 2nd best in Latin America (after the University of São Paulo in 176th place). Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, The University of São Paulo (in Portuguese Universidade de São Paulo; USP) is one of the three public universities funded by the State of São Paulo.

Campinas also boasts the largest number of high-tech business incubators and industrial parks (a total of eight), such as the CIATEC I and II, Softex, TechnoPark, InCamp, Polis, TechTown, Industrial Park of Campinas and others. Business incubators are programs designed to accelerate the successful development of Entrepreneurial companies through an array of business support resources and services developed

According to Wired Magazine, Campinas is one of the highest-growth high-tech areas in Latin America, second only to the city of São Paulo itself. Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993 Since 1995, the city has received over US$ 7 billion in investments in telecommunications, information technology and electronics. Of the 500 largest companies listed by Fortune magazine, 50 are already established in the Campinas region. Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group

The presence of one of the largest oil refineries in Latin America (350,824 barrels of crude per day), operated by Petrobras in the neighboring county of Paulínia, has attracted many petrochemical companies to the Campinas area, including DuPont, Rhone-Poulenc, and Royal Dutch Shell. An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container traditionally made of Wood Staves and bound with Iron Hoops The Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Petrobras ( Bovespa: PETR3 / PETR4 ( NYSE: PBR / PBRA( Latibex: XPBR / XPBRA short for Petróleo Brasileiro S Paulínia is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. E I du Pont de Nemours and Company (,) is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a Gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known simply as Shell, is a multinational oil company of Dutch and British origins

The Brazilian Pró-Álcool Program was developed in Campinas: a whole industry based on the use of ethanol as a combustible for motor vehicles, going from a new sucrose-rich sugarcane, to alcohol refineries, a huge distribution system, and, most recently, an internal combustion engine capable of using either gasoline or ethanol. Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a

Other examples of Campinas-bred technologies are fiber optics, lasers for telecommunications and medical applications, integrated circuits design and fabrication, satellite environmental monitoring of natural resources, software for agriculture, digital telephone switches, deep-water oil exploration platforms and technologies, biomedical equipment, medical software, genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technologies for food production and pharmaceutics, and food engineering. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside Earth observation satellites are Satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from Orbit, similar to Reconnaissance satellites but intended In the field of Telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls In Computers, medical software is a significant branch of Software engineering. Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Food engineering refers to the aspects of Food production and processing.

Socio-economic conditions

Despite Campinas' position of wealth and social and economic opportunity vis-a-vis the rest of the country, the average per capita income of little more than US$ 2,700 per year clearly indicates that there are problems. If re-evaluated in terms of PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), Campinas' average income looks better (roughly 9,000 USD per year). The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. In fact, Campinas is emblematic of the wealth distribution inequality that is so common in the country (Brazil is the 14th largest economy in the world, but ranks only 32nd in wealth generation per capita, and 117th in average Gini coefficient). The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth Campinas has a Gini coefficient of 58%, which is almost the same as that of Brazil (59. 3), a level similar to countries such as Zimbabwe and Paraguay. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Such a level means that the top 10% richest make almost 70 times more than the 10% poorest.

This level of poverty contrasts with the high Human Development Index of Campinas, which is about the same level as Chile, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The explanation for this apparent contradiction is that side by side, even in the same city section, one can find walled condominiums with a yearly average per capita income of US$ 60,000 to US$ 100,000 and spreading "favelas" (slum cities) with incomes of less than US$ 800 p. A condominium, or condo, is a form of Housing tenure and other Real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment Favela (Portuguese and Spanish for slum) is a specifically Brazilian word for a Shanty town. a. The classes A and B help move the local economy, and provide a strong tax base for the municipality.

Until the late 1970s, Campinas was proud to have no favelas, but the increasing industrialization and wealth attracted hordes of destitute agrarian workers and urban dwellers with few job qualifications from all parts of the country. Land invasions were frequent and the municipal powers were unable or unwilling to suppress them, allowing illegal occupation of land in key sectors of the city (in Brazil, state and counties are forbidden by the Federal Constitution to restrict or even measure the free movement of citizens).

Due to this, Campinas has relatively high crime rates for its size. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Most of the violent crimes (armed robbery and homicides) are related to drug trafficking and occur in the poorer sections of the city. Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs

Transportation

Campinas is a major transportation and telecommunications hub for the State of São Paulo, as it is located on the major highways that connect the capital to the Northwest and Northern parts of the State. ( is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The city is served by the a Campinas Beltway (Anel Viário) and the following main highways:

• Rodovia Anhangüera
• Rodovia dos Bandeirantes
• Rodovia Santos Dumont
• Rodovia Dom Pedro I
• Rodovia Adhemar de Barros
• Rodovia General Milton Tavares de Souza
• Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre Proença

All these highways are built according to the highest international standards (see highway system of São Paulo). History The route was first used in 1774 as a dirt road between São Paulo city Jundiaí and Campinas, serving the Cattle troops and voyagers See also Highway system of São Paulo Brazilian Highway System RodoviaSantosDumontjpg|300px|thumb|right|View of Santos Dument Highway near the city of Salto See also Highway system of São Paulo Brazilian Highway System Rodovia Adhemar de Barros (official designation SP-340 is a Highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Rodovia General Milton Tavares de Souza (official designation SP-332 also known as Estrada Velha de Campinas or Tapetão) is a Highway in the state of Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre Proença (SP-101 is a state Highway in the State of São Paulo which connects the cities of Campinas, Hortolândia The Highway system of São Paulo is the largest statewide Road transportation system in Brazil, with 34650 km The Anel Viário José Magalhães Teixeira (SP-038) around the city currently interconnects the Anhangüera and Dom Pedro I highways. The Anel Viário José Magalhães Teixeira (official designation SP-038 is the Campinas Beltway, a ring of high-speed Highways surrounding the city of Campinas

Campinas has long been a major railway hub, too, although passenger train lines no longer operate there. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation.

Its international airport, Viracopos Airport, has long been the State's main air cargo terminal, and its passenger traffic is rapidly expanding. Viracopos/Campinas International Airport is an international Airport in Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A container terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles for onward transportation

The city built a light rail line in the early-1990s, but due to low ridership the entire project was abandoned. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems.

Communications

Campinas is a major telecommunications hub in the state and in the country. It has the largest per capita number of fixed and mobile telephone lines in the São Paulo state and one of the largest in the country. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The city is also a major hub for cable, fiber optic, microwave and satellite communication networks. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. A telecommunications network is a network of Telecommunications links and nodes arranged so that messages may be passed from one part of the network to another over COMSAT operates near Campinas one of the largest satellite ground stations in Latin America, and the National Research and Education Network (Rede Nacional de Pesquisa e Educação) has a high-capacity point of presence (POP) in the city. The Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT is a global Telecommunications company based in the USA, and with branches in Brazil, Argentina A National Research and Education Network (NREN is a specialised Internet service provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the Research and Education

Media

Three daily newspapers are published in Campinas, all owned by media company Rede Anhangüera de Comunicação: Correio Popular, Diário do Povo and Notícia Já (a tabloid). Rede Anhangüera de Comunicação ( Anhangüera Communication Network is an important private Holding companies of Mass media in the São Paulo Correio Popular is the largest daily Newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Diário do Povo (Portuguese for People's Diary) is a Newspaper published in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil Notícia Já is a popular daily Newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Several other local newspapers with weekly or monthly circulation are also published. Several magazines are also published in Campinas, the largest one being Metrópole, which circulates on Sundays as a supplement to Correio Popular.

The city has also a large number of radio stations as well as several local TV stations, including TV Universidades and Fenix TV (both not-for-profit, distributed by Net Campinas, the local cable distributor)

Education

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and Video to Television receivers in a particular area Net Serviços de Comunicação SA is the largest Cable television operator in Latin America. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution

Universities and Colleges

• Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas);
• Puccamp (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas);
• UNIP (Universidade Paulista);
• FACAMP (Faculdades de Campinas);
• METROCAMP (Faculdade Integrada Metropolitana de Campinas);
• IPEP (Faculdades Integradas IPEP);
• UNISAL (Centro Universitário Salesiano);
• USF (Universidade São Francisco);
• ESAMC (Escola Superior de Administração, Marketing e Comunicação);
• Universidade Mackenzie;
• FAC (Faculdades Comunitárias de Campinas);
• Faculdades Fleming;
• Faculdade de Odontologia São Leopoldo Mandic. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas short Unicamp, is one of the public universities of the State of São Paulo, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas is a denominational University based in the city of Campinas, in the

Technical schools

• ETE Bento Quirino (Escola Técnica Estadual Bento Quirino)
• ETECAP (Escola Técnica Estadual Conselheiro Antonio Prado)
• COTUCA (Colégio Técnico da Universidade de Campinas)

Culture

The city has always been a cultural center in the State of São Paulo. This has increased greatly with the proliferation of universities. Campinas has three theater houses, a symphony orchestra,(considered one of the three best of the country),now under Principal Conductor Parcival Módolo and Karl Martin, classical music ensembles, choral groups, 43 movie theaters, dozens of libraries (including a municipal library), art galleries, museums, etc. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Johann Karl Ludwig Martin ( November 24, 1851, Jever ( Ostfriesland) - 1942 Leiden) was a German Geologist

Sports

Campinas is the home town for two of the oldest and most significant soccer teams of Brazil, the Associação Atlética Ponte Preta (the oldest football team in Brazil, having been founded in 1900) and Guarani Futebol Clube (the only Brazilian countryside team to have won the national championship, in 1978). Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Ponte Preta is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas, São Paulo. Guarani Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas, São Paulo. The Série A (informally called Brasileirão) is the highest division of Brazilian football. They own two stadiums, the Estádio Brinco de Ouro and the Estádio Moisés Lucarelli, other team is the Campinas Futebol Clube. The Estádio Brinco de Ouro ("Golden Earring" also known as Estádio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa ("Princess' Golden Earring" or just Brinco de Ouro The Estádio Moisés Lucarelli, also known as Estádio Majestoso, or just Majestoso, is a football stadium inaugurated on September 12,

Tourism and recreation

The city does not have many tourist spots, since it is not located at the beach or the mountains, and has no remarkable old monument or construction. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak However it has some nice places to visit such as:

• the Bosque dos Jequitibás, an urban preserved wooded area reminiscent of the original rain forest that covered the region in the past: it has a small zoo with local fauna and a natural history museum
• the Cathedral, which was built in the 19th century; its interior is entirely made of jacaranda wood sculptures and works
• the Central Market, with typical stall stands full of fresh product of the region
• the old Central Railway Station, now converted to a cultural center
• Centro de Convivência, a cultural complex of theater, an open arena for concerts and spectacles, and a plaza where Campinas Symphony Orchestra often plays to the public
• the Castelo (Castle) Water Tower, which provides a beautiful view over the downtown
• the Historical Railway Society of Campinas, which maintains the Anhumas station, a set of steam locomotives and full carriages and which promotes regular trips along a picturesque region dotted with old coffee farms
• the Lagoa do Taquaral Park, a much-beloved urban lagoon and adjacent wooded park, includes: a planetarium, a science museum, an indoor sports stadium and swimming pool, kart racing and model airplane areas, an open concert auditorium, a floating caravel replica, a small railway train ride, pedal boats, plus facilities for several types of sports, including a long track for running and walking. A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the Jacaranda (pronounced,, or) is a Genus of 49 species of Flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one An arena is an enclosed area often circular or oval-shaped designed to showcase Theater, musical performances or sporting events A concert is a live Performance, usually of Music, before an Audience. A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Lagoa do Taquaral, officially named Parque Portugal, is an urban Public park in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or Brackish water separated from the deeper Sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral A planetarium is a Theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about Astronomy and the night sky or for training in Celestial navigation A science museum or a science centre is a Museum devoted primarily to Science. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively A modern stadium (plural stadiums or stadia in English is a place or venue for (mostly outdoor Sports Concerts or other events consisting A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or simply a pool, is an artificially enclosed Body of water intended for Swimming or For other meanings see Kart (disambiguation Kart racing or karting is a variant of Open-wheel Motor sport with Model aircraft are flying or non-flying models of existing or imaginary Aircraft, often scaled down versions of full size planes using materials such as balsa An auditorium (plural auditoriums, or less commonly auditoria) is the area within a theatre, Concert hall, or other performance space where the This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. A pedalo is a form of waterborne transport primarily for recreational use powered through the use of pedals. Running is a means for an animal to move on Foot. It is defined in Sporting terms as a Gait in which at some point all feet are off the ground

Campinas' readers of the Correio Popular Newspaper and the Cosmo Website have voted in July 2007 for the "Seven Wonders of Campinas" [1]. Correio Popular is the largest daily Newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. July 2007 is the seventh month of that year It began on a Sunday and 31 days later ended on a Tuesday.

The mountain region around Campinas has better travel and stay opportunities, such as in the spa cities of Serra Negra and Águas de Lindóia; and in Holambra, a rural region which was populated by immigrants from the Netherlands, with an annual flower festival and typical buildings and restaurants. History Serra Negra was founded on 23 September 1828, but at least a century before that the region was already inhabited and was on the passageway between Águas de Lindóia is a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. Holambra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also

Administration

Campinas has an annual municipal budget of over US$ 500 million dollars, one of the highest in Brazil. Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues The current mayor is Hélio de Oliveira Santos, a physician, former professor of pediatric surgery at the UNICAMP Medical School and federal congressman, who was elected by a coalition of several political parties, led by the Partido Democrático Trabalhista. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Hélio de Oliveira Santos (b September 7, 1950, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul) is a Physician, graduated in the Medical School of A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Pediatric surgery (sometimes spelled paediatric surgery) is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses infants children adolescents and young adults Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (in Portuguese Faculty of Medical Sciences) is a professional college of the State University of Campinas A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The Democratic Labour Party ( Partido Democrático Trabalhista, PDT is a populist, social-democratic Political party of Brazil. His term runs from Jan. 1, 2005 to Dec. 31, 2008.

The municipality is subdivided into one main district and four subdistricts, Joaquim Egídio, Sousas, Barão Geraldo and Nova Aparecida. Sousas is one of the four Districts in the City of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. * Barão Geraldo is a District of the Municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. There are also 14 regional administrations.

Notable mayors

• Orozimbo Maia - 1904, 1908-1910, 1926-1930
• Ruy Hellmeister Novais - 1956-1959, 1964-1969
• Orestes Quércia - 1969-1972
• José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira - 1983-1988, 1993-1996 (died of cancer while in office)
• Francisco Amaral - 1977-1982, 1997-2001
• Antonio da Costa Santos (Toninho) - 2001 (murdered while in office)
• Izalene Tiene - 2001-2005
• Hélio de Oliveira Santos (Dr. Ruy Hellmeister Novais was a Brazilian Politician from Campinas, who was twice elected Mayor of the city from 1956 to 1959 and from 1964 to 1969 Orestes Quércia ( Igaçaba, August 18 1938) is a Brazilian politician See also José Teixeira José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira was a Brazilian Politician, twice Mayor of the Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Antonio da Costa Santos (also known as Toninho) was a Brazilian architect and politician affiliated to the Workers' Party (PT Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Izalene Tiene is a Brazilian social worker and politician affiliated to the Brazilian Worker's Party (PT Hélio de Oliveira Santos (b September 7, 1950, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul) is a Physician, graduated in the Medical School of Hélio) - 2005-present

Notable people from Campinas

• Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho - physician
• Campos Sales - politician, fourth president of Brazil
• Carlos Gomes - opera composer
• Carlos Zara - actor and director
• Celly Campello - singer
• Cláudia Raia - actress
• Durval de Lima Junior - musician and actor
• Francisco Glicério - senator
• Fausto Silva - journalist and TV show host
• Guilherme de Almeida - poet and writer
• Heitor Penteado - polítician, mayor of Campinas and state governor
• José Carlos de Figueiredo Ferraz - polítician, mayor of São Paulo
• José Pancetti - painter
• Júlio de Mesquita - journalist, publisher and owner of newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo
• Lidia Brondi - actress
• Luciano do Valle - sports radio speaker and TV presenter
• Maitê Proença - actress
• Marília Gabriela - journalist, actress and TV show hostess
• Nelsinho Baptista - soccer player
• Olavo de Carvalho - philosopher and writer
• Gabriela Duarte - actress
• Sandy Leah Lima - singer and actress
• Lovefoxxx - singer of the New Wave band Cansei de Ser Sexy

The Secretariat of International Cooperation of Campinas

[2] The Secretariat of International Cooperation (SMCI) was created in April 28th 1994. Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales ( February 15, 1841 - June 28, 1913) was a Brazilian lawyer coffee farmer and Politician The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Antônio Carlos Gomes ( July 11, 1836 &mdash September 16, 1896) is one of the most distinguished nineteenth century classical composers being Sandy & Junior are a Brazilian Pop music duo consisting of sister Sandy Leah Lima (born January 28, 1983) and brother Durval de Lima Junior O Estado de S Paulo ("The State of São Paulo" is a daily Newspaper published in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and distributed Maitê Proença Gallo (b São Paulo, 28 January 1959) is a Brazilian actress Nélson Baptista Júnior, usually known as Nelsinho Baptista (born on July 22, 1950 in Campinas, São Paulo state) is a former Olavo Luís Pimentel de Carvalho (born April 29, 1947, in the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo) is a Brazilian philosopher Sandy & Junior are a Brazilian Pop music duo consisting of sister Sandy Leah Lima (born January 28, 1983) and brother Durval de Lima Junior Lovefoxxx ( Stage name of Luísa Hanaê Matsushita, born on February 25, 1984 in Campinas, Brazil) is the Cansei de Ser Sexy (kɐ̃'seɪ dʒɪ ser 'sɛksɪ literally "got tired of being sexy" in Brazilian Portuguese) better known worldwide as CSS, is a It is one of the 18 Secretariats of the City Hall of Campinas and it is currently located in that building.

Its mains goals are:

• the attraction and facilititaion for the arrival of new investments to the city
• the expansion of the companies activities that are already established in the city
• the perpetuation of the relations between the city, its international community and partners, such as the Sister-Cities

The Secretariat also acts as supporter to other secretariats in the City Hall, often through: the identification of national and foreign potentials investors; keeping systematic contacts with executives in Brazil and abroad, Embassies, Chambers of Commerces and relevant International Organizations; presenting Campinas to the cities and interested investors.

City twinning

Campinas is officially twinned (sister city) with the following cities^[1]:

Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil since 1983; Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil since 2007; Belém, Pará, Brazil since 2003; Gifu, Japan, since 1982;

Malito, Italy, since 2006; Fuzhou, China, since 1996; San Diego, USA, since 1995; Córdoba, Argentina, since 1993;

Novi Sad, Serbia, since 1989; Concepción, Chile, since 1979; Daloa, Côte D'Ivoire, since 1982; Asunción, Paraguay, since 1973; Jericho, Palestine, since 2003; Auroville, India, since 2004;

Campinas and the following cities have agreed upon sisterhood Protocol of Intentions:

• Turin, Italy;
• Fushun, China;
• Jingan, China;
• Bissau, Guinea-Bissau;
• Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolívia;

Footnotes

External links

• Official home page (in Portuguese).
• Secretariat of International Cooperation official home page
• Campinas Yellow Pages (in Portuguese).
• Photo album.
• The Seven Wonders of Campinas (in Portuguese)
• Campinas at Wikimapia
• Satellite photo of Campinas. Google Maps.
• Campinas Business Directory (in Portuguese).
• Campinas' Region (In Portuguese)
• Trade Point Campinas (export/import info).
• Campinas American Chamber of Commerce
• Current local time.
• Current weather.
• Hotel information.
• Correio Popular newspaper site.
• Diário do Povo newspaper site.
• Campinas Videoconference Center
• Campinas Convention and Visitors Bureau
• Campinas' Wired magazine story, July 2000.

22°54′03.29″S, 47°03′26.26″W

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