Campaign finance refers to the means by which money is raised for election campaigns. A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Grassroots fundraising is a method of Fundraising used by or for political candidates which has grown in popularity with the emergence of the Internet and its In the past Political campaigns were conducted using traditional methods of personal contact such as Television and Radio media purchasing print advertising and " Opposition Research " is episode 121 of The West Wing. Political consulting, beyond the self-evident definition of consulting in political matters refers to a specific Management consulting industry which has grown up around In Politics, campaign advertising is the use of paid media (newspapers radio television etc Canvassing is the systematic initiation of direct contact with a target group of individuals commonly used during Political campaigns A campaign team (and during Elections An election promise is a Promise made to the public by a Politician who is trying to win an Election. " Get out the vote," sometimes " GOTV," is a term used to describe two categories of political activity both aimed at increasing the number of votes cast Lawn signs (also known as yard signs) are used in Election campaigns in some countries Negative campaigning is trying to win an advantage by referring to negative aspects of an opponent or of a policy rather than emphasizing one's own positive attributes or preferred In Political campaigns an attack ad is an Advertisement whose Message is meant as an attack against another candidate or Political party. Fear mongering (or scaremongering) is the use of Fear to leverage the opinions and actions of others towards some end A push poll is a Political campaign technique in which an individual or organization attempts to influence or alter the view of respondents under the guise of conducting a A smear campaign, smear tactic or simply smear is a Metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with Voter suppression is a form of Electoral fraud and refers to the use of governmental power political campaign strategy and private resources aimed at suppressing (i A candidate is the prospective recipient of an Award or honor or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position for example to be elected In Representative democracies, Electoral campaigns larger than a few individuals generally include a campaign manager, either Paid or Volunteer The staff of Political campaigns are the people who formulate and implement the Strategy needed to win an election A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group As campaigns have many expenditures, ranging from the cost of travel for the candidate and others to the purchasing of air time for TV advertisements, candidates often spend a great deal of time and effort raising money to finance their cause. In Politics, campaign advertising is the use of paid media (newspapers radio television etc

Although the political science literature indicates that most contributors give to support candidates with whom they are already in agreement,^[1] it is widely believed that donors expect something in return (such as specific legislation being enacted or defeated) so some have come to equate campaign finance with political corruption and bribery. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person These views have led some governments to reform fundraising sources and techniques in the hope of eliminating perceived undue influence being given to monied interests. Campaign finance reform is the common term for the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in Politics, primarily in Political Another tactic is for the government, rather than private interests, to provide funding for campaigns.

Democratic countries have differing views on what is legal and what types of donations to political parties and campaigns are acceptable.

Several disciplines, such as economics, public policy, public choice theory, and collective action theory attempt to understand the dynamics of the political processes. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Public choice in economic theory is the use of modern Economic tools to study problems that are traditionally in the province of Political science. Collective action is the pursuit of a goal or set of goals by more than one person

Contents 1 Private financing 2 Public financing 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links

Private financing

Some democracies rely heavily on private donors to bankroll political campaigns. In these countries, fundraising is often a significant activity for the campaign staff and the candidate, especially in larger and more prominent campaigns. For example, one unscientific survey in the United States found that 23% of candidates for statewide office surveyed spent more than half of their scheduled time raising money, and over half of all candidates surveyed spent at least 1/4 of their time on fundraising. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government ^[2]. The tactics used can include direct mail solicitation, attempts to encourage supporters to contribute via the Internet, direct solicitation from the candidate, and high-priced events specifically for the purpose of fundraising, or other activities

Most countries that rely on private donations to fund campaigns require extensive disclosure of donations, frequently including information such as the name, employer and address of donors. Direct mail, also known as junk mail, advertising mail or admail, is the delivery of advertising material to recipients of postal Mail. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks This is intended to allow for policing of undue donor influence by other campaigns or by good government groups, while preserving the benefits of private financing, including the right to make donations and to spend money for political speech, and allowing the government to save the expense of funding political speech which some citizens may find odious (see [2]). Good government is a normative description of how government is supposed to be constituted Supporters of private financing systems believe that, in addition to avoiding government limitations on speech, they foster civic involvement and ensure that a diversity of views are heard.

Public financing

Other countries choose to use government funding to run campaigns. The mechanisms for this can be quite varied, ranging from direct subsidy of political parties to government matching funds for certain types of private donations (often small donations) and many other systems as well. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Supporters of public financing generally believe that the public financing system decreases corruption; in addition, many proponents believe that public financing promotes other values, such as civic participation or greater faith in the political process. Not all public financing is delivered in the form of money; some systems require campaign materials (often air time on television) to be provided at very low rates to the candidates. Critics sometimes complain of the expense of the public financing systems. Libertarian critics of the system argue that government should not subsidize political speech. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Other critics argue that public financing, with its emphasis on equalizing money resources, merely exaggerates differences in non-monetary resources.

In many countries, such as Germany and the United States, campaigns can be funded by a combination of private and public money. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Local cities in the United States, such as Chapel Hill, North Carolina, have also considered whether to publicly finance local elections. Chapel Hill is a town in Durham and Orange counties in North Carolina and the home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC ^[3]

See also

• Campaign finance in the United States
• Political donations in Australia
• Political funding in Japan
• Campaign finance reform
• Clean elections
• Hatch Act of 1939
• Hard money (politics)
• No-bid contract
• Pacific scandal
• Soft money
• Election promise

References

Ansolabehere, Stephen; John de Figueiredo, James M. Snyder, Jr. (2003). "Why Is There So Little Money in U.S. politics?" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (1): 105-130. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.   Will, George. "'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Hypocrisy", The Washington Post, 2005-12-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving  

Further reading

• Ackerman, Bruce and Ian Ayres (February 10, 2004). Voting with Dollars. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10149-X.  
• Alexander, Herbert E. "Campaign Financing in International Perspective" in Michael J. Malbin, ed. (1980). Parties Interest Groups and Campaign Finance Laws. American Enterprise Institute. ISBN 0-8447-2167-0.  
• Birnbaum, Jeffrey (June 6, 2000). The Money Men : The Real Story of Fund-raising's Influence on Political Power in America. Crown. ISBN 0-8129-3119-X.  
• Clawson, Dan ; Alan Neustadtl; Mark Weller (May, 1998). Dollars and Votes: How Business Campaign Contributions Subvert Democracy. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-626-3.  
• Coate, Steven (2004). Pareto Improving Campaign Finance Policy. American Economic Review.  
• Goodliffe, Jay BYU Syllabus for Money in Politics. Reading List. Retrieved on Fall, 2003. Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Extensive list of articles on Money in Politics
• Green, Mark (2004). Selling Out: How Big Corporate Money Buys Elections, Rams Through Legislation, and Betrays Our Democracy. Regan Books. ISBN 0-06-073582-1.   New York mayoral candidate who lost to Bloomberg.
• Malbin, Michael J. (March 2006). The Election After Reform: Money, Politics, and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. . ISBN 0-7425-3870-2.  
• John Samples. The Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226734507.  
• Smith, Bradley A. (March 1, 2001). Unfree Speech : The Folly of Campaign Finance Reform. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07045-8.  
• Talbot, Stephen (Producer). (1992) The Best Campaign Money Can Buy [TV-Series]. United States: Frontline (PBS Video); Center for Investigative Reporting.
• Ward, Gene. Transparency in Money in Politics: A Comparison of the United States and Canada.   PDF
• Vanberg, Christoph (2005). "One Man, One Dollar?" Examining the equalization argument in support of campaign contribution limits. MPI.  

External links

• Center for Competitive Politics
• More on United States campaign law
• Campaign Finance Institute
• Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding campaign finance
• NEWSMEAT campaign contribution search engine
• PoliticalMoneyLine
• OpenSecrets
• Campaign Money Search
• The National Institute on Money in State Politics
• Institute for Law and Politics at the University of Minnesota Law School
• Moneyandpolitics.net (IFES)

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