A camera is a device used to capture images, either as still photographs or as sequences of moving images (movies or videos). The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images The term comes from the Latin camera obscura for "dark chamber" for an early mechanism of projecting images where an entire room functioned as a real-time imaging system; the modern camera evolved from the camera obscura. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment
Cameras may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic (EM spectrum is the range of all possible Electromagnetic radiation frequencies A camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with an opening (aperture) at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Most cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on the recording surface. A photographic lens (also known as objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with The diameter of the aperture is often controlled by a diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture. In Optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening ( Aperture) at its centre
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History
The forerunner to the camera was the camera obscura. The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment The camera obscura is an instrument consisting of a darkened chamber or box, into which light is admitted through a convex lens, forming an image of external objects on a surface of paper or glass, etc. , placed at the focus of the lens. [1] The camera obscura was first invented by the Iraqi scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) as described in his Book of Optics (1015-1021). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized [2] English scientist Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke later developed a portable camera obscura in the 1660s. Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703 was an English Natural philosopher and Polymath who played an important role in the [3]
The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before technology caught up to the point where this was practical. Johann Zahn (1631—1707 was the seventeenth century German author of Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium ( Würzburg, 1685 Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding boxes for focusing. Before each exposure, a sensitized plate would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record the image. Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process invented by William Fox Talbot recorded images on paper. The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Calotype or talbotype is an early Photographic process introduced in 1841 by Henry Fox Talbot, using Paper coated with Silver iodide William Henry Fox Talbot (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877 was the inventor of the negative / positive photographic process the precursor to most photographic processes of Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging
The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Joseph Nicéphore Niépce ( March 7, 1765 &ndash July 5, 1833) was a French Inventor, most noted as the inventor of Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Niépce built on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. Johann Heinrich Schulze or Schultz ( 12 May 1687 &ndash 10 October 1744) was a German professor and Polymath However, while this was the birth of photography, the camera itself can be traced back much further. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Before the invention of photography, there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them.
The development of the collodion wet plate process by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times dramatically, but required photographers to prepare and develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a mobile darkroom. Collodion is a solution of Nitrocellulose in ether or Acetone, sometimes with the addition of Alcohols Its generic name is pyroxylin solution For people named Fred Archer (including the unrelated 20th-century photographer see Fred Archer. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many A darkroom is a workspace usually a separate area in a building or a vehicle made dark to allow Photographers to use Light -sensitive materials to develop film Despite their complexity, the wet-plate ambrotype and tintype processes were in widespread use in the latter half of the 19th century. The ambrotype process (from Greek ambrotos, "immortal" or amphitype is a photographic process that creates a positive photographic Tintype, also melainotype and ferrotype, is a Photographic process first described by Adolphe-Alexandre Martin in France in 1853 and patented Wet plate cameras were little different from previous designs, though there were some models, such as the sophisticated Dubroni of 1864, where the sensitizing and developing of the plates could be carried out inside the camera itself rather than in a separate darkroom. Other cameras were fitted with multiple lenses for making cartes de visite. Note in French '''carte de visite''' refers to Business card or Visiting card. It was during the wet plate era that the use of bellows for focusing became widespread. In photography a bellows is the pleated expandable part of a camera usually a large or medium format Camera, to allow the lens to be moved with respect
The first colour photograph was made by James Clerk Maxwell, with the help of Thomas Sutton, in 1861[4]
Mechanics
Image capture
Traditional cameras capture light onto photographic film or photographic plate. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Photographic plates preceded Photographic film as a mean of photography Video and digital cameras use electronics, usually a charge coupled device (CCD) or sometimes a CMOS sensor to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape or computer memory inside the camera for later playback or processing. A video camera is a Camera used for electronic Motion picture acquisition initially developed by the Television industry but now common in other applications Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS) (pronounced "see-moss" siːmɔːs ˈsiːmɒs is a major class of Integrated circuits CMOS technology Digital image processing is the use of computer Algorithms to perform Image processing on Digital images As a subfield of Digital signal processing
Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as ciné cameras in Europe; those designed for single images are still cameras. This article is about motion picture film cameras See Video camera for cameras which record images electronically A Still camera is a type of Camera used to take Photographs Traditional cameras capture light onto Photographic film. However these categories overlap, as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in special effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between still and motion recording modes. The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. A video camera is a category of movie camera that captures images electronically (either using analogue or digital technology). A video camera is a Camera used for electronic Motion picture acquisition initially developed by the Television industry but now common in other applications
A Stereo camera can take photographs that appear "three-dimensional" by taking two different photographs that can be combined to create the illusion of depth in the composite image. A stereo camera is a type of Camera with two or more lenses This allows the camera to simulate human Binocular vision, and therefore gives it the ability to Stereo cameras for making 3D prints or slides have two lenses side by side. Stereo cameras for making lenticular prints have 3, 4, 5, or even more lenses. Lenticular printing is a technology in which a Lenticular lens is used to produce images with an Illusion of depth, or the ability to change or move as the image is Some film cameras feature date imprinting devices that can print a date on the negative itself. Negative imprinting is a feature of some film Cameras in which the date Shutter speed and Aperture setting are recorded on the negative directly
Focus
Due to the optical properties of photographic lenses, only objects within an exact range of distances from the camera will be reproduced clearly. A photographic lens (also known as objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with The process of adjusting this range is known as changing the camera's focus. There are various ways of focusing a camera accurately. The simplest cameras have fixed focus and use a small aperture and wide-angle lens to ensure that everything within a certain range of distance from the lens, usually around 3 metres (10 ft) to infinity, is in reasonable focus. A focus free lens is a Photographic lens whose focal point is fixed at its Hyperfocal distance. A photographic lens (also known as objective lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with Fixed focus cameras are usually inexpensive types, such as single-use cameras. The camera can also have a limited focusing range or scale-focus that is indicated on the camera body. Scale-focus or zone-focus is a type of focusing system used by many inexpensive Cameras from the 1940s and 1950s The user will guess or calculate the distance to the subject and adjust the focus accordingly. On some cameras this is indicated by symbols (head-and-shoulders; two people standing upright; one tree; mountains).
Rangefinder cameras allow the distance to objects to be measured by means of a coupled parallax unit on top of the camera, allowing the focus to be set with accuracy. A rangefinder camera is a camera fitted with a Rangefinder: a range-finding focusing mechanism allowing the photographer to measure the subject distance and take photographs Single-lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to determine the focus and composition visually using the objective lens and a moving mirror to project the image onto a ground glass or plastic micro-prism screen. The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging Ground glass is Glass whose surface has been ground to produce a flat but rough (matte finish Twin-lens reflex cameras use an objective lens and a focusing lens unit (usually identical to the objective lens) in a parallel body for composition and focusing. A twin-lens reflex camera ( TLR) is a type of Camera with two objective lenses of the same Focal length. View cameras use a ground glass screen which is removed and replaced by either a photographic plate or a reusable holder containing sheet film before exposure. The view camera is a type of Camera first developed in the era of the Daguerreotype and still in use today though with many refinements Sheet film is Large format and medium format Photographic film supplied on individual sheets of Acetate or Polyester Film base Modern cameras often offer autofocus systems to focus the camera automatically by a variety of methods. Autofocus (or AF) is a feature of some Optical systems that allows them to obtain (and in some systems to also continuously maintain correct focus on a [5]
Exposure control
The size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene controls the amount of light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of time that the light hits the recording surface. In Photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time for the purpose of exposing Photographic film or a light-sensitive Equivalent exposures can be made with a larger aperture and a faster shutter speed or a corresponding smaller aperture and with the shutter speed slowed down.
Image gallery
 Contax S—the world's first pentaprism SLR |
 Asahiflex |
 Kodak Retina IIIC |
 Nikon F of 1959 |
 Voigtländer Vitoret of 1962 |
 Silvestri Flexicam |
 Opened up Cine Kodak, used 35mm movie film |
 Voigtländer Brillant twin-lens reflex camera. The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging |
 1921 Kodak |
See also
Types
- Digital single-lens reflex camera
- Movie camera
- Pinhole camera
- Pocket camera
- Rangefinder camera
- Single-lens reflex camera
- Toy camera
- Twin-lens reflex camera
- Video camera
- View camera
Brands
Other
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. A digital single-lens reflex camera ( digital SLR or DSLR) is a Digital camera that uses an automatic mirror system and Pentaprism This article is about motion picture film cameras See Video camera for cameras which record images electronically A' pinhole camera' is a very simple Camera with no lens and a single very small Aperture. For the film formats associated with the Instamatic and Pocket Instamatic camera ranges see 126 film and 110 film respectively A rangefinder camera is a camera fitted with a Rangefinder: a range-finding focusing mechanism allowing the photographer to measure the subject distance and take photographs The single-lens reflex (SLR Camera uses an automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging Toy cameras are simple inexpensive film box Cameras made almost entirely out of Plastic, often including the lens. A twin-lens reflex camera ( TLR) is a type of Camera with two objective lenses of the same Focal length. A video camera is a Camera used for electronic Motion picture acquisition initially developed by the Television industry but now common in other applications The view camera is a type of Camera first developed in the era of the Daguerreotype and still in use today though with many refinements This article is about the now-bankrupt photographic company formed from the 2004 sell-off of Agfa-Gevaert's consumer imaging division Aigo ( Chinese: 爱国者 literally meaning "Patriot" is a consumer electronic brand manufactured by the Chinese company Beijing Huaqi Information Alpa was formerly a Swiss Camera design company and manufacturer of 35 mm cameras Argus is an American maker of Cameras and photographic products founded in 1936 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Asahiflex was a 35mm Single-lens reflex Camera built by the Asahi Optical Corporation (later to become Pentax) Bolex is a Swiss company (Bolex International SA of Yverdon) that manufactures motion picture cameras and lenses the most notable products of which are ( German pronunciation "brown" commonly pronounced "brawn" in English GmbH is a German consumer products company in Kronberg im was a Japanese brand of professional medium format roll-film Cameras including rangefinder and Single-lens reflex models is a Japanese Multinational corporation that specializes in imaging and optical products including Cameras photocopiers and Computer printers ( is a Japanese electronic devices manufacturing company founded in 1946 with its Headquarters in Tokyo. Contax was a Camera brand noted for its unique and sometimes odd technical innovation and a wide range of Zeiss lenses, noted for their high optical The Coronet Camera Company was a British company most noted for its Box cameras manufactured in the 1950s The Diana camera is a simple low-quality plastic-bodied box Camera. The Ducati Sogno was a half-frame 35 mm Rangefinder camera produced by Ducati Meccanica in the 1950s Eastman Kodak Company ( is an American multinational Public company which produces imaging and photographic materials and equipment The Ebony camera company was founded by Japanese photographer Hiromi Sakanashi in 1981 Edixa is a brand of Camera manufacturer Wirgin Kamerawerk which was based in Wiesbaden West Germany. The Exakta is a pioneer brand camera produced by the Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden, Germany, founded as the I ndustrie und The FED is a Soviet Rangefinder camera, mass produced from 1934 until around 1990 and also the name of the factory that made it Graflex was a Manufacturer, a Brand name and several models of Cameras William F Fujica is the name given by Fujifilm of Japan to its line of still- Photography and Motion picture Cameras. is a Japanese company known for its Photographic film and Cameras Fujifilm is the world’s largest photographic and imaging company. Gateway Incorporated is a Computer hardware company based in Irvine, California, which develops manufactures supports and markets a wide range of Graflex was a Manufacturer, a Brand name and several models of Cameras William F Victor Hasselblad AB is a Swedish manufacturer of Medium-format Cameras and photographic equipment based in Gothenburg, Sweden The Holga is an inexpensive medium format 120 film Toy camera, made in China, appreciated for its low-fidelity Aesthetic Honeywell ( is a major American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of consumer products engineering services and aerospace systems Ilford Photo is a maker of Photographic films paper, and chemicals Kiev-Arsenal is a Soviet brand of Camera manufactured by the Arsenal Factory in Kiev, Ukraine. is a Japanese manufacturer of office equipment Medical imaging, Graphic imaging, Optical devices and Measuring instruments The company Leica Camera AG is a leading German optical company that has been designing and developing Cameras since 1913 and manufacturing them in series production since Leidolf was a manufacturer of Optical equipment situated in Wetzlar, Germany. LOMO or Ленинградское Оптико-Механическое Объединение (Leningrad Optical Mechanical Amalgamation is a manufacturer of advanced optical instruments Lumix is Panasonic 's brand of Digital cameras, from pocket Point and shoot models to Digital SLRs is a Japanese company that today manufactures high-end cameras and other related photographic and optical equipment Micro Precision Products Ltd (MPP was a British optical company that between 1941 and 1982 produced cameras and related equipment Minox is the brand name of a Spy camera and Minox GmbH is the name of the company which produced them after World War II. The Miranda Camera Company, originally named the Orion Camera Company, manufactured Cameras in Japan between 1955 and 1978. Mustek Systems is a Company based in Hsinchu, Taiwan, established in October 1988 Newman & Guardia were a British manufacturer of Cameras and other fine instruments including early Aircraft instruments ( also known as Nikon or Nikon Corp, is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo Japan specializing in Optics ( is a Japanese company specializing in Optics and Imaging. Olympus was established on October 12 1919 initially specialized in microscope Oregon Scientific Inc is a manufacturer of electronic products including Atomic clocks home weather stations Public Alert monitors youth learning aids and fitness devices is a wholly owned division and brand name of Hoya Corporation. The Camera Company was an optical company and manufacturer of Cameras in Japan. The Plaubel Makina was a series of medium format Press cameras The original Makina was manufactured by Plaubel & Co Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H Land. It is most famous for its Instant film Cameras which reached the market in 1948 and Praktica is a brand of Camera manufactured by Pentacon in Dresden in eastern Germany, formerly within the GDR prior to reunification ( or Ricoh, is a Japanese company that was established on 6 February 1936 as Riken Kankoshi Co Rollei is a German Manufacturer of Optical goods founded in 1920 by Paul Franke and Reinhold Heidecke in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony and maker The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate Shanghai Seagull Camera Ltd is a Chinese Camera maker located in Shanghai, China. is a Japanese company founded in 1961 manufacturing Cameras, lenses, flashes and other photographic accessories Silvestri srl is an Italian company producing medium and large format cameras. Sinar AG is a Swiss company producing innovative medium format and large format cameras. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with The Tessina is a high-quality 35 mm Subminiature camera patented by German chemical engineer Dr Thornton-Pickard was a famous British Camera manufacturer established in 1888 Topcon (トプコン Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of optical equipment for Ophthalmology and Surveying. Vivitar Corporation was a manufacturer distributor and marketer of photographic and optical equipment originally based in Oxnard, California. Voigtländer is an optical company founded by Johann Christoph Voigtländer in Vienna in 1756 and thus the oldest name in cameras Wray (Optical Works Ltd was a British Camera and lens manufacturer based in Bromley, Kent. Yashica was a Japanese manufacturer of Cameras History The company began in December 1949 in Nagano Japan, when the Yashima This article is about the Russian camera brand For the astronomic or geodetic instruments directed to the zenith see Zenith camera. Zorki (Зоркий meaning sharp-sighted is the name of a series of 35mm Rangefinder Cameras manufactured in the Soviet Union between A flash is a device used in Photography that produces an instantaneous flash of artificial Light In Photography, a filter is a Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path In Photography, a tripod is a three-legged stand for a Camera, used to stabilize and elevate the camera This article is about the definition for the short story by Raymond Carver, see Viewfinder (short story In Photography, a There are many mobile phone features found in today's Mobile phones that offer users many more capabilities than only voice calls or text messaging
- ^ Nicholas J. Wade, Stanley Finger (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception 30 (10), p. 1157 – 1177.
- ^ Explanatory Notes (section) of David Constantine's 1994 translation of Goethe's Elective Affinities, Oxford University Press. Elective Affinities (Die Wahlverwandtschaften is the third novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, published in 1809
- ^ Mahon, Basil (2003). The Man Who Changed Everything – the Life of James Clerk Maxwell. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN.
- ^ Auto focus - How Stuff Works
External links
- Camerapedia a free-content encyclopedia of camera information
- How camera works at How stuff works.
- Photographic Collectors Club
- Internet Directory of Camera Collectors
Dictionary
camera
-noun
- A device for taking still or moving pictures or photographs.
- (video games) The viewpoint in a three-dimensional game.
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