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Commune of Cambrai |
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| The coat of arms of Cambrai bearing the two-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire | ||
| Location | ||
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| Administration | ||
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| Country | France | |
| Region | Nord-Pas de Calais | |
| Department | Nord (sous-préfecture) | |
| Arrondissement | Cambrai | |
| Canton | Cambrai-Est, Cambrai-Ouest | |
| Intercommunality | Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai |
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| Mayor | François-Xavier Villain (2001-2008) |
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| Statistics | ||
| Elevation | 41 m–101 m (avg. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Nord-Pas de Calais (French Nord-Pas de Calais; Dutch Noord-Nauw van Kales) is one of the 26 regions of France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department Subprefectures (sous-préfectures are the administrative towns of arrondissements in France that do not contain the prefecture for its department. The 100 French departments are divided into 342 arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts. The arrondissement of Cambrai is an arrondissement of France located in the Nord department, in the Nord-Pas de Calais region The cantons of France are territorial subdivisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. 60 m) |
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| Land area¹ | 18. 12 km² | |
| Population² (1999) |
(Cambrésiens) 33,716 | |
| - Density | 1,861/km² (1999) | |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| INSEE/Postal code | 59122/ 59400 | |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume The INSEE code is a numerical indexing code used by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE to identify various entities including communes Postal codes were introduced in France in 1972, when La Poste introduced automated sorting. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open | ||
| 2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once. C D E | ||
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Cambrai (Dutch: Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Subprefectures (sous-préfectures are the administrative towns of arrondissements in France that do not contain the prefecture for its department.
Cambrai is the seat of an archdiocese whose jurisdiction was immense during the Middle Ages. The territory of the Bishopric of Cambrai, roughly coinciding with the shire of Brabant, included the central part of the Low Countries. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The bishopric had some limited secular power.
The Battle of Cambrai (20 November - 3 December 1917), a campaign of World War I took place there. The Battle of Cambrai ( 20 November - 3 December 1917) was a British campaign of World War I. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All It was noted for the first successful use of tanks. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical A second Battle of Cambrai took place between 8 October - 10 October 1918 as part of the Hundred Days Offensive. For the first major tank offensive see Battle of Cambrai (1917 The 1918 Battle of Cambrai, also referred to as The 2nd Battle of Cambrai, Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Hundred Days Offensive was the final period of World War I, where the Allies launched a series of offensives against the Central Powers on the
Contents |
History
Roman times
Little is known with certainty of the beginnings of Cambrai. Amiens (amjɛ̃ is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km north of Paris. Camaracum or Camaraco, as it was known to the Romans, is mentioned for the first time on the Peutinger table in the middle of the 4th century. The Tabula Peutingeriana ( Peutinger table) is an Itinerarium showing the Cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. It was a town of the Nervii, whose "capital" was at Bagacum, present-day Bavay. The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes living east of the Scheldt in northern Bagacumjpg|thumb|Bagacum]] Bavay is a town and commune of northern France in the département of Nord, 15 m
In the middle of the 4th century Frankish raids from the north led the Romans to build forts along the Cologne to Bavay to Cambrai road, and thence to Boulogne. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Cambrai thus occupied an important strategic position. In the early 5th century the town had become the administrative centre of the Nervii in replacement of Bavay which was probably too exposed to the Franks' raids and perhaps too damaged.
Christianity arrived in the region at about the same time. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A bishop of the Nervii by the name of Superior is mentioned in the middle of the 4th century, but nothing else is known about him.
In 430 the Salian Franks under the command of Clodio the Long-Haired took the town. Salians redirects here for the eleventh-century dynasty see Salian dynasty, for Roman priests see Salii. Chlodio (395-448 was a king of the Salian Franks from the Merovingian Dynasty. In the early 6th century Clovis undertook to unify the Frankish kingdoms by getting rid of his relatives. One of them was Ragnacharius, who ruled over a small kingdom from Cambrai.
In 870 the town was destroyed by the Normans. [1]
Early Middle Ages
Cambrai began to grow from a rural market into a real city during the Merovingian times, a long period of peace when the bishoprics of Arras and Cambrai were first unified (probably owing to the small number of clerics left at the time) and were later transferred to Cambrai, an administrative centre for the region. The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin Successive bishops, including Gaugericus (in French Géry), founded abbeys and churches to host relics, which contributed powerfully to giving Cambrai both the appearance and functions of a city. Saint Gaugericus, in French Saint Géry (also known as Gorik Gau; in Walloon, Djèri) (ca
When the treaty of Verdun (843) split Charlemagne's empire into three parts the county of Cambrai fell into Lothaire's kingdom. In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne 's grandsons divided his territories the Carolingian Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Lothair (Latin Lotharius; German Lothar; French Lothaire) is a Germanic Given name, derived from the older form Clotaire However on the death of Lothair II, who had no heir, king Charles the Bald tried to gain control of his kingdom by having himself sacred at Metz. Lothair II ( 835 - August 8, 869) was the second son of Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. Charles the Bald ( 13 June 823 – 6 October 877) Holy Roman Emperor (875–877 as Charles II) and King of West Francia Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Cambrai thus reverted, but only briefly, to the Western Frankish Realm. West Francia or the West Frankish Kingdom was a short-lived kingdom encompassing the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire that came under the undisputed By 925 Henry the Fowler had regained control of Lothair's former domains. Cambrai henceforth belonged to the Holy Roman Empire, in an uncomfortable position on the border with France, until it was annexed by France eight centuries later after being captured by Louis XIV in 1677. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent
In the Middle-Ages the region around Cambrai, called Cambrésis, was a county. Rivalries between the count, who ruled the city and county, and the bishop, ceased when in 948 Otto I granted the bishop with temporal powers over the city. Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke In 1007 emperor Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, extended the bishop's temporal power to the territory surrounding Cambrai. Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy The bishops then had both spiritual and temporal powers. This made Cambrai and Cambrésis a church principality, much like Liège, an independent state which was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Liège (ljɛːʒ Older English: Luick, Walloon: Lidje, German: Lüttich; Latin: Leodium, Dutch
In 958 one of the first communes in Europe was established in Cambrai. The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. The inhabitants rebelled against the bishop's power and abuses. They were severely repressed, but the discontent flared up again in the 10th and 11th centuries. In 1226, following another period of unrest, the burghers of Cambrai finally had to give up their charters and accept the bishop's authority, while retaining some freedom in the running of the town.
Prosperity in the Middle Ages
Economic activity
In the Middle-Ages the city grew richer and larger thanks to its weaving industry which produced woollen cloth, linen and cambric. Cambric or chambray is a lightweight Cotton cloth used as fabric for Lace and Needlework. Cambrai then belonged to a commercial hansa of seventeen low country cities whose aim was to develop trade with the fairs in Champagne and Paris. Champagne is a historic province in the northeast of France, best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city By the 11th century the city walls had reached the circumference they would keep until the 19th century.
Music history
Cambrai has a distinguished musical history, particularly in the 15th century. Gilles Binchois, also known as Gilles de Binche or Gilles de Bins (c The cathedral there, a musical center until the 17th century, had one of the most active musical establishments in the Low Countries; many composers of the Burgundian School either grew up and learned their craft there, or returned to teach. The Burgundian School is a term used to denote a group of composers active in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, In 1428 Philippe de Luxembourg claimed that the cathedral was the finest in all of Christianity, for the fineness of its singing, its light, and the sweetness of its bells. Guillaume Dufay, the most famous European musician of the 15th century, studied at the cathedral from 1409 to 1412, and returned in 1439 after spending many years in Italy. Guillaume Dufay ( Du Fay, Du Fayt) ( August 5, 1397 ? &ndash November 27, 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer Cambrai cathedral had other famous composers in the later 15th century: Johannes Tinctoris and Ockeghem went to Cambrai to study with Dufay. Johannes Tinctoris (c 1435 &ndash 1511 was a Flemish composer and music theorist of the Renaissance. Johannes Ockeghem (also Jean de; surname Okeghem, Ogkegum, Okchem, Hocquegam, Ockegham; other variant spellings are also Other composers included Nicolas Grenon, Alexander Agricola, and Jacob Obrecht. Nicolas Grenon (c 1375 &ndash October 17 1456) was a French composer of the early Renaissance. Alexander Agricola (1445 or 1446 &ndash August 15, 1506) was a Franco-Flemish Composer of the Renaissance. Jacob Obrecht (1457/1458 &ndash late July 1505 was a Dutch composer of the Renaissance. In the 16th century, Philippe de Monte, Johannes Lupi, and Jacobus de Kerle all worked there. Philippe de Monte (1521 – July 4, 1603) sometimes known as Philippus de Monte, was a Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. Johannes Lupi (c 1506 &ndash December 20, 1539) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. Jacobus de Kerle (1531/1532 - 1591-01-07) was a Flemish composer and organist of the late Renaissance.
Hundred Year's War
Even though the bishop tried to preserve the independance of his small state of Cambrésis, the task was not easy, wedged as the county was between its more powerful neighbours the counts of Flanders, of Hainaut and the kings of France, especially during the Hundred Years' War. The County of Flanders was a historical region in the Low Countries. This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut for other meanings see Hainaut. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior In 1339, in the early stages of the war, the English king Edward III laid siege to the city but eventually had to withdraw. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. By the 14th century the county was surrounded on all parts by Burgundy's possessions and John of Burgundy, an illegitimate son of John the Fearless, was made bishop. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur also John II Duke of Burgundy, known as John of Valois and John of Burgundy ( May 28 1371 However what looked like an impending annexation of Cambrésis to the states of Burgundy was made impossible by the sudden death of Charles the Bold in 1477. Charles the Bold or Charles the Rash (Charles le Téméraire ( 21 November 1433 &ndash 5 January 1477) baptised Charles Martin Louis XI immediately seized the opportunity to take control of Cambrai, but left the city a year later. Louis XI ( July 3, 1423 – August 30, 1483) called the Prudent (le Prudent and the Universal Spider ( Middle
The legend of Martin and Martine
Martin and Martine are two legendary characters who have come to represent the city which they are said to have saved. There are different versions of the story. The most commonly accepted version runs as follows: around the year 1370, at the time of Bishop Robert, Count of Geneva, Martin, a blacksmith of Moorish descent established in Cambrai, was among the burghers who left the city to fight the lord of Thun-Lévêque, who was then reputed to ransom the population around the city and generally to afflict the region. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Martin, armed only with his heavy iron hammer, soon came face to face with the enemy. He dealt such a heavy blow on his opponent's head that, although the helmet of the lord did not break, because it was made of good steel, it was driven down to hisd eyes. Dazed and blinded, the lord of Thun quickly surrendered. Today the automatons of Martin and Martine, standing at the top of the town hall, strike the hours with a hammer as a reminder of that mighty blow.
The Renaissance and classical age
As the economic centre of northern Europe moved away from Bruges, the area became poorer, with an associated period of cultural decline. Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. However the city's neutrality and its position between the possessions of the Habsburg Empire and France made it the venue of several international negotiations, including the League of Cambrai, an alliance engineered in 1508 by Pope Julius II against the Republic of Venice. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The alliance collapsed in 1510 when the Pope allied with Venice against his former ally France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The conflict is also referred to as the War of the League of Cambrai and lasted from 1508 to 1516. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. Cambrai was also the site of negotiations in 1529 that led to France's withdrawal from the War of the League of Cognac. The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30 was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
In 1543 Cambrai was conquered by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and annexed to his already vast possessions. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was He had the medieval monastery of Saint-Sépulchre demolished and a citadel built in its place.
In 1623, the community of nuns of the English Benedictine Congregation was founded at Cambrai, which was expelled during the French Revolution and its successor community has since 1838 been established at Stanbrook Abbey, near Malvern. The English Benedictine Congregation (abbr EBC comprises autonomous Roman Catholic Benedictine communities of Monks and Nuns and is technically Stanbrook Abbey is an Abbey in Cambrai, Flanders, then part of the Spanish Netherlands.
In 1677, Louis XIV, in an effort to "safeguard the tranquility of his borders for ever" ("assurer à jamais le repos de ses frontières"), decided to take Cambrai and supervised the siege in person. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent The city was taken on April 19 1677. By the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678 Spain relinquished Cambrai, which has remained to this day a part of France. The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen ( Négotiations de Nimegue or Négotiations de la Paix de Nimègue) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city
The first archbishop appointed by the king of France was François Fénelon. François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, more commonly known as François Fénelon ( August 6 1651 &ndash January 7 1715) was a He came to be known as the "swan of Cambrai" ("le cygne de Cambrai"), in opposition to his rival Bossuet, the "eagle of Meaux" ("l'aigle de Meaux"), and he wrote his Maxims of the Saints while residing in the city. Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet ( September 27, 1627 - April 12, 1704) was a French Bishop and theologian, renowned
The French Revolution
The city suffered from the Revolution: Joseph Le Bon, sent by the Comité de salut public, arrived in Cambrai in 1794. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Joseph Le Bon ( 29 September 1765 - 10 October 1795) was a French Politician. The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public le Haut Comité de la santé publique which is an entirely unrelated present-day institution--> set up by the He was to set up an era of "terror", sending many to the guillotine, until he was tried and executed in 1795. The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. Most of the religious buildings of the city were demolished in that period: in 1797, the cathedral, which had been dubbed the "wonder of the low countries", was sold to a merchant who exploited it as a stone quarry. Only the main tower was left standing by 1809, when it collapsed in a storm. However the cathedral's archives have been preserved (they are now at the Archives Départmentales du Nord in Lille). Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country
Demographics
Evolution of the population of Cambrai from 1794 to 2005
(2005 : estimate[2]) (Sources : INSEE - CassiniEHESS)
Births
Cambrai was the birthplace of:
- Amé Bourdon (1636 or 1638 - 1706), physician and anatomist
- Charles François Dumouriez (1739-1823), French general
- Francisco de Carondelet (1747-1807), in Noyelles, Spanish governor of Louisiana, president of the Audiencia of Quito
- Louis Blériot (1872-1936), aviator
- Henri de Lubac (1896-1991), Jesuit and theologian
- Julien Torma (1902-1933), writer, playwright and poet
- René Dumont (1904-2001), engineer in agronomy, sociologist, and environmental politician
- Maurice Godelier (born 1934), social anthropologist, neo-Marxist, and French intellectual
Twin towns
Cambrai is twinned with:
Houma - Louisiana, United States
Châteauguay - Québec, Canada
Kamp-Lintfort - Germany
Esztergom - Hungary
Gravesend - Kent - UK
See also
Sources
- David Fallows, Barbara H. INSEE ( French: I nstitut N ational de la S tatistique et des É tudes É conomiques; inse (not) in French is the Amé Bourdon (1636 or 1638 - December 21, 1706) was a French Physician and Anatomist. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Charles François Dumouriez ( January 25, 1739 &ndash March 14, 1823) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars Francisco Luis Hector barón de Carondelet (1748-1807 was an administrator of Flemish descent in the employ of the Spanish Empire. Louisiana Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1805 until December 11, 1812. For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. Louis Blériot ( July 1 1872 in Cambrai, France &ndash August 1 1936 in Paris, France) was a Henri-Marie Cardinal de Lubac, SJ ( February 20, 1896 &mdash September 4, 1991) was a French Jesuit priest Julien Torma ( April 6, 1902 &ndash February 17, 1933) was a French Writer, Playwright and Poet who René Dumont ( March 13, 1904 – June 18, 2001) was a French engineer in agronomy, a sociologist, and an environmental Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact natural economic and Social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions in Cambrai, France in 1934 Maurice Godelier is one of the most influential names in French Anthropology. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various Twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Houma (ˈhoʊmə and /ˈhuːmə/ is the Parish seat of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States, and the largest principal city The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Kamp-Lintfort is a town in Wesel District, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Esztergom (known by alternative names) is a City in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the Capital Budapest. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Gravesend is a town in northwest Kent, England, on the south bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Cambric or chambray is a lightweight Cotton cloth used as fabric for Lace and Needlework. The "Great Fear" (la Grande Peur occurred from July 20 to August 5 1789 in France at the start of the French Revolution. Haggh: "Cambrai", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed December 18, 2005), (subscription access) (source for the music history section)
- "Cambrai. " Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. New York, Encyclopedia Britannica Co. , 1910.
- "Histoire de Cambrai", sous la direction de Louis Trénard, Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1982.
Notes
- ^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, "Cambrai"
- ^ INSEE: Census results since 2004
External links
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