Citizendia
Your Ad Here

California English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the U.S. state of California. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The most populous state of the United States, California is home to a highly diverse populace, which is reflected in the historical and continuing development of California English. As is the case of English spoken in any particular state, not all features are used by all speakers in the state, and not all features are restricted in use only to the state. However, there are some linguistic features which can be identified as either originally or predominantly Californian, or both.

Contents

History

English became spoken in the area now known as California on a wide scale beginning with a considerable influx of English-speaking European Americans during the California Gold Rush and after rapid growth from internal migration (from all parts of the United States, but particularly New England in earlier periods and later on, the Midwest) through the end of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants The California Gold Rush (1848&ndash1855 began on January 24 1848 when Gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The heavy internal migration from regions in the United States east of California laid the early groundwork for the varieties of English spoken in California today.

Before World War I, the variety of speech types reflected the differing origins of these early inhabitants. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All At the time a distinctly southwestern drawl could be heard in Southern California, although the San Francisco area sounded more Midwestern. When a collapse in commodity prices followed World War I, many bankrupted Midwestern farmers migrated to California, bringing speech characteristic of Nebraska, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa; and this speech type has dominated to this day. Subsequently, incoming groups with differing speech, such as the speakers of Highland Southern during the 1930s, have been absorbed within a generation.

California's status as a relatively young state is significant in that it has not had centuries for regional patterns to emerge and grow (compared to, say, some East Coast or Southern dialects). Linguists who studied English as spoken in California before and in the period immediately after World War II tended to find few if any distinct patterns unique to the region [1]. However, several decades later, with a more settled population and continued immigration from all over the globe, a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of California English had begun to attract notice by linguists of the late 20th century and on.

Phonology

As a variety of American English, California English is similar to most other forms of American speech in being a rhotic accent, which is historically a significant marker in differentiating different English varieties. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented The following chart represents the relative positions of the stressed monophthongs of the accent, based on nine speakers from southern California. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at [2] Notable is the absence of /ɔ/, which has merged with /ɑ/ through the cot-caught merger, and the relatively open quality of /ɪ/ due to the California vowel shift discussed below. Father-bother merger The father-bother merger is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels /ɑː/ and /ɒ/ that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English

There are several phonological processes which have been identified as being particular to California English. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning However, these shifts are by no means universal in Californian speech, and any single Californian's speech may only have some or none of the changes identified below. The shifts might also be found in the speech of people from areas outside of California.

One topic that has begun to receive much attention among scholars in recent years has been the emergence of a vowel shift unique to California. A vowel shift is a systematic Sound change in the Pronunciation of the Vowel sounds of a Language. Much like other vowel shifts occurring in North America, such as the Southern Vowel Shift, Northern Cities Vowel Shift, and the Canadian Shift, the California Vowel Shift is noted for a systematic chain shift of several vowels. Southern American English is a group of Dialects of the English language spoken throughout the Southern region of the United States, from Southern The Northern cities vowel shift is a Chain shift in the sounds of some Vowels in the Dialect region of American English known as the The Canadian Shift is a linguistic Vowel shift found in Canadian English. In the study of Historical linguistics and phonetic change a chain shift is a type of sound shift in which a group of sounds all change at about the same time In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract

The Northern California vowel shift, based on a diagram at Penelope Eckert's webpage.
The Northern California vowel shift, based on a diagram at Penelope Eckert's webpage.

This image on the right illustrates the California vowel shift. The vowel space of the image is a cross-section (as if looking at the interior of a mouth from a side profile perspective); it is a rough approximation of the space in a human mouth where the tongue is located in articulating certain vowel sounds (the left is the front of the mouth closer to the teeth, the right side of the chart being the back of the mouth). In Articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a Consonant is the point of contact where an Obstruction As with other vowel shifts, several vowels may be seen moving in a chain shift around the mouth. In the study of Historical linguistics and phonetic change a chain shift is a type of sound shift in which a group of sounds all change at about the same time As one vowel encroaches upon the space of another, the adjacent vowel in turn experiences a movement in order to maximize phonemic differentiation. Phonemic differentiation is the phenomenon of a Language maximizing the acoustic distance between its Phonemes presumably to minimize the possibility of misunderstanding

Two phonemes, /ɪ/ and /æ/, have allophones that are fairly widely spread apart from each other: before /ŋ/, /ɪ/ is raised to [i] and, as mentioned above, may even be identified with the phoneme /i/. In other contexts, /ɪ/ has a fairly open pronunciation, as indicated in the vowel chart above. /æ/ is raised and diphthongized to [eə] or [ɪə] before nasal consonants (a shift reminiscent of, but more restricted than, non-phonemic æ-tensing in the Inland North); before /ŋ/ it may be identified with the phoneme /e/. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Trap-bath split The trap-bath split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in southern varieties of English English (including Received Pronunciation Elsewhere /æ/ is lowered in the direction of [a]. The other parts of the chain shift are apparently context-free: /ʊ/ is moving towards [ʌ], /ʌ/ towards [ɛ], /ɛ/ toward [æ], /ɑ/ toward [ɔ], and the starting points of /ʊu/ and /oʊ/ toward [i] and [e] respectively.

Unlike some of the other vowel shifts, however, the California Vowel Shift is generally considered to be in earlier stages of development as compared to the more widespread Northern and Southern Vowel Shifts, although the new vowel characteristics of the California Vowel Shift are increasingly found among younger speakers. As with many vowel shifts, these significant changes occurring in the spoken language are rarely noticed by average speakers; imitation of peers and other sociolinguistic phenomena play a large part in determining the extent of the vowel shift in a particular speaker. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used For example, while some characteristics such as the close central rounded vowel [ʉ] or close back unrounded vowel [ɯ] for /u/ are widespread in Californian speech, the same high degree of fronting for /oʊ/ is common only within certain social groups. } The close central rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close back unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents

Lexical characteristics

The popular image of a typical California speaker often conjures up images of the so-called Valley Girls popularized by the 1982 hit song by Frank Zappa and Moon Unit Zappa or "surfer-dude" speech made famous by movies such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High. Valley Girl (less commonly Val) is a term referred to affluent middle-class young girls living in the neighborhood of San Fernando Valley. Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director Moon Unit Zappa (born September 28 1967) is an American actress and musician Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age teen - Comedy film written by Cameron Crowe (adapted While many phrases found in these extreme versions of California English of the 1980s may now be considered passé, certain words such as awesome and dude have remained popular in California and have spread to a national, even international, level. The term dude is an infected hair on an elephant's butt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! American English Slang word generally used informally to address a Male individual The use of the word like for numerous grammatical functions or as conversational "filler" has also remained popular in California English and is now found in many other varieties of English. In the English language, the word like has a very flexible range of uses Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Speech disfluencies are any of various breaks irregularities or utterances that are often not consistent with any specific grammatical construction and occur within the flow of otherwise

A common example of a Northern California colloquialism is "hella" (from "hell of a lot of", alternatively, "hecka") to mean "many," "much," or "very". [4] It can be used with both count and mass nouns. For example: "I haven't seen you for hella long"; "There were hella people there"; or "This guacamole is hella good. " Pop culture references to "hella" are common, as in the song "Hella Good" by the band No Doubt, which hails from Southern California. " Hella Good " is an Electronic rock song written by Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal, and The Neptunes for No Doubt 's fifth No Doubt is a rock band from Anaheim California, United States founded in 1986

California, like other Southwestern states, has borrowed many words from Spanish, especially for place-geographical names, food, and other cultural items reflecting the heritage of Latino Californians. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 High concentrations of various ethnic groups throughout the state have contributed to general familiarity with words describing (especially cultural) phenomena. For example, a high concentration of Asian Americans from various cultural backgrounds, especially in urban and suburban metropolitan areas in California, has led to the adoption of words like hapa (itself originally a Hawaiian borrowing of English "half"[5]). Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian "Hapa" is a Hawaiian term used to describe a person of mixed Asian or Pacific Islander racial/ethnic heritage A person who was hapa was either part European/Islander or part Asian/Islander. Today it refers to a person of mixed racial heritage—especially, but not limited to, half-Asian/half-European-Americans in common California usage) and FOB ("fresh off the boat", often a newly arrived Asian immigrant). Fresh off the boat (or "FOB" is a derogatory phrase used for describing Immigrants that have arrived from a foreign nation have not yet assimilated Not surprisingly, the popularity of cultural food items such as Vietnamese phở and Taiwanese boba in many areas has led to the general adoption of such words amongst many speakers. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. Phở (fɤ̂ in Vietnamese; in English written pho and typically) is a traditional Vietnamese Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Bubble tea, also called "Boba" tea, is a Tea beverage that originated in Taiwan in the 1980s

Freeway nomenclature

Since the 1950s and 1960s, California culture (and thus its variety of English) has been significantly affected by "car culture" — that is, dependence on private automobile transportation and the effects thereof.

One difference between California and most of the rest of the U. S. has been the way residents refer to highways, or freeways. The term freeway itself is not used in many areas outside California; for instance, in New England, the term highway is universally used. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve Where most Americans may refer to for the east-west Interstate Highway leading from San Francisco to the suburbs of New York, or "I-15" for the north-south artery linking San Diego through Salt Lake City to the Canadian border, Californians are less likely to use the "I" or "interstate" designation in naming highways or* freeways, (But other Californians refer to "I-80" in the same sense as most other Americans. In the US state of California, Interstate 15 is a major north-south route through the San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego In the US state of California, Interstate 80, a major east-west route of the Interstate Highway System, has its western terminus in San Francisco ).

Northern Californians will typically say "80", "101 (one oh one)" to refer to freeways. Some long-time San Francisco Bay Area residents and many traffic report broadcasts still refer to such highways by name and not number designation: "the Bayshore", for 101, or "the Nimitz" for I-880, which was named for Admiral Chester Nimitz, a prominent World War II hero with strong local ties). In the US state of California, US Route 101 (also known as Highway 101, The 101, or simply 101) is one of the last remaining and Interstate 880 (I-880 is an Interstate highway in the San Francisco Bay Area connecting San Jose and Oakland, running parallel to the southeastern Fleet Admiral Chester William Nimitz, USN, GCB ( February 24, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1966) held the dual command World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including State Route 1 is called "Highway 1" or simply "One" (ie "take One down the coast"). State Route 1, often called Highway 1, is a State highway that runs along much of the Pacific coast of the U
In Greater Los Angeles, Orange County and San Diego, Interstate Highways are referred to either by name or by route number (perhaps with a direction suffix), but with the addition of the article "the", such as "the 405 North" or "the 605". The Greater Los Angeles Area, or the Southland, (not to be confused with the Los Angeles Metro Area which includes only Los Angeles and Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. This is in contrast to typical Northern California usage, which omits the article.

There is no road named "Los Angeles Freeway"; instead, each freeway which radiates from downtown L. A. is named for its nominal terminus in some other city, such as Santa Monica, Santa Ana, or San Diego. Typical advice from a native is, "Take the Santa Monica West to the San Diego South to Washington", meaning, "Take Interstate 10 west to Interstate 405 south, then take the Washington Blvd. exit. "

Conversely, the older state highways are generally called not by their numbers, but by their names, as used on signage and in postal addresses. For example, State Route 1, in southern California is called Pacific Coast Highway, and is often referred to as "PCH", pronounced as three separate letters. State Route 1, often called Highway 1, is a State highway that runs along much of the Pacific coast of the U

The sequential numbering of freeway exits, common in most parts of the United States, has only recently been applied in California and initially appearing only in more populous areas. Thus, virtually all Californians refer to exits by signage name rather than by number, as in "Grand Avenue exit" rather than "Exit 21. "

Southern Californians often refer to the lanes of a multi-lane divided highway by number, "The Number 1 Lane" (usually referred to as "The Fast Lane") is the lane furthest to the left, with the lane numbers going up sequentially to the right until the far right lane, which is usually referred to as "The Slow Lane. "

Place names

Northern California

Another common Northern California expression is the way in which residents refer to San Francisco as simply "The City" if they live in nearby suburbs (such as San Mateo) or cities like Oakland or Danville, or even as far south as Santa Cruz, some Mexican Spanish speakers refer to it as "San Pancho" because Pancho is a nickname for Francisco in Mexico. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city San Mateo ( "san muh-TAY-o") is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U The Town of Danville is located in a part of Contra Costa County California called the San Ramon Valley, United States. Santa Cruz is the County seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California, United States. Similarly, the city of South San Francisco, technically not a part of the city and county of San Francisco, is sometimes referred to as "South City", especially in the pages of the San Francisco Examiner. South San Francisco is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, located on the San Francisco The San Francisco Examiner is a US daily Newspaper. It has been published continuously in San Francisco, California, since The term "Frisco" is almost never used by residents, except in jest, much as "The Big Apple" is not typically used by native New Yorkers. The City of New York However, although well-known newspaper columnist Herb Caen once harshly criticized the use of the term "Frisco", he later recanted, and the term continues to be used. For the hockey player please see Herb Cain. Herbert Eugene Caen ( April 3, 1916 &ndash February 1, 1997 Still, the term "Frisco" continues to be viewed by many northern Californians as either revealing ignorance, or as vaguely derogatory. When used by northern Californians, it is typically employed with a sense of irony.

“ Whoever after due and proper warning shall be heard to utter the abominable word "Frisco", which has no linguistic or other warrant, shall be deemed guilty of a High Misdemeanor, and shall pay into the Imperial Treasury as penalty the sum of twenty-five dollars. [6] ”

- Emperor Norton, nineteenth-century San Francisco figure

Northern California and Southern California are sometime abbreviated as "NorCal" and "SoCal", respectively. Joshua Abraham Norton ( c 1819 &ndash January 8 1880 the self-proclaimed His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, was a celebrated citizen of San Some Southern Californians refer to Northern California as "NoCal," to emphasize perceived feelings of Southern California's superiority. In exchange, "SoCal" is often used derisively in some areas of Northern California, ("Oh, he's from SoCal, no wonder he's such an airhead. ") especially in conversations about water usage or Los Angeles (sometimes referred to as "La La Land").

The metro region often referred to as the Bay Area includes San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Marin, Contra Costa, Sonoma, Solano and Napa counties.

Furthermore, the San Francisco Bay Area is occasionally referred to as "the Bay" and more commonly "The Bay Area" in mainstream culture as well as hip hop culture. The San Francisco Bay Area is sub-divided into regions such as:

Northern Californians refer to Sacramento, the state capital, as "Sac", "Sactown", "Sacra" (by the Chicano community), and various other nicknames.

Residents of the San Fernando Valley (the section of Los Angeles to the north of the Santa Monica mountains), often use the phrase "over the hill" to refer to Los Angeles, where the San Fernando Valley itself is generally called "the Valley". Similarly, Bay Area and Sacramento residents refer to going "up the hill" in to the neighboring mountains to Lake Tahoe or Reno, Nevada and "over the hill" for crossing the Santa Cruz Mountains. Lake Tahoe is a large freshwater Lake in the Sierra Nevada mountains of the United States. The Santa Cruz Mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, are a Mountain range in central California, United States. In the Sacramento area, "the Valley" refers to the Central Valley. Additionally, residents of the San Francisco Bay Area will sometimes refer to the area of the Santa Clara Valley and surrounding cities as "the Valley" and sometimes as, the more famous term, "Silicon Valley". For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley. Residents of Santa Cruz use the phrase "over the hill" to refer to Silicon Valley, but for them "the Bay" refers to Monterey Bay, not San Francisco Bay. For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley. This article is about the bay near Monterey CA For other uses see Monterey Bay Aquarium, California State University Monterey Bay San Francisco Bay is a shallow productive Estuary through which water draining from approximately forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento

Southern California

Southern Californians frequently add the word "the" to a large number of placenames (i. e. "The Grapevine," "The Southland"), especially highway numbers (i. Grapevine is an unincorporated community in Kern County located at the foot of a road grade known as the Grapevine through Tejon Pass in the Tehachapi Southern California, or So Cal, is defined as the southern portion of the U e. "The 101" rather than just "101").

Southern California has many distinctive accents and dialects; these often reflect the geographic origins of the people who came there. Bakersfield English and the "Valley Girl" dialect of the San Fernando Valley have their roots in the Ozark Southern English of Oklahoma and Missouri, and first developed when many people from the Ozarks migrated to California in the 1930s. Valley Girl (less commonly Val) is a term referred to affluent middle-class young girls living in the neighborhood of San Fernando Valley. The San Fernando Valley or The Valley is an urbanized Valley located in the north-western section of the city of Los Angeles California, United States Ozark is a Dialect of American English that is phonologically distinct from other Southern dialects East Los Angeles and the Gateway Cities house a distinctive form of Chicano English, notable for its use of the word "foo" for any person. East Los Angeles can refer to East Los Angeles California (unincorporated community East Los Angeles (region Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos One major variation of Chicano English is Tejano English, used mainly in south Texas These dialects can exist in very small areas, such as the traditionally New Orleanian Yat in northern Pasadena. Yat refers to a unique collection of Dialects of English spoken in New Orleans Louisiana. Pasadena ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States.

In Los Angeles County, the "South Bay" refers to the area between Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Los Angeles Harbor. Los Angeles County is a county in California and is by far the most populous county in the United States. South Bay is a Region in the southwest peninsula of Los Angeles County, California, United States. Los Angeles International Airport is the primary Airport serving Los Angeles, California, the second-most populated metropolitan area of This area is usually downwind from the southern part of Santa Monica Bay. Santa Monica Bay is an arm of the Pacific Ocean in southern California, United States.

In San Diego County, South Bay refers to the area adjacent to the southern portion of San Diego Bay. San Diego County is a County located on the Pacific Ocean in the far southwest of the U It is also common to refer to the many beach communities by their initials, i. e. IB, OB, and PB, for Imperial Beach, Ocean Beach, and Pacific Beach respectively. Imperial Beach is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. Pacific Beach is a neighborhood of San Diego, bounded by La Jolla to the north Mission Beach to the south Interstate 5 and Clairemont

"Eastside" and "Westside" are subjective terms in Los Angeles. The Westside, which includes areas like Beverly Hills, is often perceived to be more affluent, so the choice of where to draw the boundary between Eastside and Westside can itself be a socioeconomic marker. Most Angelenos place the boundary well to the west of downtown, meaning that many Eastsiders live west of downtown.

The area south of downtown Los Angeles, including Watts, was called "South Central," after Central Avenue, which runs through it and was a major location for jazz and nightlife in the fifties and sixties. Today it is usually called South LA, perhaps because the previous term became associated with gang violence.

A common complaint from residents of Southern California's Orange County is the reference to the area as "the OC" instead of just as "Orange". Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. Attributed to the Fox television show The O.C., the inclusion of the article in the county's name is mainly perceived to be used by those from outside of the area, rather than natives. This article is about the FOX television series For the location from which the series derives its name see Orange County California.

California sociolects and Chicano English

As a very diverse state (there is no ethnic majority in California), several significant sociolects associated with particular cultural or ethnic groups are found within California. For the use of the term minority-majority in the United Kingdom, see here Minority-majority state is a term used to describe a In Linguistics, a sociolect is the variety of language characteristic of a social background or status Current and historical Mexican immigration to California has resulted in a unique form of English spoken by Chicanos in the state, with Chicano English receiving the most attention in linguistic research into sociolects in California English. Chicano (feminine Chicana) is a politically-loaded word for a Mexican American (in the sense of native-born Americans of Mexican ancestry as opposed to Mexican Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos One major variation of Chicano English is Tejano English, used mainly in south Texas Chicano English is a native variety of English marked by a historical and current Spanish substratum (whether or not the speakers in question speak Spanish). In Contact linguistics, a substratum ( lat sub: under + stratum: layer → lower layer) is a Language Researchers have paid particular attention to the use of "barely," representing "had just recently" which may or may not be in analogy with Spanish apenas [1]. Recently, research has shown California speakers of Chicano English have been participating in some aspects of the California Vowel Shift typically found in the speech of younger whites and Asian Americans (amongst other groups), but some of the characteristics of the shift are altered for speakers of Chicano English. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian [1] Some hold that some Chicano English influences may be found in the speech of non-Chicano English speakers in California, such as the /ɪŋ/ → /in/ process mentioned above [1], but such will probably not be settled without further research into the area. It should also be noted that Chicano English is by no means spoken by all Chicanos in California and the features noted as Chicano English form more of a continuum amongst speakers (some may have more Chicano English features than others) than a monolithic entity spoken the same by everyone. More work also remains to be done on various other English sociolects as spoken in California.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, editors (2006). North American English regional phonology is the study of variations in the pronunciation of spoken English by the inhabitants of various parts of North America. Boontling is a folk language spoken only in Boonville in Northern California. In the study of Historical linguistics and phonetic change a chain shift is a type of sound shift in which a group of sounds all change at about the same time Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos One major variation of Chicano English is Tejano English, used mainly in south Texas Hyphy (ˈhaɪfiː HYE-fee) is a slang word created by Bay Area Rapper Keak Da Sneak which is used in the San Francisco Bay Area that literally means In Linguistics, a sociolect is the variety of language characteristic of a social background or status Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used Spanglish espanglish, espaninglish, el Spanish broken, ingléspañol, ingleñol Valspeak is a common name for a now partially universal American Sociolect, originally of Southern Californians, in particular Valley girls This stereotype A vowel shift is a systematic Sound change in the Pronunciation of the Vowel sounds of a Language. American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 140, 234-236. ISBN 978-1-4051-2108-8.  
  2. ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1999). Peter Nielsen Ladefoged ( September 17, 1925 – January 24, 2006) was an English-American linguist and phonetician "American English. " In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, 41–44, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  3. ^ Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg (2006). William Labov (ləˈboʊv born December 4, 1927) is an American linguist widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist Sociolinguistics The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 68. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.  
  4. ^ Jorge Hankamer WebFest
  5. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert & Esther T. Mookini, The Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983)
  6. ^ Joel Gazis-Sax (1998). He Bans the F-Word. Retrieved on 2007-04-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to

Further reading

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic