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Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride
IUPAC namecalcium chloride
Other namescalcium(II) chloride,
calcium dichloride,
E509
Identifiers
CAS number[10043-52-4]
RTECS numberEV9800000, Anhydrous
Properties
Molecular formulaCaCl2
CaCl2. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes 2H2O Dihydrate
CaCl2. Hydrate is a term used in Inorganic chemistry and Organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains Water. 4H2O Tetrahydrate
CaCl2. A tetrahydrate is a molecule surrounded by four (4 molecules of water forming a Hydrate. 6H2O Hexahydrate
Molar mass110. Hydrate is a term used in Inorganic chemistry and Organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains Water. Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 99 g/mol, anhydrous
147. 02 g/mol, dihydrate
183. 04 g/mol, tetrahydrate
219. 08 g/mol, hexahydrate
Appearancewhite or colorless solid
Density2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 15 g/cm³, anhydrous
0. 835 g/cm³, dihydrate
1. 71 g/cm³, hexahydrate
Melting point

772 °C (anhydrous)

Boiling point

>1600 °C

Solubility in water74. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 5 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Structure
Crystal structuredeformed rutile
Coordination
geometry		octahedral, 6-coordinate
Hazards
MSDSExternal MSDS
EU classificationIrritant (Xi)
NFPA 704
0
1
0
 
R-phrasesR36
S-phrases(S2), S22, S24
Related compounds
Other anionscalcium fluoride
calcium bromide
calcium iodide
Other cationsmagnesium chloride
strontium chloride
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties		n, εr, etc. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Rutile is a Mineral composed primarily of Titanium dioxide, Ti[[oxygen O]]2 The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Calcium chloride. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Calcium fluoride (CaF2 is an insoluble Ionic compound of Calcium and Fluorine. Calcium bromide (CaBr2 is a chemical compound of Calcium and Bromine. Calcium iodide (CaI2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Iodine. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox Strontium chloride (SrCl2 is a Salt of Strontium and Chloride. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Calcium chloride. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Calcium chloride. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic
data		Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral dataUV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Calcium chloride (CaCl2), is an ionic compound of calcium and chlorine. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Calcium chloride. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Calcium chloride. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and It is highly soluble in water and it is deliquescent. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption It is a salt that is solid at room temperature, and it behaves as a typical ionic halide. A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less It has several common applications such as brine for refrigeration plants, ice and dust control on roads, and in cement. Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together It can be produced directly from limestone, but large amounts are also produced as a by-product of the Solvay process. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 The Solvay process, also referred to as the ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of Soda ash ( Sodium carbonate Because of its hygroscopic nature, it must be kept in tightly-sealed containers. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption

Contents

Chemical properties

Calcium Chloride can serve as a source of calcium ions in solution, for instance for precipitation because many calcium compounds are insoluble:

3 CaCl2(aq) + 2 K3PO4(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 KCl(aq)

Molten CaCl2 can be electrolysed to give calcium metal:

CaCl2(l) → Ca(s) + Cl2(g)


Uses (industrial)

Millions of tonnes of calcium chloride are made each year in the US alone, and it has a wide variety of industrial applications:

Because it is strongly hygroscopic, air or other gases may be channeled through a column of calcium chloride to remove moisture. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Potassium phosphate is a generic term for the salts of Potassium and Phosphate ions including Monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4 Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of Minerals containing Calcium Ions (Ca2+ together with orthophosphates (PO43- A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The Chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl is a Metal Halide salt composed of Potassium and Chlorine. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter In particular, calcium chloride is usually used to pack drying tubes to exclude atmospheric moisture from a reaction set-up while allowing gases to escape. A drying tube or guard tube is a tube-like piece of apparatus used to house a disposable solid Desiccant, wherein at one end the tube-like structure terminates in It can also be added to liquids to remove suspended or dissolved water. The dissolving process is highly exothermic and rapidly produces temperatures of around 60 °C (140 °F). In Thermodynamics, the word exothermic "outside heating" describes a process or reaction that releases Energy usually in the form of Heat, but The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In this capacity, it is known as a drying agent or desiccant. A Desiccant is a Hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( Desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container It is converted to a brine as it absorbs the water or water vapor from the substance to be dried:

CaCl2 + 2 H2O → CaCl2·2H2O

Aided by the intense heat evolved during its dissolution, calcium chloride is also used as an ice-melting compound. Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia Unlike the more-common sodium chloride (rock salt or halite), it is relatively harmless to plants and soil; however, recent observations in Washington state suggest it may be particularly harsh on roadside evergreen trees. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. [1] It is also more effective at lower temperatures than sodium chloride. When distributed for this use, it usually takes the form of small white balls a few millimetres in diameter, called prills (see picture at top of page). A prill is a small aggregate of a material most often a dry sphere formed from a melted liquid

Used for its hygroscopic property, it can be applied to keep a liquid layer on the surface of the roadway, which holds dust down. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption [2] It is used in concrete mixes to help speed up the initial setting, however chloride ion leads to corrosion of steel rebar, so it should not be used in reinforced concrete. A rebar, or reinforcing bar, is a common Steel bar and is commonly used in Reinforced concrete and reinforced Masonry structures Reinforced concrete is Concrete in which reinforcement bars (" Rebars quot or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be [3]

Aqueous calcium chloride (in solution with water) lowers the freezing point as low as -52°C (-62°F), making it ideal for filling agricultural implement tires as a liquid ballast, aiding traction in cold climates. [4]

Other industrial applications include use as as an additive in plastics, as a drainage aid for wastewater treatment, as an additive in fire extinguishers, as an additive in control scaffolding in blast furnaces, and as a thinner in fabric softener. A fire extinguisher is an Active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires often in emergency situations A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Fabric softener (also called Fabric Conditioner) is used to prevent Static cling and make fabric softer

Uses (food)

As an ingredient, it is listed as a permitted food additive in the European Union for use as a sequestrant and firming agent with the E number E509. A sequestrant is a Food additive whose role is to improve the quality and stability of the food products Firming agents are Food additives added in order to precipitate residual Pectin, thus strengthening the structure of the food and preventing its collapse E numbers are number codes for Food additives and are usually found on Food labels throughout the European Union. The anhydrous form has been approved by the FDA as a packaging aid to ensure dryness (CPG 7117. 02). [5]

Calcium chloride is commonly used as an Electrolyte and has an extremely salty taste, as found in sports drinks and other beverages such as Smartwater and Nestle bottled water. An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Glacéau is the Name of a line of products sold by Energy Brands Inc Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland It can also be used as a preservative to maintain firmness in canned vegetables or in higher concentrations in pickles to give a salty taste while not increasing the food's sodium content. A pickled cucumber, most often simply called a pickle in the United States and Canada, is a Cucumber that has been pickled in a Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 It is even found in snack foods, including Cadbury Caramilk chocolate bars (purpose unknown). Caramilk is a chocolate bar made by Cadbury Adams in Canada. Variations available some of them limited editions include Caramilk made with dark chocolate

It can be used to make a caviar substitute from vegetable or fruit juices[6] or added to processed milk to restore the natural balance between calcium and protein for the purposes of making cheese such as brie and stilton. Caviar is the processed, Salted Roe of certain species of Fish, most notably the Sturgeon ( black caviar) and the Stilton is a Cheese of England. It is produced in two varieties the well-known blue and the lesser-known white. Calcium chloride's exothermic properties are exploited in many 'self heating' food products where it is activated (mixed) with water to start the heating process, providing a non-explosive, dry fuel that is easily activated.

In brewing beers (esp. ales and bitters), calcium chloride is sometimes used to correct mineral deficiencies in the brewing water (calcium is important for enzyme function during the mash, for kettle protein coagulation (the "hot break") and yeast metabolism) and adds permanent hardness to the water. The chloride ions enhance flavour and give a perception of sweetness and fuller flavour, whereas the sulfate ions in Gypsum, which is also used to add calcium ions to brewing water, tend to impart a drier, crisper flavour with more bitterness. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2

Uses (biological/medical)

Calcium chloride can be injected as intravenous therapy for the treatment of hypocalcaemia (low serum calcium). Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. In Medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of low serum Calcium levels in the Blood, usually taken as less than 2 It can be used for: insect bites or stings (such as Black Widow Spider bites); sensitivity reactions, particularly when characterized by urticaria (hives); magnesium intoxication; as an aid in management of the acute symptoms in lead colic; in cardiac resuscitation, particularly after open heart surgery. Parenteral calcium can be used when epinephrine has failed to improve weak or ineffective myocardial contractions. In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the Heart. Relationship to other layers The other tissues of the heart are the Endocardium Calcium chloride injection may antagonize cardiac toxicity as measured by electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). [1]

It can help to protect the myocardium from dangerously-high levels of serum potassium in hyperkalemia. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Hyperkalemia ( AE) or Hyperkalaemia ( BE) is an elevated blood level of the Electrolyte Potassium. Calcium chloride can be used to quickly treat Calcium Channel Blocker toxicity, from the side effects of drugs such as Diltiazem (Cardizem)—helping avoid potential heart attacks. Diltiazem is a member of the group of drugs known as Benzothiazepines which are a class of Calcium channel blockers used in the treatment of Hypertension

The aqueous form of calcium chloride is used in genetic transformation of cells by increasing the cell membrane permeability, inducing competence for DNA uptake (allowing DNA fragments to enter the cell more readily). In Molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake genomic incorporation and expression of foreign In Microbiology, Genetics, Cell biology and Molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to take up extracellular ("naked"

It can also be used in the reef aquarium hobby for adding bio-available calcium in solution for calcium-using animals such as algae, snails, hard tube worms, and Corals although the use of calcium hydroxide (kalkwasser mix) or a calcium reactor is the preferred method of adding calcium. A reef aquarium or reef tank is an Aquarium containing live Corals and other animals associated with coral reefs Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the Corals are Marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small Sea anemone –like Polyps typically in colonies of many Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a Chemical compound with the chemical formula In marine and Reef aquariums a calcium reactor is a device used to create a balance of alkalinity in the system However, calcium chloride is the quickest method to increase calcium levels as it dissolves readily in water.

Precautions

Calcium chloride is an irritant, particularly on moist skin. Wear gloves and goggles or a full face shield to protect hands and eyes; avoid inhalation.

Dry calcium chloride reacts exothermically when exposed to water. An exothermic reaction is a Chemical reaction that releases Heat. Burns can result in the mouth and esophagus if humans or other animals ingest dry calcium chloride pellets. A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in Small children are more susceptible than adults (who generally have had experience trying to eat hot food, and can react accordingly) so calcium chloride pellets should be kept out of their reach.

References

  1. ^ De-icer damaging thousands of trees on mountain passes. The Seattle Times (19 March 2008). Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 18 March, 2008.
  2. ^ Dust: Don't Eat It! Control It!. Road Management & Engineering Journal. US Roads (TranSafety Inc. ) (1 June 1998). Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 9 August, 2006.
  3. ^ Accelerating Concrete Set Time (1 June 1999). Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on January 16, 2007.
  4. ^ Agricultural Tire Hydroinflation. www. firestoneag. com. Firestone Tires (December 2007). Retrieved on 3 December, 2007.
  5. ^ CPG 7117.02. FDA Compliance Articles. US Food and Drug Administration (March 1995). Retrieved on 3 December, 2007.
  6. ^ Apple Caviar Technique. StarChefs Studio. StarChefs. com (April 2004). Retrieved on 9 August, 2006.

General references

External links

Dictionary

calcium chloride

-noun

  1. (inorganic chemistry) The calcium salt of hydrochloric acid, CaCl2; used as a drying agent and to melt ice on roads.
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