Cairo القـــاهــرة
Also known as: , The City that never sleeps
Flag
Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center)
Coordinates: 30°03′N 31°22′E / 30.05, 31.367
Government
- Governor	Dr. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Abdul Azim Wazir
Area
- City	214 km² (82. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 6 sq mi)
- Metro	5,360 km² (2,069. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 5 sq mi)
Population (2006)
- City	7,734,334
- Density	35,047/km² (90,771. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 3/sq mi)
- Metro	17,856,000 [2]
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Website: www.cairo.gov.eg

Cairo (Arabic: القاهرة transliteration: Al-Qāhirah), which means "The Vanquisher" or "The Triumphant", is the capital city of Egypt. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist The current capital of Egypt is Cairo. Over the course of history however Egypt's capital has repeatedly changed This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. It is the largest city in Egypt and Africa's most populous city. ^[1] While Al-Qahirah is the official name of the city, in Egyptian Arabic it commonly shares the dialect's name for the country, transliteration: Masr. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Inhabitants of Cairo are called Masraweya rather than Masri within Egypt.

Cairo was founded by the Fatimid caliphs as a royal enclosure, and replaced Fustat as the seat of the government. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt It later came under the Mamluks, ruled by the Ottomans 1517 to 1798, briefly occupied by Napoleon. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Muhammad Ali of Egypt made Cairo the capital of his independent empire from 1805 to 1882, after which the British took control of it until Egypt attained independence in 1952. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

Cairo has a population of about 7. 7 million people, while its metropolitan area has a population of about 17. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central 285 million people. ^[2] Cairo is the sixteenth most populous metropolitan area in the world. The question of which are the World's largest cities is a complex one to which there is no single correct answer simply because there are many different ways of defining a "city" It is also the most populous metropolitan area in Africa. This is a list of the largest Metropolitan areas in Africa. See also World largest cities Source ^[3]

Today, Greater Cairo encompasses various historic towns and modern districts into one of the most populous cities in the world. This is a list of the most populous cities of the World defined according to the concept of city proper. A journey through Cairo is a virtual time travel: from the Pyramids, Saladin's Citadel, the Virgin Mary's Tree, the Sphinx, and Heliopolis, to Al-Azhar, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-A'as, Saqqara, the Hanging Church, and the Cairo Tower. The Egyptian pyramids are pyramid shaped structures located in Egypt, and were built as a tomb for dead pharaohs The Saladin Citadel of Cairo () is one of the most popular Tourist attractions of Cairo, Egypt. The Great Sphinx of Giza (أبو الهول "The Father of Fear" is a half-human half-lion Sphinx statue in Egypt, on the Giza Plateau at the Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of The Mosque of Amr ibn al-As (جامع عمرو بن العاص also called the Mosque of Amr, was originally built in AD 642, as the center of the newly-founded Saqqara or Sakkara, Saqqarah ( Arabic: سقارة is a vast ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the world's oldest standing Step Saint Virgin Mary's Coptic Orthodox Church also known as the Hanging Church (El Muallaqa is one of the oldest churches in Egypt and the history of a church The Cairo Tower (برج القاهرة is a free-standing concrete TV tower in Cairo, Egypt. It is the Capital of Egypt, and indeed its history is intertwined with that of the country. The current capital of Egypt is Cairo. Over the course of history however Egypt's capital has repeatedly changed Today, Cairo's official name is Al-Qahira (Cairo), although the name informally used by most Egyptians is "Masr" (Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt), from the original name of Egypt's first Arab capital Fustat, Misr al-Fustat, "City of the Tents. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt "

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 4 Infrastructure 4.1 Health 4.2 Education 4.3 Transport 4.4 Sports 5 Culture 5.1 Cairo Opera House 5.2 Khedivial Opera House 5.3 Cairo International Film Festival 5.4 Cairo Geniza 5.5 The Wagh El-Birket 5.6 Al-Azhar Park 5.7 Cairo Trilogy 5.8 Media 5.8.1 Egyptian Media Production City in Cairo 6 Economy 7 Tourism 7.1 The Egyptian Museum 7.2 Khan El-Khalili 7.3 Old Cairo 7.4 Cairo Tower 8 Pollution 9 Town twinning (sister cities) 10 Famous Cairenes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 General info 13.2 Photos and videos

Etymology

The name Al-Qahirah has been said to mean "the Subduer", and it's often translated as "the Victorious". In German, the victor is called the sieger, which is relate to the English word siege, which means "throne", "seat", and also "to besiege", "assail", or "beset". The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

The origin of Al-Qahirah is said to come from the appearance of the planet Mars during the foundation of the City of Cairo. The planet Mars, which in Greek was called Aries, was associated with ruin or destruction and was called Al Najm Al Qahir in Arabic. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Al Najm Al Qahir is transliterated as "the destroyer star [planet]". The legacy of the name evolved into “Qahirat Al Adaa” meaning “subduer of the enemies”. This title was given to the city as many armies were destroyed in attempts to invade Cairo or defeated elsewhere by troops sent from the settlement. The Arabic word "qa'id" means commander of the castle or fortress. "Alqaida" means base or camp. The root of these words is seen in the Romanized Arabic word "qa'ad", which means to live, dwell, or sit, which in Swahili is "kaa". The prefix of Qahirah is related to the English words chair [throne] and couch. "Qa" corresponds to the Latin word "cola" meaning seat [tail] and cultivated land. "Colline" means a hill. The prefix of Cairo may also mean the landing or the quay, the small hill by the river, that serves as a wharf. Arabic "kharab" is transliterate as the "settlement ruins". From "kharab" come the English words harbinger and harbor. In Swahili, "harabu" means to ruin or destroy, and the Persian word "karo" means army or the camp of an army. Cairo then means the "camp wars", the "colony harries", which comes from Mars, or Aries--the Camp of the God of War, the Camp of the Harrier. German "heer" means army.

History

The city was founded in 969 AD as the royal enclosure for the Fatimid caliphs, while the actual economic and administrative capital was in nearby Fustat. Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt After Fustat was destroyed in 1168/1169 to prevent its capture by the Crusaders, the administrative capital of Egypt moved to Cairo, where it has remained ever since. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents It took four years for the General Jawhar Al Sikilli (the Sicilian) to build Cairo and for the Fatimid Calif Al Muizz to leave his old Mahdia in Tunisia and settle in the new Capital of Fatimids in Egypt.

After Memphis, Heliopolis, Giza and the Byzantine fortress of Babylon-in-Egypt, Fustat was itself a new city built as a military garrison for Arab troops and was the closest central location to Arabia that was accessible to the Nile. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. You may have been looking for the Great Pyramid of Giza. For the three pyramids of Giza visit the Giza pyramid complex. Babylon Fortress was an ancient fortress city or castle in the Delta of Egypt, located at Babylon in the area today known as Coptic Cairo. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Fustat became a regional center of Islam during the Umayyad period and was where the Umayyad ruler, Marwan II, made his last stand against the Abbasids. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (688-750 (Arabic مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled Later, during the Fatimid era, Al-Qahira (Cairo) was officially founded in 969 as an imperial capital just to the north of Fustat. Over the centuries, Cairo grew to absorb other local cities such as Fustat, but the year 969 is considered the "founding year" of the modern city. ^[4]

In 1250, the slave soldiers or Mamluks seized Egypt and ruled from their capital at Cairo until 1517, when they were defeated by the Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Napoleon's French army briefly occupied Egypt from 1798 to 1801, after which an Ottoman officer named Muhammad Ali made Cairo the capital of an independent empire that lasted from 1805 to 1882. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation The city then came under British control until Egypt attained independence in 1922.

Geography

Cairo is located on the banks and islands of the Nile River in the north of Egypt, immediately south of the point where the river leaves its desert-bound valley and breaks into two branches into the low-lying Nile Delta region. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Nile Delta ( Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt ( Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads

The oldest part of the city is east of the river. There, the city gradually spreads west, engulfing the agricultural lands next to the Nile. These western areas, built on the model of Paris by Ismail the Magnificent in the mid-19th century, are marked by wide boulevards, public gardens, and open spaces. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Isma'il Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (إسماعيل باشا ( December 31, 1830 &ndash March 2, 1895) was Wāli The older eastern section of the city is very different: having grown up haphazardly over the centuries it is filled with small lanes and crowded tenements. While western Cairo is dominated by the government buildings and modern architecture, the eastern half is filled with hundreds of ancient mosques that act as landmarks. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

Extensive water systems have also allowed the city to expand east into the desert. Bridges link the Nile islands of Gezira and Roda, where many government buildings are located and government officials live. Bridges also cross the Nile attaching the city to the suburbs of Giza and Imbabah (part of the Cairo conurbation). You may have been looking for the Great Pyramid of Giza. For the three pyramids of Giza visit the Giza pyramid complex. Imbaba (Arabic إمبابه) is a neighbourhood in northern Egypt, located in the Giza governorate and part of the greater Cairo metropolitan

West of Giza, in the desert, is part of the ancient necropolis of Memphis on the Giza plateau, with its three large pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza. A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" A pyramid is a Building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point The Great Pyramid of Giza, also called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu, and Pyramid of Cheops, is the oldest and largest of the three Approximately 11 miles (18 km) to the south of modern Cairo is the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis and adjoining necropolis of Saqqara. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and Saqqara or Sakkara, Saqqarah ( Arabic: سقارة is a vast ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the world's oldest standing Step These cities were Cairo's ancient predecessors, when Cairo was still in this approximate geographical location.

In Cairo, and along the Nile River Valley, the climate is hot desert (BWh) according to the Köppen climate classification system, but often with high humidity due to the river valley's latent effects. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist Wind storms can be frequent, bringing Saharan dust into the city, during the months of March and April. High temperatures in winter range from the 15°C to the low 20s, while nighttime lows drop to below 10°C, often to 5°C. In Summer, the highs often surpass 40°C, and lows drop to about 20°C. Rainfall is sparse, but sudden showers do cause flooding.

Weather averages for Cairo
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	18 (64)	21 (70)	24 (75)	28 (82)	33 (91)	35 (95)	36 (97)	35 (95)	32 (90)	30 (86)	26 (79)	20 (68)	28 (82)
Average low °C (°F)	8 (46)	9 (48)	11 (52)	14 (57)	17 (63)	20 (68)	21 (70)	22 (72)	20 (68)	18 (64)	14 (57)	10 (50)	15 (59)
Precipitation mm (inches)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	20 (0. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 8)
Source: Weatherbase[5] 2008-04-14

Infrastructure

Health

See also: List of hospitals in Egypt

Cairo, as well as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt's main center for medical treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most advanced level of medical care in the country. This is a list of hospitals in Egypt. Cairo Hassabo International Hospital El Borg Hospital Alexandria Psychiatric centre Cairo's hospitals include As-Salam International Hospital- Corniche El Nile; Maadi (Egypt's largest private hospital with 350 beds), Ain Shams University Hospital, Dar El Fouad Hospital, as well as Qasr El Ainy General Hospital. Ain Shams University (جامعة عين شمس is an institute of higher education located in Cairo, Egypt.

Education

Cairo has long been the hub of education and educational services not only for Egypt but also for the whole Arab world. Today, Cairo is the center for many government offices governing the Egyptian educational system, has the largest number of educational schools, and higher learning institutes among other cities and governorates of Egypt. The Egyptian educational system is highly centralized and is divided into three stages Basic Education (التعليم الأساسى transliteration Universities in Egypt are generally either state-funded or privately funded

Some of the International Schools found in Cairo include:

• El Alsson School (EA)
• El-Salam College English School
• Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule (DEO Cairo)
• Deutsche Schule der Borromäerinnen (DSB Cairo)
• American International School (AIS Cairo)
• British International School in Cairo (BISC)
• International School of Choueifat
• Collège de La Salle - Freres - Daher (DLS)
• Collège de la Sainte Famille (CSF)
• New Cairo British International School (NCBIS)
• Rajac Language and American Schools (RLS)
• Cairo American College (CAC)
• British Book Center International School (BBC)
• Modern English School (MES)

Universities in Cairo:

• Al-Azhar University in Cairo
• Ain Shams University
• The American University in Cairo (AUC)
• The Russian University in Cairo
• Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Maritime Transport
• Al Azhar University - One of the oldest universities in use today
• British University in Egypt (BUE)
• Canadian International College (CIC)
• Cairo University
• German University in Cairo (GUC)
• Helwan University
• Misr International University (MIU)
• Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST)
• Nile University
• Sekem University
• Modern Sciences and Arts University (MSA)
• Modern Academy In Maadi (MAM)

Transport

Main article: Transportation in Cairo

Transportation in Cairo comprises an extensive road network, rail system, subway system and maritime services. El Alsson National and British International School is a private school located in Giza, Egypt. American International School (AIS may refer to The British International School in Cairo ( BISC) is a private British school in Egypt. The International School of Choueifat is a very bad collection of international schools run by the SABIS school system in various countries of the Middle East The Collège de la Sainte Famille (CSF (English School of the Holy Family (Arabic مدرسة العائلة المقدسة often referred to as the " Jésuites," Cairo American College (CAC is an international, independent, Co-educational Day school, located in the Cairene suburb of Maadi in Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of Ain Shams University (جامعة عين شمس is an institute of higher education located in Cairo, Egypt. The American University in Cairo (AUC is a private university located in Cairo, Egypt. The Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport (also known as AASTMT or AAST) is an Arab University specialized in Science Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. The British University in Egypt is a private university in Egypt. Cairo University ( جامعة القاهرة, previously Egyptian University and later Fuʾād I University) is an institute of Higher education The German University in Cairo (GUC (الجامعة الألمانية بالقاهرة transliteration: al-gāmaaʿa al-almāniyya bil-Qāhira) is an Egyptian Helwan University (established in July 26, 1975) is a Public university based in Helwan, a southern part of the Cairo Governorate Established in 1996 in Maadi, the University changed its location to Cairo - Ismailia Road following the second millennium History Misr University for Science and Technology the leading private university in Egypt was established in 1996 Nile University (NU is a not-for-profit university established in Egypt in July 2006 by the Egyptian Foundation for Technology Education (EFTED Sekem University is a University in Cairo, Egypt. It is still under establishment and has recently changed its name to Heliopolis University Modern Sciences and Arts University (MSA is a privately owned University in Egypt that opened in 1996 The Modern Academy In Maadi (MAM Egypt, was founded in 1993 by a group of professional educationalists Initially The Modern Academy Transport in Cairo comprises an extensive road network rail system subway system and maritime services for the more than 15 Cairo is the centre of almost the entire Egyptian transportation network.

The subway system, called 'The Metro' locally, is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. It can get very crowded during rush hour. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth ones) are reserved for women only.

Egypt has one of the longest railways in the world.

An extensive road network connects Cairo with other Egyptian cities and villages. There is a new Ring Road that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach to almost every Cairo district. There are flyovers, and bridges such as the Sixth of October bridge that allows straight, fast and efficient means of transportation from one side of the city to the other.

Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded. [3] Traffic moves at a relatively fluid pace. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at intersections, taking turns going, with police aiding in traffic control of some congested areas.

• Cairo International Airport
• Ramses Railway Station
• Ahmed Helmy Bus Stop
• Abbood Bus Stop
• Cairo Metro
• Cairo Tram
• Cairo Transportation Authority CTA
• Cairo Taxi
• Cairo Yellow Cab
• Cairo Nile Ferry

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Egypt, and Cairo has a number of sporting teams that compete in national and regional leagues. Cairo International Airport (Arabic مطار القاهرة الدولي is the busiest airport in Egypt and the primary hub for Star Alliance member Ramses Railway Station (Mahattat Ramses is the main railway station of Cairo, Egypt and faces Ramses Square (Midan Ramses The Cairo Metro in Egypt is Africa 's only full-fledged metro system Transport in Cairo comprises an extensive road network rail system subway system and maritime services for the more than 15 Cairo International Stadium (ستاد القاهرة الدولي or "Stad El-Qahira El-Dawly" is an Olympic-standard multi-use Stadium with an all-seated Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The best known teams are Al Zamalek and Al Ahly, whose annual football tournament is perhaps the most watched sports event in Egypt as well as the African and Arabian World. History Under Khedive Ismail the Island was called "Jardin de plantes" (garden of plants because of it's great collection of Exotic plants shipped from Both teams are known as the "rivals" of Egyptian football, and are the first and the second champions in the African continent and the Arab World. Both teams play their home games at Cairo International Stadium or Naser Stadium , which is Cairo's, Egypt's, Africa's and Middle East's largest stadium and one of the largest in the world. Cairo International Stadium (ستاد القاهرة الدولي or "Stad El-Qahira El-Dawly" is an Olympic-standard multi-use Stadium with an all-seated

The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960 and its multi-purpose sports complex that houses the main football stadium, an indoor stadium, several satellite fields that held several regional, continental and global games, including the African Games, U17 Football World Championship and was one of the stadiums scheduled that hosted the 2006 African Nations Cup which was played on January, 2006, which Egypt won its title for the record number of five times in African Continental Competition's history. Cairo International Stadium (ستاد القاهرة الدولي or "Stad El-Qahira El-Dawly" is an Olympic-standard multi-use Stadium with an all-seated

Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, which will be hosted in Beijing China. However, Cairo will host the Pan-Arab Games this year and next year. The Pan Arab Games are a regional Multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab World.

There are several other sports teams in the city that participate in several sports including el Gezira Sporting Club, el Shams Club, el Seid Club, Heliopolis Club and several smaller clubs, but the biggest clubs in Egypt (not in area but in sports) are Al Zamalek & Al Ahly. History Under Khedive Ismail the Island was called "Jardin de plantes" (garden of plants because of it's great collection of Exotic plants shipped from They have the two biggest football teams in Egypt.

Most of the sports federations of the country are also located in the city suburbs, including the Egyptian Football Association. The Egyptian Football Association (اتحاد الكرة المصرية is the governing body of Football (soccer in Egypt. The headquarters of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) was previously located in Cairo, before relocating to its new headquarters in 6 October City, a small city away from Cairo's crowded districts. The 53 member CAF ( African Football Confederation), ( French: Confédération Africaine de Football), ( Arabic: الإتحاد الأفريقى لكرة

Culture

Over the ages, and as far back as seven thousand years, Egypt stood as the land where civilizations have always met. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements The Pharaohs together with the Greeks and the Romans have left their imprints here. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Muslims from the Arab Peninsula, led by Amr ibn al-A'as, introduced Islam into Egypt. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Khedive Mohammad Ali, with his Albanian family roots, put Egypt on the road to modernity. For the HMS Khedive, see ''USS'' Cordova. Khedive (from Persian for "lord" was a title first If anything, the cultural mix in this country is natural, given its heritage. Egypt can be likened to an open museum with monuments of the different historical periods on display everywhere.

Cairo Opera House

Main article: Cairo Opera House

President Mubarak inaugurated the new Cairo Opera House of the Egyptian National Cultural Center on October 10, 1988, seventeen years after the Royal Opera House had been destroyed by fire. This article refers to the Cairo Opera House built in 1988 For its predecessor see Khedivial Opera House The Cairo Opera House ( Arabic Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The National Cultural Center was built with the help of JICA, the Japan International Co-operation Agency and stands as a prominent feature for the Japanese-Egyptian co-operation and the deep-rooted friendship between these two nations.

Thus, the joint efforts of Japanese and Egyptians has given rise to a unique landmark which celebrates the rich and diverse cultural life not only of Egypt but of neighboring nations in Africa and the Middle East as well.

Egypt is proud to be the only state in the region which built two opera houses within a bit more than a century.

Khedivial Opera House

Main article: Khedivial Opera House

The Khedivial Opera House or Royal Opera House was the original opera house in Cairo, Egypt. The Khedivial Opera House or Royal Opera House ( Arabic: دار أوبرا الخديوي) was the original opera house in Cairo, Egypt It was dedicated on November 1, 1869 and burned down on October 28, 1971. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988.

Cairo International Film Festival

Egypt's love of the arts in general can be traced back to the rich heritage bequeathed by the Pharaohs. In modern times, Egypt has enjoyed a strong cinematic tradition since the art of filmmaking was first developed, early in the 20th century. A natural progression from the active theatre scene of the time, cinema rapidly evolved into a vast motion picture industry. This together with the much older music tradition, raised Egypt to become the cultural capital of the Arab world.

For more than 500 years of recorded history, Egypt has fascinated the West and inspired its creative talents from play writer William Shakespeare, poet and dramatist John Dryden, and novelist and poet Lawrence Durrell to film producer Cecil B. de Mille. William Shakespeare ( baptised John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England Lawrence George Durrell ( February 27, 1912 &ndash November 7, 1990) was an expatriate British Novelist, Poet, Cecil Blount DeMille ( August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director Since the silent movies Hollywood has been capitalising on the box-office returns that come from combining Egyptian stories with visual effects.

Egypt has also been a fount of Arabic literature, producing some of the 20th century's greatest Arab writers such as Taha Hussein and Tawfiq al-Hakim to Nobel Laureate, novelist Naguib Mahfouz. Taha Hussein ( November 14, 1889 &mdash October 28, 1973) ( طه حسين) (nicknamed "the dean of Arabic literature"was Tawfiq al-Hakim or Tawfik al-Hakim ( October 9, 1898 - July 26, 1987 ( توفيق الحكيم) was a prominent Egyptian Naguib Mahfouz (نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ ( December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian Novelist Each of them has written for the cinema.

With these credentials, it was clear that Cairo should aim to hold an international film festival. This dream came true on Monday August 16, 1976, when the first Cairo International Film Festival was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Cairo International Film Festival is an annual Film festival held in Cairo, Egypt. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983.

This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the FIAPF with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. The FIAPF ( Fedération International des Associations de Producteurs de Films; English International Federation of Film Producers Associations) based in The request was granted.

In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt's leading actors, Hussein Fahmy, who was appointed by the Minister of Culture, Farouk Hosni, after the death of Saad El-Din Wahba. Hussein Fahmy, ( Arabic: حسين فهمي) is an Egyptian actor born in 1940 in Cairo.

Four years later, the journalist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy became president.

For 29 years, the home of the Pyramids and Nile has hosted international superstars like Nicolas Cage , John Malkovich, Morgan Freeman, Bud Spencer, Gina Lollobrigida, Ornella Mutti, Sophia Loren, Claudia Cardinale, Victoria Abril, Elizabeth Taylor, Shashi Kapoor, Alain Delon, Greta Scacchi, Catherine Deneuve, Peter O'toole, Christopher Lee, Irene Pappas, Marcello Mastroianni and Omar Sharif, as well as great directors like Robert Wise, Elia Kazan, Vanessa Redgrave, Oliver Stone, Roland Joffe, Carlos Saura, Ismail Merchant and Michel Angelo Antonioni, in an annual celebration and examination of the state of cinema in the world today. Nicolas Cage (born Nicholas Kim Coppola; January 7, 1964) is an Academy Award -winning American actor John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) is an Emmy Award -winning two-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr (born June 1 1937 is an Academy Award -winning American actor Film director and Narrator. Bud Spencer (born Carlo Pedersoli 31 October 1929 in Naples) is an Italian Actor, known for his height at 6'4 1/2" (194 cm and his past Gina Lollobrigida (born July 4, 1927 in Subiaco Italy) is a Golden Globe Award -winning Italian Actress and Photojournalist Sophia Loren (born September 20 1934 is an Academy Award winning Italian film actress born Sofia Villani Scicolone Claudia Cardinale (born April 15, 1938) is an Italian actress born in Tunis, Tunisia. Victoria Abril (born Victoria Merida Rojas July 4, 1959) is a highly respected Spanish film actress. Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (born 27 February 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -winning English-American actress Shashi Kapoor ( Hindi: शशि कपूर born Balbir Raj Kapoor on March 18, 1938 in Calcutta is an Indian film actor and Alain Delon (born 8 November 1935) is a César Award -winning French Actor. Greta Scacchi (born February 18, 1960) is an Italian -born Australian Actress. Catherine Deneuve (French katʁin dəˈnœv born October 22 1943 is a two-time Cesar Award -winning BAFTA Award -nominated and Academy Award -nominated Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE, CStJ (born 27 May 1922 is a two-time Screen Actors Guild Award-nominated Saturn Award-winning English Actor Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni (September 28 1924 &ndash December 19 1996 was an Italian film actor Omar Sharif ( عمر الشريف; born April 10, 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning Egyptian Robert Wise ( September 10, 1914 &ndash September 14, 2005) was an American sound effects editor film editor and Academy Elia Mother, ( Greek: Ηλίας Καζάν September 7 1909 &ndash September 28 2003) was a Greek - American Vanessa Redgrave, CBE (born 30 January, 1937) is an English Academy Award, two-time Cannes Best Actress, William Oliver Stone (born 15 September) is an American Film director and Screenwriter. Roland Joffé (born November 17, 1945 in London) is a Film director who began his career in Carlos Saura (born 4 January 1932, Atarés, Huesca) is a Spanish film director Ismail Merchant ( December 25, 1936 – May 25, 2005) was an Indian born Film producer, best known for the results of

Cairo Geniza

Main article: Cairo Geniza

The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200,000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue (built 882) of Fostat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later 19th century. The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the Genizah or store room of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in These documents were written from about 870 to as late as 1880 AD and have now been archived in various American and European libraries. The Taylor-Schechter collection in the University of Cambridge runs to 140,000 manuscripts; there are a further 40,000 manuscripts at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

The Wagh El-Birket

Main article: The Wagh El-Birket

The Wagh El-Birket ("The Berka") was, into the first half of the 20th century, the entertainment district (or red-light district) of Cairo, Egypt. The Wagh el-Birket ( "The Berka", Arabic: وجه البركة was into the first half of the 20th century the entertainment district (or Red-light It features prominently in several novels by Naguib Mahfouz, particularly his Cairo Trilogy. It is a little north of Azbakeya.

Later, during the Second World War, the British military set up brothels run by the Royal Army Medical Corps.

Al-Azhar Park

Main article: Al-Azhar Park

Inaugurated in May 2005, Al-Azhar Park is located adjacent to Cairo's Darb al-Ahmar district. Al-Azhar Park is a major park in Cairo 's Darb al-Ahmar neighborhood in Egypt. MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Al-Azhar Park is a major park in Cairo 's Darb al-Ahmar neighborhood in Egypt. The Park was created by the Historic Cities Support Programme (HCSP) of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC), an entity of the Aga Khan Development Network, and was a gift to Cairo from His Highness the Aga Khan. Role of the HCSP The HCSP works closely with all project stakeholders including the Community. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture ( AKTC) is an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN is a group of private non-denominational development agencies that seek to empower communities and individuals to improve living Karīm al-Hussaynī Āgā Khān IV, KBE, CC, GCC, GCIH ( سمو الأمیر شاہ کریم الحسیني آغا خان It is interesting to note that the city of Cairo was founded in the year 969 by the Fatimid Imam-Caliphs who were ancestors of the Aga Khan. 969 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Byzantine Empire December 11 — John I becomes ^[6]

During the development of the park, a part of the 12th century Ayyubid wall was discovered and subsequently restored. The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for The wall had originally been built by Salah al-Din al-Ayubbi as a defense against the crusaders. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The discovery prompted additional research into the nearby historic neighborhood of Darb al-Ahmar, and eventually led to a major project encompassing the restoration of several mosques, palaces and historic houses. The HCSP also established social and economic programs to provide a wide range of assistance for local residents. ^[7]

Cairo Trilogy

Main article: Cairo Trilogy

The Cairo Trilogy is a trilogy of novels set in Cairo. The Cairo Trilogy is a Trilogy of novels written by Egyptian novelist and Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz. They were written by Egyptian novelist and Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz. The books' titles are taken from actual streets in Cairo, the city of Mahfouz's childhood and youth. The trilogy follows the life of the Cairene patriarch al-Sayyid Ahmad Abd al-Jawad and his family across three generations, from World War I to the overthrow of King Farouk in 1952. The three novels are, in order:

• Palace Walk (original Arabic title: Bayn al-Qasrayn, 1956)
• Palace of Desire (Qasr al-Chawq, 1957)
• Sugar Street (Al-Sukkariyya, 1957)

Media

Egyptian Media Production City in Cairo

Main article: Egyptian Media Production City

The 6th of October city-based Media Production city ( MPC) is the biggest ever built information and media complex, which, together with the Egyptian media satellites "Nilesat 101", "Nilesat 102", will allow Egypt to step into the new world of the 21st century. The 6th of October city-based Media Production city ( MPC is the biggest ever built information and media complex which together with the Egyptian media satellites "Nilesat 101" "Nilesat Thereby, Cairo will be well-qualified and well-equipped to maintain its pioneering role in the field of satellite television and to provide television and film production facilities that can support the information breakthrough.

Cairo is the Middle East's media production powerhouse, with its huge new 3. 5 million square meter Media Production City.

Economy

Cairo is also in every respect the center of Egypt, as it has been almost since its founding in 969 AD. Talaat Pasha Harb ( 25 November 1867 - 23 August 1941) was a leading Egyptian economist and founder of Banque Misr (The 20% of all Egyptians live there. The majority of the nation's commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The great majority of publishing houses and media outlets and nearly all film studios are there, as are half of the nation's hospital beds and universities. This has fueled rapid construction in the city—one building in five is less than 15 years old.

This astonishing growth until recently surged well ahead of city services. Homes, roads, electricity, telephone and sewer services were all suddenly in short supply. Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like "hyper-urbanization. " On the ground planners struggled. Only bits of the Cairo Master Plan of 1970 and the Greater Cairo Master Scheme of 1982 were ever implemented.

Tourism

The Egyptian Museum

Main article: Egyptian Museum

The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to the most extensive collection of Ancient Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms.

Khan El-Khalili

Main article: Khan El-Khalili

Khan el-Khalili is for many the most entertaining part of Cairo. Khan el-Khalili (خان الخليلي is a major Souk in the Old City of Cairo and a major tourist attraction It is an ancient shopping area, nothing less, but some of the shops have also their own little factories or workshops.

The suq (which is the Arabic name for bazaar, or market) dates back to 1382, when Emir Djaharks el-Khalili built a big caravanserai (or khan) right here. A caravanserai was a sort of hotel for traders, and usually the focal point for economic activity for any surrounding area. This caravanserai is still there, you just ask for the narrow street of Sikka Khan el-Khalili and Badestan.

Old Cairo

Main article: Old Cairo

The part of Cairo that contains Coptic Cairo and Fostat, which contains the Coptic Museum, Babylon Fortress, Hanging Church, the Greek Church of St. Old Cairo ( Egyptian Arabic: Masr el Adīma) is a part of Cairo that contains the remnants of those cities which were capitals before Cairo such as Coptic Cairo is a part of Old Cairo which encompasses the Babylon Fortress, the Coptic Museum, the Hanging Church, the Greek Church of St Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt Coptic Museum is a Museum in Coptic Cairo, Egypt with the largest collection of Egyptian Christian artifacts in the world Babylon Fortress was an ancient fortress city or castle in the Delta of Egypt, located at Babylon in the area today known as Coptic Cairo. Saint Virgin Mary's Coptic Orthodox Church also known as the Hanging Church (El Muallaqa is one of the oldest churches in Egypt and the history of a church George, many other Coptic churches, the Ben Ezra Synagogue and Amr ibn al-'As Mosque. The Ben Ezra Synagogue (בית כנסת בן עזרא معبد بن عزرا sometimes referred to as the El-Geniza Synagogue (בית כנסת אל גניזה is situated ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

Cairo Tower

Main article: Cairo Tower

The Cairo Tower is free-standing concrete TV tower in Cairo. The Cairo Tower (برج القاهرة is a free-standing concrete TV tower in Cairo, Egypt. The Cairo Tower (برج القاهرة is a free-standing concrete TV tower in Cairo, Egypt. It stands in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the River Nile, in the city centre. At 187 metres, it is 43 metres higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands some 15 km to the southwest.

Pollution

Cairo is a rapidly expanding city, which has led to many environmental problems. The air pollution in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. Greater Cairo's volatile aromatic hydrocarbon levels are higher than many other similar cities. ^[8] Air quality measurements in Cairo have also been recording dangerous levels of lead, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter concentrations due to decades of unregulated vehicle emissions, urban industrial operations, and chaff and trash burning. There are over 2,000,000 cars on the streets of Cairo, 60% of which are over 10 years old, and therefore lack modern emission cutting features like catalytic converters. Cairo has a very poor dispersion factor because of lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect. A mysterious black cloud (as Egyptians refer to it) appears over Cairo every fall and causes serious respiratory diseases and eyes irritations for the city citizens. Tourists who are not familiar to that high level of pollution must take extra care. ^[9]

Cairo also has many unregistered lead and copper smelters which heavily pollute the city. Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. The results of this has been a permanent haze over the city with particulate matter in the air reaching over three times normal levels. It is estimated that 10,000 to 25,000 people a year in Cairo die due to air pollution-related diseases. Lead has been shown to cause harm to the central nervous system and neurotoxicity particularly in children^[10]. In 1995, the first environmental acts were introduced and the situation has seen some improvement with 36 air monitoring stations and emissions tests on cars. 20,000 buses have also been commissioned to the city to improve congestion levels, which are very high.

The city also suffers from a high level of land pollution. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of rubbish each day, 4,000 tons of which is not collected or managed. This once again is a huge health hazard and the Egyptian Government is looking for ways to combat this. The Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency was founded to collect and recycle the rubbish; however, they also work with the Zabbaleen (or Zabaleen ), a community that has been collecting and recycling Cairo's rubbish since the turn of the 20th century and live in an area known locally as Garbage City [4]. The Zabbaleen ( Egyptian Arabic: زبالين "garbage people" are an Egyptian community of mainly Coptic Christians who are employed in the city The Zabbaleen ( Egyptian Arabic: زبالين "garbage people" are an Egyptian community of mainly Coptic Christians who are employed in the city Both are working together to pick up as much rubbish as possible within the city limits, though it remains a pressing problem.

The city also suffers from water pollution as the sewer system tends to fail and overflow. On occasion, sewage has escaped onto the streets to create a health hazard. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system funded by the European Union, which could cope with the demand of the city. The dangerously high levels of mercury in the city's water system has global health officials concerned over related health risks. There is also more concern about environmental issues among Egyptians than beforeThere is now general awareness and some projects are laid down to help make the public aware of the importance of clean environment.

Town twinning (sister cities)

Athens, Greece (1996) Rome, Italy São Paulo, Brazil Seoul, South Korea (1997) Stuttgart, Germany (1979) Tunis, Tunisia (2000) Tokyo, Japan Toronto, Canada Washington, D.C., USA Stockholm, Sweden

Hamburg, Germany Buenos Aires, Argentina Amsterdam, Netherlands Beirut, Lebanon (1998) Amman, Jordan (1988) Istanbul, Turkey Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Khartoum, Sudan Baghdad, Iraq (1978) Damascus, Syria Algiers, Algeria (1985)

Lisbon, Portugal London, United Kingdom Madrid, Spain Rabat, Morocco (1987) Ankara, Turkey Moscow, Russia Beijing, China (1990) New York City, USA (1982) Paris, France (1992) Prague, Czech Republic

Famous Cairenes

• Abu Sa'id al-Afif - Fifteenth Century Samaritian
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
• Naguib Mahfouz, novelist, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the Capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Rabat ( Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ) population 2 million ( 2007 estimate) is the Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Abu Sa'id al-Afif was a renowned Samaritan physician in fifteenth century Cairo. Boutros Boutros-Ghali ( Arabic: بطرس بطرس غالي Coptic: Ⲃⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟⲥ Ⲃⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟⲥ Ⲅⲁⲗⲏ (born November 14, 1922 The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Naguib Mahfouz (نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ ( December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian Novelist A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)
• Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency 2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate
• Dalida Egyptian singer who lived most of her life in France She received 55 golden records and was the first singer to receive a diamond disc . DrMohamed Mostafa El-Baradei ( Arabic: محمد البرادعي transliteration) (born June 17, 1942, in Cairo, Egypt The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Dalida ( January 17, 1933 &ndash May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian born singer of Italian origin who lived most of her This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
• Naguib Sawiris, 62nd richest person on earth in a 2007 list of billionaires, reaching US$10. Naguib Sawiris ( 15 June 1954) (also Sawires Arabic: نجيب ساويرس) is an Egyptian Businessman. 0 billion with his company Orascom Telecom Holding
• Farouk El Baz, a great contributor to NASA
• Sir Magdi Yacoub, leading cardiologist, knight
• Constantin Xenakis (1931) Greek artist
• Voula Zouboulaki (1931) Greek actress
• Raffi Cavoukian, Canadian children's singer, born 1948
• Mohamed Al Fayed, Billionaire owner of Harrods and well known London football team Fulham FC
• Hossam Ghaly, Professional football player with Derby County FC
• Mohamed Shawky, Professional football player with Middlesbrough FC
• Mido, Professional football player with Middlesbrough FC

• Ahmed Zewail- Noble Winner in Chemistry
• Anwar El Sadat- Egyptian President, noble peace prize winner with Israeli Prime Minister
• Omar Sharif- Egyptian Hollywood Actor, Lawrence of Arabia

• Om kalthoum-Diva Singer of the Arab world (also known as 'kawkab al chark' or shrine of the East)

References

Further reading

• Artemis Cooper, Cairo in the War, 1939-1945, Hamish Hamilton, 1989 / Penguin Book, 1995. ISBN 0-14-024781-5 (Pbk)
• André Raymond, Cairo, trans. Willard Wood. Harvard University Press, 2000.
• Max Rodenbeck, Cairo – the City Victorious, Picador, 1998. ISBN 0-330-33709-2 (Hbk) ISBN 0-330-33710-6 (Pbk)
• Article: Rescuing Cairo's Lost Heritage - Islamica Magazine, Issue 15, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev

External links

• Cairo travel guide from Wikitravel

General info

• Cairo City Government
• Demographia - Cairo: Central City & Suburban Population & Density
• Coptic Churches of Cairo
• Cairo Guide

Photos and videos

• Egyptian Museum
• Cairo in 100 pictures page in French. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.
• Cairo 360-degree full-screen images
• The Cairo Page: photos and descriptions of Cairo
• Cairo Travel Photos Pictures of Cairo published under Creative Commons License

• Cairo is at coordinates 30°03′29″N 31°13′44″E / 30.058, 31.229 (Cairo)Coordinates: 30°03′29″N 31°13′44″E / 30.058, 31.229 (Cairo)

Preceded by Fustat

Capital of Egypt since 1169

Succeeded by n/a

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Fustat (also Fostat, Al Fustat, Misr al-Fustat and Fustat-Misr, and in Arabic الفسطاط was the first Capital of Egypt The current capital of Egypt is Cairo. Over the course of history however Egypt's capital has repeatedly changed

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