Caffeine
IUPAC name	1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione
Other names	1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, trimethylxanthine, theine, methyltheobromine
Identifiers
CAS number	[58-08-2]
RTECS number	EV6475000
SMILES	C[n]1cnc2N(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)c12
Properties
Molecular formula	C8H10N4O2
Molar mass	194. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 19 g·mol−1
Appearance	Odorless, white needles or powder
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 2 g·cm−3, solid
Melting point	237 °C (non-equilibrium, superheated)
Boiling point	178 °C (sublimes)
Solubility in water	22 mg·mL−1 (25 °C) 180 mg·mL−1 (80 °C) 670 mg·mL−1 (100 °C)
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in
NFPA 704	1 2 0
Flash point	N/A
LD50	192 mg/kg (rat, oral)[1]
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic (speeds up urine production)^[2] in humans and other animals. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Xanthine (ˈzænθiːn ˈzænθaɪn] (37-dihydro-purine-26-dione is a Purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body A diuretic is any Drug that elevates the rate of urination ( Diuresis) Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819. He coined the term "kaffein", a chemical compound in coffee, which in English became caffeine. ^[3] Caffeine is also called guaranine when found in guarana, mateine when found in mate, and theine when found in tea; all of these names are synonyms for the same chemical compound. Guarana ( Portuguese guaraná) (ɡu̯ara'na or) Paullinia cupana ( syn Mate or maté (\ˈmä-ˌtā\ Spanish and Portuguese: mate, ˈmate is an infusion, containing Stimulants including Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market

Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the beans, leaves, and fruit of over 60 plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the beans of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from the kola nut or from cacao. A coffee bean is the seed of the coffee plant (the pit inside the red or purple fruit Coffea arabica (əˈræbɪkə is a species of Coffee indigenous to Ethiopia and Yemen. Camellia sinensis is the tea plant, the Plant Species whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce Tea. Kola nut ( Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of Trees native to the tropical Rainforests of Africa, classified in the family CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. Other sources include yerba mate, guarana berries, and the Yaupon Holly. Guarana ( Portuguese guaraná) (ɡu̯ara'na or) Paullinia cupana ( syn Ilex vomitoria ( Yaupon Holly, Yaupon, or Cassina; the latter shared with Ilex cassine) is a species of Holly

In humans, caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, having the effect of temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness Somnolence (or " drowsiness " is a state of near- Sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long periods (c Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks enjoy great popularity. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Energy drinks are Soft drinks advertised as providing more Energy than a typical drink Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, but unlike most other psychoactive substances, it is legal and unregulated in nearly all jurisdictions. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. ^[4] The U. S. Food and Drug Administration lists caffeine as a "Multiple Purpose Generally Recognized as Safe Food Substance". ^[5] One 2008 study suggested that women consuming 200 milligrams or more of caffeine per day had about twice the miscarriage risk as women who drank none, while another 2008 study found no link between miscarriage and caffeine consumption in a study of 2,407 pregnant women. ^[6]

Contents 1 Occurrence 2 History 3 Pharmacology 3.1 Metabolism 3.2 Mechanism of action 3.3 Effects when taken in moderation 3.4 Tolerance and withdrawal 3.5 Overuse 3.5.1 Caffeine intoxication 3.5.2 Anxiety and sleep disorders 3.6 Parkinson's disease 3.7 Effects on memory and learning 3.8 Effects on the heart 3.9 Effects on children 3.10 Caffeine intake during pregnancy 4 Production 5 Decaffeination 5.1 Water extraction 5.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction 5.3 Extraction by nonhazardous organic solvents 6 Stereochemistry 7 Religion 8 References 9 External links 9.1 General information 9.2 News 9.3 Health 10 Appendix 10.1 Relative content: comparison of different sources

Occurrence

Caffeine is a plant alkaloid, found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide, with high caffeine levels being reported in seedlings that are still developing foliages, but are lacking mechanical protection;^[7] caffeine paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon the plant. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described ^[8] High caffeine levels have also been found in the surrounding soil of coffee bean seedlings. It is therefore understood that caffeine has a natural function in both a natural pesticide and as an inhibitor of seed germination of other nearby coffee seedlings^[9] thus giving it a better chance of survival.

The most commonly used caffeine-containing plants are coffee, tea, and to a lesser extent cocoa. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made Other, less commonly used, sources of caffeine include the yerba mate^[10] and guarana plants, which are sometimes used in the preparation of teas and energy drinks. Guarana ( Portuguese guaraná) (ɡu̯ara'na or) Paullinia cupana ( syn Two of caffeine's alternative names, mateine^[11] and guaranine,^[12] are derived from the names of these plants. Some yerba mate enthusiasts assert that mateine is a stereoisomer of caffeine, which would make it a different substance altogether. Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution but which differ in the three dimensional orientations ^[10] This is not true because caffeine is an achiral molecule, and therefore has no enantiomers; nor does it have other stereoisomers. The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image In Chemistry, an enantiomer ( from the Greek ἐνάντιος opposite and μέρος part or portion is one of two Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable Many natural sources of caffeine also contain widely varying mixtures of other xanthine alkaloids, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline and theobromine and other substances such as polyphenols which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine. Xanthine (ˈzænθiːn ˈzænθaɪn] (37-dihydro-purine-26-dione is a Purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule ^[13]

The world's primary source of caffeine is the coffee bean (the seed of the coffee plant), from which coffee is brewed. This article discusses the coffee plant for information on the beverage see Coffee. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Caffeine content in coffee varies widely depending on the type of coffee bean and the method of preparation used;^[14] even beans within a given bush can show variations in concentration. A coffee bean is the seed of the coffee plant (the pit inside the red or purple fruit In general, one serving of coffee ranges from 40 milligrams, for a single shot (30 milliliters) of arabica-variety espresso, to about 100 milligrams for a cup (120 milliliters) of drip coffee. Espresso or caffè espresso ( often mispronounced as expresso) is a concentrated Coffee beverage brewed by forcing very hot water Generally, dark-roast coffee has less caffeine than lighter roasts because the roasting process reduces the bean's caffeine content. ^[15][16] Arabica coffee normally contains less caffeine than the robusta variety. Coffea arabica (əˈræbɪkə is a species of Coffee indigenous to Ethiopia and Yemen. Coffea canephora ( Robusta Coffee; syn Coffea robusta) is a Species of Coffee which has its origins in western ^[14] Coffee also contains trace amounts of theophylline, but no theobromine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine.

Tea is another common source of caffeine. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Tea usually contains about half as much caffeine per serving as coffee, depending on the strength of the brew. Certain types of tea, such as black and oolong, contain somewhat more caffeine than most other teas. Black tea is a variety of Tea that is more oxidized than the Oolong, green, and white varieties Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and slightly higher levels of theophylline than coffee. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Preparation has a significant impact on tea, and color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content. ^[17] Teas like the pale Japanese green tea gyokuro, for example, contain far more caffeine than much darker teas like lapsang souchong, which has very little. Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing Gyokuro ( 玉[[wikt 露|露]] is a fine and expensive type of Green tea from Japan. Lapsang souchong is a Black tea originally from the Wuyi region of the Chinese province of Fujian.

Caffeine is also a common ingredient of soft drinks such as cola, originally prepared from kola nuts. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Cola is a sweet carbonated drink usually with Caramel coloring and containing Caffeine. Kola nut ( Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of Trees native to the tropical Rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Soft drinks typically contain about 10 to 50 milligrams of caffeine per serving. By contrast, energy drinks such as Red Bull contain as much as 80 milligrams of caffeine per serving. Energy drinks are Soft drinks advertised as providing more Energy than a typical drink Red Bull is an energy drink on the market and is sold by Red Bull GmbH. The caffeine in these drinks either originates from the ingredients used or is an additive derived from the product of decaffeination or from chemical synthesis. Decaffeination is the act of removing Caffeine from coffee beans, mate, Cocoa, Tea leaves and other caffeine-containing materials Guarana, a prime ingredient of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with small amounts of theobromine and theophylline in a naturally occurring slow-release excipient. Guarana ( Portuguese guaraná) (ɡu̯ara'na or) Paullinia cupana ( syn Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Slow-release is a strategy in Material science in which a Chemical compound is introduced into a system at a reduced speed An excipient is an inactive substance used as a carrier for the Active ingredients of a Medication. ^[18]

Chocolate derived from cocoa contains a small amount of caffeine. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made The weak stimulant effect of chocolate may be due to a combination of theobromine and theophylline as well as caffeine. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma ^[19] Chocolate contains too little of these compounds for a reasonable serving to create effects in humans that are on par with coffee. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom A typical 28-gram serving of a milk chocolate bar has about as much caffeine as a cup of decaffeinated coffee.

In recent years various manufacturers have begun putting caffeine into shower products such as shampoo and soap, claiming that caffeine can be absorbed through the skin. Shampoo is a Hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt skin particles Dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using ^[20] However, the effectiveness of such products has not been proven, and they are likely to have little stimulatory effect on the central nervous system because caffeine is not readily absorbed through the skin. ^[21]

History

Main articles: History of cocoa, History of coffee, Origin and early history of tea

Humans have consumed caffeine since the Stone Age. Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made The history of coffee has been recorded as far back as the Eleventh century. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking ^[22] Early peoples found that chewing the seeds, bark, or leaves of certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and elevating mood. Only much later was it found that the effect of caffeine was increased by steeping such plants in hot water. Many cultures have legends that attribute the discovery of such plants to people living many thousands of years ago.

According to one popular Chinese legend, the Emperor of China Shennong, reputed to have reigned in about 3,000 BCE, accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and restorative drink resulted. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Shennong ( also known as the Yan Emperor (炎帝 or the Emperor of the Five Grains ( is a Legendary ruler of China and Culture hero A caffeinated drink is a Drink which contains Caffeine, a Stimulant which is legal and popular in most developed countries ^[23] Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu's Cha Jing, a famous early work on the subject of tea. ^[24] The history of coffee has been recorded as far back as the ninth century. During that time, coffee beans were available only in their native habitat, Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page A popular legend traces its discovery to a goatherder named Kaldi, who apparently observed goats that became elated and sleepless at night after browsing on coffee shrubs and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the same vitality. A goatherd (ˈgoʊtˌhɜrd or a goatherder is a person who herds Goats for a living According to legend Kaldi was the Ethiopian Goatherder who discovered the Coffee plant The earliest literary mention of coffee may be a reference to Bunchum in the works of the 9th century Persian physician al-Razi. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox In 1587, Malaye Jaziri compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee, entitled "Undat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa". Malaye Jaziri (or Melayê Cizîrî) (1570-1640 was a Kurdish writer poet and mystic. In this work, Jaziri recorded that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee in 1454, and that in the 15th century the Sufis of Yemen routinely used coffee to stay awake during prayers. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh This article is about an Islamic scholar Mufti can also refer to civilian dress. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya

Towards the close of the 16th century, the use of coffee was recorded by a European resident in Egypt, and about this time it came into general use in the Near East. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century The appreciation of coffee as a beverage in Europe, where it was first known as "Arabian wine," dates from the 17th century. During this time "coffee houses" were established, the first being opened in Constantinople and Venice. A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the In Britain, the first coffee houses were opened in London in 1652, at St Michael's Alley, Cornhill. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Cornhill is a ward, and one of the principal streets of the City of London, the historic nucleus of modern London. They soon became popular throughout Western Europe, and played a significant role in social relations in the 17th and 18th centuries. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Social relation can refer to a multitude of Social interactions regulated by Social norms between two or more people with each having a Social position ^[25]

The kola nut, like the coffee berry and tea leaf, appears to have ancient origins. Kola nut ( Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of Trees native to the tropical Rainforests of Africa, classified in the family It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in a social setting, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. In 1911, kola became the focus of one of the earliest documented health scares when the US government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs of Coca-Cola syrup in Chattanooga, Tennessee, alleging that the caffeine in its drink was "injurious to health". Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries ^[26] On March 13, 1911, the government initiated The United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula by making claims, such as that the excessive use of Coca-Cola at one girls' school led to "wild nocturnal freaks, violations of college rules and female proprieties, and even immoralities. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year United States v Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, 241 U "^[27] Although the judge ruled in favor of Coca-Cola, two bills were introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1912 to amend the Pure Food and Drug Act, adding caffeine to the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906 is a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture

The earliest evidence of cocoa use comes from residue found in an ancient Mayan pot dated to 600 BCE. Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas In the New World, chocolate was consumed in a bitter and spicy drink called xocoatl, often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the Genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade Xocoatl was believed to fight fatigue, a belief that is probably attributable to the theobromine and caffeine content. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cocoa beans were often used as currency. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined

Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular beverage by 1700. They also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines. CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP It was used in alchemical processes, where it was known as Black Bean. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of

In 1819, the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge isolated relatively pure caffeine for the first time. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Friedrich (or Friedlieb/Friedlob Ferdinand Runge (born near Hamburg on 8 February 1795, died in Oranienburg on 25 March According to Runge, he did this at the behest of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer ^[28] In 1927, Oudry isolated "theine" from tea, but it was later proved by Mulder and Jobat that theine was the same as caffeine. Gerardus Johannes Mulder ( Dec 27 1802, Utrecht - Apr 18 1880, Bennekom) was a Dutch Organic chemist ^[28] The structure of caffeine was elucidated near the end of the 19th century by Hermann Emil Fischer, who was also the first to achieve its total synthesis. Hermann Emil Fischer (9 October 1852 - 15 July 1919 was a German Chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1902 In principle a total synthesis is the complete Chemical synthesis of complex organic Molecules from simpler pieces usually without the aid of biological ^[29] This was part of the work for which Fischer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902.

Today, global consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000 tonnes per annum,^[30] making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. This number equates to one serving of a caffeine beverage for every person, per day. In North America, 90% of adults consume some amount of caffeine daily. ^[4]

Pharmacology

Caffeine is a central nervous system and metabolic stimulant,^[31] and is used both recreationally and medically to reduce physical fatigue and restore mental alertness when unusual weakness or drowsiness occurs. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system first at the higher levels, resulting in increased alertness and wakefulness, faster and clearer flow of thought, increased focus, and better general body coordination, and later at the spinal cord level at higher doses. ^[32] Once inside the body, it has a complex chemistry, and acts through several mechanisms as described below.

Metabolism

Caffeine is completely absorbed by the stomach and small intestine within 45 minutes of ingestion. Paraxanthine, or 17-dimethylxanthine is a di Methyl derivative of Xanthine, structurally related to Caffeine. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma After ingestion it is distributed throughout all tissues of the body and is eliminated by first-order kinetics. The rate law or rate equation for a Chemical reaction is an equation which links the Reaction rate with concentrations or pressures of reactants and constant ^[33]

The half-life of caffeine—the time required for the body to eliminate one-half of the total amount of caffeine consumed at a given time—varies widely among individuals according to such factors as age, liver function, pregnancy, some concurrent medications, and the level of enzymes in the liver needed for caffeine metabolism. The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity In healthy adults, caffeine's half-life is approximately 3–4 hours. In women taking oral contraceptives this is increased to 5–10 hours,^[34] and in pregnant women the half-life is roughly 9–11 hours. ^[35] Caffeine can accumulate in individuals with severe liver disease when its half-life can increase to 96 hours. Liver disease is a broad term describing any number of Diseases affecting the Liver. ^[36] In infants and young children, the half-life may be longer than in adults; half-life in a newborn baby may be as long as 30 hours. Other factors such as smoking can shorten caffeine's half-life. ^[37]

Caffeine is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 oxidase enzyme system (specifically, the 1A2 isozyme) into three metabolic dimethylxanthines,^[38] which each have their own effects on the body:

• Paraxanthine (84%): Has the effect of increasing lipolysis, leading to elevated glycerol and free fatty acid levels in the blood plasma. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Cytochrome P450 (abbreviated CYP, P450, infrequently CYP450) is a very large and diverse superfamily of Hemoproteins found in all Domains Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2) a member of the Cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system is involved in the metabolism of Xenobiotics Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Xanthine (ˈzænθiːn ˈzænθaɪn] (37-dihydro-purine-26-dione is a Purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms Paraxanthine, or 17-dimethylxanthine is a di Methyl derivative of Xanthine, structurally related to Caffeine. Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells During this process Free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended
• Theobromine (12%): Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Theobromine is also the principal alkaloid in cocoa, and therefore chocolate. Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree
• Theophylline (4%): Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, and is used to treat asthma. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the Respiratory tract that conducts air into the Lungs No Gas Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are The therapeutic dose of theophylline, however, is many times greater than the levels attained from caffeine metabolism.

Each of these metabolites is further metabolized and then excreted in the urine.

Mechanism of action

Caffeine acts through multiple mechanisms involving both action on receptors and channels on the cell membrane, as well as intracellular action on calcium and cAMP pathways. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic Adenosine monophosphate) is a Second messenger that is important in many biological By virtue of its purine structure it can act on some of the same targets as adenosine related nucleosides and nucleotides, like the cell surface P1 GPCRs for adenosine, as well as the intracellular Ryanodine receptor (RyR) which is the physiological target of cADPR (cyclic ADP-ribose), and cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE). Purine ( 1) is a heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound, consisting of a Pyrimidine ring fused to an Imidazole ring G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs) also known as seven transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, and Ryanodine receptors ( RyRs) form a class of intracellular Calcium channels in various forms of excitable animal tissue like Muscles and Neurons Cyclic ADP Ribose, popularly known as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the Adenosine (like A phosphodiesterase is any Enzyme that breaks a Phosphodiester bond. Although the action is agonistic in some cases, it is antagonistic in others. An agonist is a term used to describe a type of ligand or drug that binds and alters the activity of a receptor. A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or Drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks Physiologically, however, caffeine action is unlikely due to increased RyR opening, as it requires plasma concentration above lethal dosage. The action is most likely through adenosine receptors.

Like alcohol, nicotine, and antidepressants, caffeine readily crosses the blood brain barrier. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 An antidepressant is a Psychiatric medication used for alleviating major depression or Dysthymia ('milder' depression The blood-brain barrier (BBB is a metabolic or cellular structure in the Central nervous system (CNS that restricts the passage of various chemical substances and microscopic Once in the brain, the principal mode of action of caffeine is as an antagonist of adenosine receptors found in the brain. A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or Drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of Purinergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors with Adenosine as Endogenous ^[39] The caffeine molecule is structurally similar to adenosine, and binds to adenosine receptors on the surface of cells without activating them (an "antagonist" mechanism of action). Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Therefore, caffeine acts as a competitive inhibitor. Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the Enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa

Caffeine being a competitive inhibitor of adenosine, an understanding of adenosine’s role in the central nervous system is crucial. One of the roles of adenosine is as a signal that one neuron can use to tell another to stop releasing neurotransmitter because it can’t handle the stimulation. In doing this it is acting as a retrograde neurotransmitter (a neurotransmitter that is released by the post-synaptic cell and received by the pre-synaptic cell in the direction opposite to most neurotransmitters) ^[40]. Adenosine is the final breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the cellular currency of energy. When cells have used the energy of adenosine triphosphate it breaks into adenosine diphosphate, which is then used for energy and broken down into adenosine monophosphate. Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a Nucleotide. It is an Ester of Pyrophosphoric acid with the Nucleoside Adenosine Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP) also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a Nucleotide that is found in RNA. Finally, the last phosphate bond is broken for energy in the cell’s last attempt to squeeze molecular power from this molecule: adenosine monophosphate is broken down into simple adenosine. Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- At this point, the neuron has very little energy left for the successful firing of an action potential. In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal Adenosine from this process is then released from the postsynaptic cell and binds to receptors on the presynaptic cell. If the release of adenosine is great enough, this release has an inhibitory effect on the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron’s axon terminal. This triggers a mechanism that inhibits the further secretion of excitatory neurotransmitters into the synapse. Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands It is as if the postsynaptic neuron is telling the presynaptic neuron that its resources are scarce and it needs time to recover before further stimulation by neurotransmitters. Thus, adenosine works to inhibit activity of the central nervous system.

Caffeine being a competitive inhibitor of adenosine, it binds to the adenosine receptor, but does not trigger the chemical cascade that inhibits neurotransmitter release and blocks the site so adenosine cannot bind and get its message across the synapse. By inhibiting adenosine, caffeine excites the central nervous system and allows for continued stimulation of neurons that otherwise would not fire or would not release neurotransmitter into the synapse. ^{[40] [41] [42] [43]} The reduction in adenosine activity results in increased activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine, largely accounting for its stimulatory effects. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates This inhibition of adenosine is the only known biochemical effect that caffeine has in humans at the concentrations achieved during normal human consumption of the drug. ^[40] Further, coffee & tea drinkers on the whole do not consume enough caffeine to release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell, the key structure associated with motivation, reward & addiction. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc also known as the accumbens nucleus or as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus leaning against the Septum Instead, caffeine appears to increase dopamine and acetylcholine release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (providing a mechanism for reinforcment) and stimulates the caudate nucleus, increasing wakefulness & locomotor activity. Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates The Chemical compound acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) is a Neurotransmitter in both the Peripheral nervous system (PNS and Central The caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the Basal ganglia of the Brains of many animal species The dose required to stimulate the nucleus accumbens is 5-10 times higher than normal human consumption, and is probably a result of non-specific stimulation of many brain areas in general. Sustained caffeine usage causes tolerance to the (prefrontal cortical) dopamine-mediated effects and hence the locomotor stimulation, but not to its cholinergic effects in the PFC, which could account for its capability for sustained arousal even in the caffeine-tolerant. A receptor is cholinergic if it uses Acetylcholine as its Neurotransmitter. ^{[44] [45] [46]} Caffeine also increases levels of epinephrine/adrenaline,^[47] possibly via a different mechanism. Acute usage of caffeine also increases levels of serotonin, causing positive changes in mood. Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons ^[48]

Caffeine is also a known competitive inhibitor of the enzyme cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE), which converts cyclic AMP (cAMP) in cells to its noncyclic form, allowing cAMP to build up in cells. A phosphodiesterase is any Enzyme that breaks a Phosphodiester bond. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic Adenosine monophosphate) is a Second messenger that is important in many biological Cyclic AMP participates in activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA) to begin the phosphorylation of specific enzymes used in glucose synthesis. In Cell biology, protein kinase A, refers to a family of Enzymes whose activity is dependent on the level of Cyclic AMP (cAMP in the cell By blocking its removal caffeine intensifies and prolongs the effects of epinephrine and epinephrine-like drugs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, or methylphenidate. Amphetamine, and related drugs such as Methamphetamine are a group of drugs that act by increasing levels of Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and Dopamine Increased concentrations of cAMP in parietal cells causes an increased activation of protein kinase A (PKA) which in turn increases activation of H+/K+ ATPase, resulting finally in increased gastric acid secretion by the cell. Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the Stomach Epithelium cells that secrete Gastric acid and Intrinsic factor In Cell biology, protein kinase A, refers to a family of Enzymes whose activity is dependent on the level of Cyclic AMP (cAMP in the cell Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase is also known as H+/K+ ATPase Function and location The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor.

Caffeine (and theophylline) can freely diffuse into cells and causes intracellular calcium release (independent of extracellular calcium) from the calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER). The endoplasmic reticulum (Greek endo = "within" (prefix plásma = "formed entity" Latin reticulum = "little net" or ER, is an Organelle This release is only partially blocked by Ryanodine receptor blockade with ryanodine, dantrolene, ruthenium red, and procaine (thus may involve ryanodine receptor and probably some additional calcium channels), but completely abolished after calcium depletion of ER by SERCA inhibitors like Thapsigargin (TG) or cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Ryanodine is a poisonous Alkaloid found in the South American plant Ryania speciosa (Flacourtiaceae Dantrolene sodium is a Muscle relaxant that acts by abolishing Excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells, probably by action on the Ryanodine Ruthenium red is a Ruthenium containing red Staining dye. The organic Ruthenium Red is polycationic cell biology reagent that tightly binds to Tubulin Procaine is a Local anesthetic drug of the Amino Ester group It is used primarily to reduce the pain of Intramuscular injection of Ryanodine receptors ( RyRs) form a class of intracellular Calcium channels in various forms of excitable animal tissue like Muscles and Neurons SERCA stands for Sarco / Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+- ATPase. Thapsigargin is a tight-binding inhibitor of a class of Enzymes known by the acronym SERCA, which stands for sarco / Endoplasmic reticulum Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA is a toxic fungal Secondary metabolite. ^[49] The action of caffeine on the ryanodine receptor may depend on both cytosolic and the luminal ER concentrations of Ca2+. At low millimolar concentration of caffeine, the RyR channel open probability (Po) is significantly increased mostly due to a shortening of the lifetime of the closed state. At concentrations >5 mM, caffeine opens RyRs even at picomolar cytosolic Ca2+ and dramatically increases the open time of the channel so that the calcium release is stronger than even an action potential can generate. This mode of action of caffeine is probably due to mimicking the action of the physiologic metabolite of NAD called cADPR (cyclic ADP ribose) which has a similar potentiating action on Ryanodine receptors. Cyclic ADP Ribose, popularly known as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide (like cAMP) with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the Adenosine (like Ryanodine receptors ( RyRs) form a class of intracellular Calcium channels in various forms of excitable animal tissue like Muscles and Neurons

Caffeine may also directly inhibit delayed rectifier and A-type K+ currents and activate plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx in certain vertebrate and invertebrate neurons.

The metabolites of caffeine contribute to caffeine's effects. Theobromine is a vasodilator that increases the amount of oxygen and nutrient flow to the brain and muscles. Theophylline, the second of the three primary metabolites, acts as a smooth muscle relaxant that chiefly affects bronchioles and acts as a chronotrope and inotrope that increases heart rate and efficiency. This article refers to skeletal muscle relaxants For information on Smooth muscle relaxants see Antispasmodic. The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first Airway branches that no longer contain Cartilage. Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time are those that change the Heart rate. An inotrope (ˈaɪnətroʊp is an agent that alters the force or energy of Muscular contractions Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions The third metabolic derivative, paraxanthine, is responsible for an increase in the lipolysis process, which releases glycerol and fatty acids into the blood to be used as a source of fuel by the muscles. Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells During this process Free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which ^[50]

Effects when taken in moderation

The precise amount of caffeine necessary to produce effects varies from person to person depending on body size and degree of tolerance to caffeine. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings It takes less than an hour for caffeine to begin affecting the body and a mild dose wears off in three to four hours. ^[32] Consumption of caffeine does not eliminate the need for sleep: it only temporarily reduces the sensation of being tired.

With these effects, caffeine is an ergogenic: increasing the capacity for mental or physical labor. Ergogenic aids are any external influences that can positively affect physical or mental performance A study conducted in 1979 showed a 7% increase in distance cycled over a period of two hours in subjects who consumed caffeine compared to control tests. ^[51] Other studies attained much more dramatic results; one particular study of trained runners showed a 44% increase in "race-pace" endurance, as well as a 51% increase in cycling endurance, after a dosage of 9 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight. ^[52] The extensive boost shown in the runners is not an isolated case; additional studies have reported similar effects. Another study found 5. 5 milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body mass resulted in subjects cycling 29% longer during high intensity circuits. ^[53]

Caffeine citrate has proven to be of short and long term benefit in treating the breathing disorders of apnea of prematurity and bronchopulmonary displasia in premature infants. Premature birth (also known as preterm birth) is the Birth of a Baby before the standard period of Pregnancy is completed Citrated caffeine,^[54] the only short term risk associated with caffeine citate treatment is a temporary reduction in weight gain during the therapy,^[55] and longer term studies (18 to 21 months) have shown lasting benefits of treatment of premature infants with caffeine. Caffeine citrate (Cafcit is a Citrate salt of Caffeine, sometimes used in medical treatment including short-term treatment of Apnea of prematurity ^[56][57]

While relatively safe for humans, caffeine is considerably more toxic to some other animals such as dogs, horses and parrots due to a much poorer ability to metabolize this compound. Caffeine has a much more significant effect on spiders, for example, than most other drugs do. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings ^[58]

Caffeine relaxes the internal anal sphincter muscles and thus should be avoided by those with fecal incontinence. The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2 Fecal incontinence is the loss of regular control of the Bowels. ^[59]

Tolerance and withdrawal

Caffeine content of select common food and drugs. ^{[60] [61]}

Product	Serving size	Caffeine per serving (mg)	Caffeine per litre (mg)
Caffeine tablet (regular strength)	1 tablet	100	—
Caffeine tablet (extra strength)	1 tablet	200	—
Excedrin tablet	1 tablet	65	—
Chocolate, Dark (Hershey's Special Dark)	1 bar (43 g; 1. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. Excedrin is an over-the-counter Headache Pain reliever, typically in the form of tablets or caplets. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree The Hershey Company ( known until April 2004 as the Hershey Foods Corporation and commonly called Hershey's, is the largest Chocolate manufacturer For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. 5 oz)	31	—
Chocolate, Milk (Hershey Bar)	1 bar (43 g; 1. This article is about the unit of mass For the unit of force see Pound-force. 5 oz)	10	—
Coffee, brewed	207 mL (7 U. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. S. fl oz)	80-135	386-652
Coffee, drip	207 mL (7 U. A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl oz or oz fl) is a unit of Volume in both the imperial and the US customary systems CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. S. fl oz)	115-175	555-845
Coffee, decaffeinated	207 mL (7 U. A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl oz or oz fl) is a unit of Volume in both the imperial and the US customary systems Decaffeination is the act of removing Caffeine from coffee beans, mate, Cocoa, Tea leaves and other caffeine-containing materials S. fl oz)	5	24
Coffee, espresso	44-60 mL (1. Espresso or caffè espresso ( often mispronounced as expresso) is a concentrated Coffee beverage brewed by forcing very hot water 5-2 U. S. fl oz)	100	1691-2254
Tea, leaf or bag	177 mL (6 U. S. fl oz)	50	281
Tea, green	177 mL (6 U. S. fl oz)	30	169
Soft drink, Coca-Cola Classic	355 mL (12 U. Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries S. fl oz)	34	96
Soft drink, Mountain Dew	355 mL (12 U. Mountain Dew is a popular drink distributed and manufactured by PepsiCo. S. fl oz)	54. 5	154
Soft drink, Jolt Cola	694 mL (23. Jolt Cola is a carbonated Soft drink produced by Wet Planet Beverages. 5 U. S. fl oz)	150	216
Red Bull	250 mL (8. Red Bull is an energy drink on the market and is sold by Red Bull GmbH. 2 U. S. fl oz)	80	320
Wired X344	473 mL (16 U. Wired is an Energy drink sold in 16-ounce cans containing Caffeine and Taurine. S. fl oz)	344	727
Buckfast Tonic Wine	750 mL (25. Buckfast Tonic Wine, commonly known as Buckfast or Buckie, is a Fortified wine produced by Buckfast Abbey in Devon, south west 4 U. S. fl oz)	281	375

Because caffeine is primarily an antagonist of the central nervous system's receptors for the neurotransmitter adenosine, the bodies of individuals who regularly consume caffeine adapt to the continual presence of the drug by substantially increasing the number of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system. A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or Drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of Purinergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors with Adenosine as Endogenous This increase in the number of the adenosine receptors makes the body much more sensitive to adenosine, with two primary consequences. ^[62] First, the stimulatory effects of caffeine are substantially reduced, a phenomenon known as a tolerance adaptation. Drug tolerance occurs when a subject's reaction to a Psychoactive drug (such as a painkiller or intoxicant decreases so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect Second, because these adaptive responses to caffeine make individuals much more sensitive to adenosine, a reduction in caffeine intake will effectively increase the normal physiological effects of adenosine, resulting in unwelcome withdrawal symptoms in tolerant users. ^[62]

Other research questions the idea that up-regulation of adenosine receptors is responsible for tolerance to the locomotor stimulant effects of caffeine, noting, among other things, that this tolerance is insurmountable by higher doses of caffeine (it should be surmountable if tolerance was due to an increase in receptors), and that the increase in adenosine receptor number is modest and doesn't explain the large tolerance which develops to caffeine. ^[63]

Caffeine tolerance develops very quickly, especially among heavy coffee and energy drink consumers. Complete tolerance to sleep disruption effects of caffeine develops after consuming 400 mg of caffeine 3 times a day for 7 days. Complete tolerance to subjective effects of caffeine was observed to develop after consuming 300 mg 3 times per day for 18 days, and possibly even earlier. ^[64] In another experiment, complete tolerance of caffeine was observed when subject consumed 750-1200 mg per day while incomplete tolerance to caffeine has been observed in those that consume more average doses of caffeine. ^[65]

Because adenosine, in part, serves to regulate blood pressure by causing vasodilation, the increased effects of adenosine due to caffeine withdrawal cause the blood vessels of the head to dilate, leading to an excess of blood in the head and causing a headache and nausea. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Reduced catecholamine activity may cause feelings of fatigue and drowsiness. A reduction in serotonin levels when caffeine use is stopped can cause anxiety, irritability, inability to concentrate and diminished motivation to initiate or to complete daily tasks; in extreme cases it may cause mild depression. Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Together, these effects have come to be known as a "crash". ^[66]

Withdrawal symptoms—possibly including headache, irritability, an inability to concentrate, and stomach aches^[67]—may appear within 12 to 24 hours after discontinuation of caffeine intake, peak at roughly 48 hours, and usually last from one to five days, representing the time required for the number of adenosine receptors in the brain to revert to "normal" levels, uninfluenced by caffeine consumption. Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal/abstinence syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes Physical dependence is Analgesics, such as aspirin, can relieve the pain symptoms, as can a small dose of caffeine. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA (əˌsɛtɨlsælɨˌsɪlɨk ˈæsɨd is a Salicylate drug, often used as an Analgesic to relieve ^[68] Most effective is a combination of both an analgesic and a small amount of caffeine.

This is not the only case where caffeine increases the effectiveness of a drug. Caffeine makes pain relievers 40% more effective in relieving headaches and helps the body absorb headache medications more quickly, bringing faster relief. ^[69] For this reason, many over-the-counter headache drugs include caffeine in their formula. It is also used with ergotamine in the treatment of migraine and cluster headaches as well as to overcome the drowsiness caused by antihistamines. Ergotamine is an Ergopeptine and part of the Ergot family of Alkaloids it is structurally and biochemically closely related to Ergoline. Migraine is a neurological Syndrome characterized by altered bodily experiences painful headaches and nausea Cluster headache is a neurological disease that involves as its most prominent feature an immense degree of pain A histamine antagonist is an agent which serves to inhibit the release or action of Histamine.

Overuse

In large amounts, and especially over extended periods of time, caffeine can lead to a condition known as caffeinism. ^[70][71] Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant physical and mental conditions including nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching (hyperreflexia), insomnia, headaches, respiratory alkalosis^[72] and heart palpitations. Physical dependence (or drug dependence) refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug where negative physical Withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. Irritability takes many forms from the Contraction of a Unicellular organism when touched to complex Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Tremor is an unintentional somewhat rhythmic muscle movement involving to-and-from movements (oscillations of one or more parts of the body A fasciculation (or "muscle Twitch " is a small local involuntary Muscle contraction (twitching visible under the skin arising from the spontaneous discharge Hyperreflexia is defined as overactive or overresponsive Reflexes. Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Respiratory alkalosis results from increased alveolar respiration ( Hyperventilation) leading to decreased plasma Carbon dioxide concentration A palpitation (medical term ectopic heart beat) is an abnormal awareness of the beating of the Heart, whether it is too slow too fast irregular ^[73] Furthermore, because caffeine increases the production of stomach acid, high usage over time can lead to peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an Ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0 Esophagitis (or Oesophagitis) is Inflammation of the Esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( American English and Canadian English) or Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease ( British English, Hiberno-English ^[74]

There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: caffeine intoxication, caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, caffeine-induced sleep disorder, and caffeine-related disorder not otherwise specified (NOS). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' ( DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association Caffeine-induced sleep disorder is a Psychiatric disorder that results from overconsumption of the stimulant Caffeine.

Caffeine intoxication

An acute overdose of caffeine, usually in excess of about 300 milligrams, dependent on body weight and level of caffeine tolerance, can result in a state of central nervous system over-stimulation called caffeine intoxication. ^[75] The symptoms of caffeine intoxication are not unlike overdoses of other stimulants. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness It may include restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushing of the face, increased urination, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, a rambling flow of thought and speech, irritability, irregular or rapid heart beat, and psychomotor agitation. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Diuresis is the increased production of Urine by the Kidney. Types and causes The kidney normally produces up to 180 L of "pro-urine" A fasciculation (or "muscle Twitch " is a small local involuntary Muscle contraction (twitching visible under the skin arising from the spontaneous discharge Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Psychomotor agitation is a series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension of an individual ^[73] In cases of much larger overdoses mania, depression, lapses in judgment, disorientation, loss of social inhibition, delusions, hallucinations, psychosis, rhabdomyolysis, and death may occur. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Orientation is a function of the Mind involving awareness of three dimensions Time, Place and Person. A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed False Belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false fanciful or derived from Deception A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Rhabdomyolysis is the rapid breakdown ( Lysis) of Skeletal muscle tissue ( rhabdomyo) due to injury to muscle tissue Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific ^[76][77]

In cases of extreme overdose, death can result. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) given orally, is 192 milligrams per kilogram in rats. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a ^[1] The LD₅₀ of caffeine in humans is dependent on weight and individual sensitivity and estimated to be about 150 to 200 milligrams per kilogram of body mass, roughly 80 to 100 cups of coffee for an average adult taken within a limited time frame that is dependent on half-life. The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Though achieving lethal dose with caffeine would be exceptionally difficult with regular coffee, there have been reported deaths from overdosing on caffeine pills, with serious symptoms of overdose requiring hospitalization occurring from as little as 2 grams of caffeine. ^{[78][79][80][81]} Death typically occurs due to ventricular fibrillation brought about by effects of caffeine on the cardiovascular system. Ventricular fibrillation ( V-fib or VF) is a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the Cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System"

Treatment of severe caffeine intoxication is generally supportive, providing treatment of the immediate symptoms, but if the patient has very high serum levels of caffeine then peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or hemofiltration may be required. Introduction Current treatment options for patients with severe chronic kidney failure are Dialysis and kidney transplantation In Medicine, hemodialysis (also haemodialysis) is a method for removing waste products such as Potassium and Urea, as well as free water In Medicine, hemofiltration, also haemofiltration, is a Renal replacement therapy similar to Hemodialysis which is used almost exclusively in

Anxiety and sleep disorders

Two infrequently diagnosed caffeine-induced disorders that are recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) are caffeine-induced sleep disorder and caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, which can result from long-term excessive caffeine intake. The American Psychiatric Association (APA is the main Professional organization of Psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the

In the case of caffeine-induced sleep disorder, an individual regularly ingests high doses of caffeine sufficient to induce a significant disturbance in his or her sleep, sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention. A sleep disorder (somnipathy is a medical disorder of the Sleep patterns of a person or animal ^[75] A study in the British Journal of Addiction concluded that caffeinism, although infrequently diagnosed, may afflict as many as one person in ten of the population. ^[71]

Parkinson's disease

Several large studies have shown that caffeine intake is associated with a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) in men, but studies in women have been inconclusive. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's ^[82] The mechanism by which caffeine affects PD remains a mystery. In animal models, researchers have shown that caffeine can prevent the loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells seen in Parkinson's Disease, but researchers still do not know how this occurs. ^[83]

Effects on memory and learning

An array of studies found that caffeine could have nootropic effects, inducing certain changes in memory and learning. '''Nootropics''' popularly referred to as " smart drugs " " smart nutrients " " cognitive enhancers " and " brain enhancers However, it is still not definitely clear whether the effect is negative or positive.

Researchers have found that long-term consumption of low dose caffeine slowed hippocampus-dependent learning and impaired long-term memory. The hippocampus is a part of the Forebrain, located in the medial Temporal lobe. Caffeine consumption for 4 weeks also significantly reduced hippocampal neurogenesis compared to controls during the experiment. The conclusion was that long-term consumption of caffeine could inhibit hippocampus-dependent learning and memory partially through inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. ^[84]

In one study, caffeine was added to rat neurons in vitro. In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism The dendritic spines (a part of the brain cell used in forming connections between neurons) taken from the hippocampus (a part of the brain associated with memory), grew by 33% and new spines formed. A dendritic spine (or spine is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's Dendrite that typically receives input from a single Synapse The hippocampus is a part of the Forebrain, located in the medial Temporal lobe. After an hour or two, however, these cells returned to their original shape. ^[85]

Another study showed that subjects—after receiving 100 milligrams of caffeine—had increased activity in brain regions located in the frontal lobe, where a part of the working memory network is located, and the anterior cingulum, a part of the brain that controls attention. The caffeinated subjects also performed better on the memory tasks. ^[86]

However, a different study showed that caffeine could impair short term memory and increase the likelihood of the tip of the tongue phenomenon. The tip of the tongue ( TOT or Tot) The study allowed the researchers to suggest that caffeine could aid short-term memory when the information to be recalled is related to the current train of thought, but also to hypothesize that caffeine hinders short-term memory when the train of thought is unrelated. The train of thought, stream of thought, or chain of thought refers to the interconnection in the sequence of ideas expressed during a connected Discourse ^[87] In essence, focused thought coupled with caffeine consumption increases mental performance.

Effects on the heart

Caffeine increases the levels of cAMP in the heart cells, mimicking the effects of epinephrine. cAMP diffuses through the cell and acts as a "secondary messenger," activating protein kinase A (PKA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase). In Cell biology, protein kinase A, refers to a family of Enzymes whose activity is dependent on the level of Cyclic AMP (cAMP in the cell According to one study, caffeine, in the form of coffee, significantly reduces the risk of heart disease in epidemiological studies. Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. However, the protective effect was found only in participants who were not severely hypertensive (i. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated e. patients that are not suffering from a very high blood pressure). Furthermore, no significant protective effect was found in participants aged less than 65 years or in cerebrovascular disease mortality for those aged equal or more than 65 years. Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of blood vessels supplying the brain ^[88]

Effects on children

Scientific studies contradict the common belief that caffeine consumption causes stunted growth in children. ^[89] However, as with adults, nausea, urinary urgency, nervousness, or other effects from an elevated caffeine intake via chocolate milk, sodas, cold medicines, iced tea, coffee and other products that are widely used, may be reasons to limit the amount of caffeine that is consumed each day. ^[90]

Caffeine intake during pregnancy

The Food Standards Agency has recommended that pregnant women should limit their caffeine intake to less than 300 mg of caffeine a day – the equivalent of four cups of coffee a day. The Food Standards Agency is a Non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. A higher intake may be associated with miscarriage. ^[91][92]

Dr De-Kun Li of Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, which appears in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, concludes that an intake of 200 milligrams or more per day, representing two or more cups, "significantly increases the risk of miscarriage". ^[93] However, Dr. David Savitz, a professor in community and preventive medicine at New York's Mount Sinai School of Medicine and lead author of the other new study on the subject published in the January issue of Epidemiology, found no link between miscarriage and caffeine consumption. ^[6]

Production

Caffeine extracted from coffee and tea during the decaffeination process is sold or used as an additive. As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. The United States Pharmacopeia is an official public standards–setting authority for all prescription and over–the–counter medicines and other health care products manufactured Being readily available as a byproduct of decaffeination, caffeine is not usually synthesized. ^[94] If desired, it may be synthesized from dimethyl urea and malonic acid. Malonic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a Dicarboxylic acid with structure C[[hydrogen H]]2( ^[95]

Decaffeination

Main article: Decaffeination

Pure caffeine is a white powder, and can be extracted from a variety of natural sources. Decaffeination is the act of removing Caffeine from coffee beans, mate, Cocoa, Tea leaves and other caffeine-containing materials Caffeine extraction is an important industrial process and can be performed using a number of different solvents. Benzene, chloroform, trichloroethylene and dichloromethane have all been used over the years but for reasons of safety, environmental impact, cost and flavor, they have been superseded by the following main methods:

Water extraction

Coffee beans are soaked in water. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl The Chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated Hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial Solvent. Dichloromethane ( DCM) or methylene chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CH2Cl2 The water, which contains not only caffeine but also many other compounds which contribute to the flavor of coffee, is then passed through activated charcoal, which removes the caffeine. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to The water can then be put back with the beans and evaporated dry, leaving decaffeinated coffee with a good flavor. ^[96] Coffee manufacturers recover the caffeine and resell it for use in soft drinks and over-the-counter caffeine tablets. Caffeine tablets contain from 50mg to 200mg of Caffeine and can be purchased without prescription

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Supercritical carbon dioxide is an excellent nonpolar solvent for caffeine (as well as many other organic compounds), and is safer than the organic solvents that are used for caffeine extraction. The nature of super critical carbon dioxide is established as a solvent for use in extraction The extraction process is simple: CO₂ is forced through the green coffee beans at temperatures above 31. 1 °C and pressures above 73 atm. The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm Under these conditions, CO₂ is in a "supercritical" state: it has gaslike properties which allow it to penetrate deep into the beans but also liquid-like properties which dissolve 97–99% of the caffeine. A supercritical fluid is any substance at a Temperature and Pressure above its Thermodynamic critical point. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties The caffeine-laden CO₂ is then sprayed with high pressure water to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be isolated by charcoal adsorption (as above) or by distillation, recrystallization, or reverse osmosis. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Recrystallization (see also Crystallization) is a physical process that has meanings in Chemistry, Metallurgy and Geology. Reverse osmosis (RO is a separation process that uses pressure to force a Solution through a membrane that retains the Solute on one side and allows the ^[96]

Extraction by nonhazardous organic solvents

Organic solvents such as ethyl acetate present much less health and environmental hazard than previously used chlorinated and aromatic solvents. Ethyl acetate ( systematically, ethyl ethanoate commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA is the Organic compound with the formula CH3COOCH2CH3 The hydrolysis products of ethyl acetate are ethanol and acetic acid, both nonhazardous in small quantities. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Another method is to use triglyceride oils obtained from spent coffee grounds.

Stereochemistry

The nitrogen atoms are all essentially planar (in sp² orbital hybridisation). -->In Chemistry Even though some are often drawn with three single bonds, the lone pairs on these atoms are involved in resonance with adjacent double-bonded carbon atoms, resulting in the caffeine molecule having aromatic character.

Religion

Some Mormons and Christian Scientists^[97] do not consume caffeine. TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon The Church of Christ Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston Massachusetts, USA, by Mary Baker Eddy, author of the book Science and Health with Followers of both religions believe that God wishes them to be free of any addiction.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has no official position on this matter, but advise against any harmful, habit forming, drinks. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known see Word of Wisdom

References

External links

General information

• How Stuff Works: "How Caffeine Works"
• Erowid Caffeine Vaults
• National Geographic January 2005: Caffeine
• Caffeine Zone: Social and Medical info on caffeine and its effects.
• #caffeine! The Caffeine Information Archive
• Naked Scientists Online: Why do plants make caffeine?
• The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Caffeine: A User's Guide
• The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, Caffeine-Part 1 Part 2
• Coffee: A Little Really Does Go a Long Way, NPR, September 28, 2006
• Does coffee really give you a buzz? by John Triggs in the Daily Express April 17 2007
• Caffeine: ChemSub Online

News

• Alcohol and Drugs History Society: Caffeine news page
• National Post: Caffeine linked to psychiatric disorders
• Caffeine Withdrawal Recognized as a Disorder

Health

• Is Caffeine a Health Hazard?
• eMedicine Caffeine-Related Psychiatric Disorders
• The Effects Of Caffeine Addiction
• Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use & Abuse
• Protects brain from Alzheimer's?

Appendix

Relative content: comparison of different sources

Caffeine equivalents[1][2]

In general, each of the following contains approximately 200 milligrams of caffeine: One 200 milligram caffeine pill One 12 fluid ounce cup of regular Starbucks coffee (355 millilitres) One and one quarter 16 fluid ounce cans of Monster Energy (590 millilitres) One and a half pounds of milk chocolate[a] (680 grams) Two 8 fluid ounce containers of regular coffee (470  millilitres) 1/2 tube of Spazzstick Caffeinated Lip Balm Two Foosh Energy Mints Two Buzz Bites Chocolate Energy Chews Two and a half 10 fluid ounce bottles of Bawls caffeinated drink (740 millilitres) Three 6 fluid ounce cups of black tea (0. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl oz or oz fl) is a unit of Volume in both the imperial and the US customary systems Starbucks Corporation ( is an international Coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle Washington. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. Monster Energy (or simply known as Monster) is an American brand of Energy drink marketed and distributed by Hansen Natural Corporation (run by CEO Rodney The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass Chocolate is a name given to products that are derived from Cacao which are then mixed with some sort of fat (e For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Buzz Bites Chocolate Energy Chews are a brand of caffeinated candies made by Vroom Foods Inc Bawls Guarana is an Energy drink containing natural Guarana Flavor and a relatively large amount of Caffeine, amongst other ingredients Black tea is a variety of Tea that is more oxidized than the Oolong, green, and white varieties 54 litres) (70 mg per 6 oz cup according to [1]) Three standard Excedrin pills Three 8 fluid ounce cups of Red Bull energy drink (710 millilitres) Four 8 fluid ounce cups of Vault energy drink (1. Excedrin is an over-the-counter Headache Pain reliever, typically in the form of tablets or caplets. Red Bull is an energy drink on the market and is sold by Red Bull GmbH. Vault is a carbonated beverage that was released by The Coca-Cola Company in June 2005 (and Vault Red Blitz in 2007 0 litre) Five 1 fluid ounce shots of espresso from robusta beans (150 millilitres) Five 8 fluid ounce cups of Mountain Dew (1. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. Espresso or caffè espresso ( often mispronounced as expresso) is a concentrated Coffee beverage brewed by forcing very hot water Coffea canephora ( Robusta Coffee; syn Coffea robusta) is a Species of Coffee which has its origins in western Mountain Dew is a popular drink distributed and manufactured by PepsiCo. 2 litres) Five 12 fluid ounce cans of typical soda pop (1. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or 8 litres) (variable) Eight and a half 8 fluid ounce cups of Coca-Cola Classic (68 fl oz is approximately 2. Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries 0 litres) Ten 8 fluid ounce cups of green tea (2. Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing 4 litres) Fifty 8 fluid ounce cups of decaffeinated coffee (12 litres) Notes: a. Decaffeination is the act of removing Caffeine from coffee beans, mate, Cocoa, Tea leaves and other caffeine-containing materials Chocolate and other products of cacao contain substantial quantities of other caffeine-like chemicals (especially theobromine) as well as actual caffeine. CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. The properties of these substances are in at least some respects very similar to caffeine.

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