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| Name, Symbol, Number | cadmium, Cd, 48 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 12, 5, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery gray metallic |
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| Standard atomic weight | 112.411(8) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Kr] 5s2 4d10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 8. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic See also A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 65 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 7. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 996 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 594. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 22 K (321. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 07 °C, 609. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 93 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 1040 K (767 °C, 1413 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 6. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 21 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 99. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 87 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 26. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 020 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 2 (mildly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 69 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies | 1st: 867. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 8 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1631. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 4 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 3616 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 155 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 161 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 148 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 158 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (22 °C) 72. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 7 nΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 96. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 6 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 30. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 8 µm·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2310 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 50 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 19 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 42 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 2. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 203 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-43-9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cadmium (pronounced /ˈkædmiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times longer than 1019 Seconds (317 billion years In the process of Beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a Neutron in the nucleus to a Proton and emitting an Electron and an electron Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A relatively abundant (price 3. 55 USD/lb as of 2-15-08), soft, bluish-white, transition metal, cadmium is known to cause cancer and occurs with zinc ores. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Cadmium is used largely in batteries and pigments, for example in plastic products. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products
Contents |
Extraction
Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc, and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen, converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide. The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution. Vacuum distillation is a method of Distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its Vapor pressure (usually Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. [1]
Notable characteristics
Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish-white bivalent metal. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across It is similar in many respects to zinc but reacts to form more complex compounds. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30
The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.
One particular isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, absorbs neutrons with very high probability if they have an energy below the cadmium cutoff and transmits them readily otherwise. The cadmium cutoff is about 0. 5 eV [2]. Neutrons with energy below the cutoff are deemed slow neutrons, distinguishing them from intermediate and fast neutrons.
Applications
About three-quarters of cadmium is used in batteries (especially Ni-Cd batteries), and most of the remaining quarter is used mainly for pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd and ˈnɑɪˌkæd "nye-cad" is a type of Rechargeable battery using Nickel oxide hydroxide Cadmium pigments are a class of Pigments that have Cadmium as one of the chemical components Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Other uses include:
- In some of the lowest-melting alloys
- In bearing alloys, due to a low coefficient of friction and very good fatigue resistance
- In electroplating (6% cadmium)
- In many kinds of solder
- As a barrier to control nuclear fission
- In black and white television phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors for color television picture tubes
- In paint pigments: Cadmium forms various salts, with cadmium sulfide being the most common. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has The coefficient of friction is a Dimensionless quantity symbolized by the Greek letter μ and is used to approximate the Force of Friction. Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object A solder is a fusible metal Alloy with a melting point or melting range of 90 to 450 ° C (200 to 840 ° F) used in a process called Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing Free neutrons and other smaller nuclei which may Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Cadmium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is yellow in colour and is a semiconductor This sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium pigments are a class of Pigments that have Cadmium as one of the chemical components Cadmium selenide can be used as red pigment, commonly called cadmium red. Cadmium selenide ( Cd[[Selenium Se]] is a solid binary compound of cadmium and selenium To painters that work with the pigment, cadmium yellows, oranges, and reds are the most potent colours to use. In fact, during production, these colours are significantly toned down before they are ground with oils and binders, or blended into watercolours, gouaches, acrylics, and other paint and pigment formulations. These pigments are toxic, and it is recommended to use a barrier cream on the hands to prevent absorption through the skin when working with them. Cadmium blue, green, and violet do not exist.
- In some semiconductors such as cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride, which can be used for light detection or solar cells. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Cadmium telluride (CdTe is a Crystalline compound formed from Cadmium and Tellurium with a zinc blende (cubic crystal structure Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts Solar energy into Electricity by the photovoltaic effect. HgCdTe is sensitive to infrared. HgCdTe or mercury Cadmium Telluride (also cadmium mercury telluride, MCT or CMT) is an Alloy of Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of
- In PVC as stabilizers.
- In molecular biology, used to block voltage-dependent calcium channels from fluxing calcium ions.
- See also Category:Cadmium compounds.
History
Cadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek καδμεία meaning "calamine", a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was named after the Greek mythological character, Κάδμος (Cadmus)) was discovered in Germany in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly For the mineral see Calamine (mineral, for other uses of the word see Calamine (disambiguation. Cadmus, or Kadmos (Κάδμος in Greek mythology, was a Phoenician prince son of Agenor and the brother of Phoenix, Cilix Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Friedrich Stromeyer (1776 - 1835 was a German Chemist. Stromeyer received his degree from the University of Gottingen in 1800 Strohmeyer found the new element within an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine), and, for 100 years, Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is Zinc Carbonate Zn[[carbon C]] O 3 a mineral ore of zinc The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine, since the metal was found in this zinc compound. Strohmeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not.
Even though cadmium and its compounds are highly toxic, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medicine to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains". The British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC was first published in 1907 to supplement the British Pharmacopoeia which although extensive did not cover all the medicinal items Cadmium iodide, CdI2 is a chemical compound of Cadmium and Iodine. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the
In 1927, the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1m = 1,553,164. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 13 wavelengths). This definition has since been changed (see krypton). Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36
Occurrence
In 2001, China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one-sixth world share closely followed by South Korea and Japan, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental
Cadmium-containing ores are rare and, when found, occur in small quantities. Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite is a rare Cadmium Mineral that consists of Cadmium sulfide, CdS in crystalline form Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Sphalerite (( Zn, Fe) S) is a Mineral that is the chief Ore of Zinc. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfide ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper. The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Production in the United States began in 1907, but it was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
- See also Category:Cadmium minerals.
Biological role
A role of cadmium in biology has been recently discovered. A cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms. The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of Enzymes that catalyze the rapid conversion of Carbon dioxide to Bicarbonate Diatoms ( Greek: (dia = "through" + (temnein = "to cut" i Cadmium does the same job as zinc in other anhydrases, but the diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations, thus biology has taken cadmium rather than zinc, and made it work. The discovery was made using X-ray absorption fluoresence spectroscopy (XAFS), and cadmium was characterised by noting the energy of the X-rays that were absorbed.
Isotopes of cadmium
Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. Naturally occurring Cadmium ( Cd) is composed of 8 Isotopes For two of them natural Radioactivity was observed and three others are predicted Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays were never observed, due to extremely long half-life times. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 7. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 7 × 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2. In the process of Beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a Neutron in the nucleus to a Proton and emitting an Electron and an electron Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 9 × 1019 years). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. Double electron capture is a Decay mode of Atomic nucleus. For a nuclide ( A, Z) with number of Nucleons A and Atomic In the process of Beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a Neutron in the nucleus to a Proton and emitting an Electron and an electron Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page At least three isotopes - 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd - are absolutely stable. Among the isotopes absent in the natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462. 6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53. 46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 8 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t½ 14. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 1 years), 115mCd (t½ 44. 6 days), and 117mCd (t½ 3. 36 hours).
The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 950 u (95Cd) to 131. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 946 u (132Cd). The primary decay mode before the second-most-abundant stable isotope, 112Cd, is electron capture, and the primary modes after are beta emission and electron capture. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the The primary decay product before 112Cd is element 47 (silver), and the primary product after is element 49 (indium). In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49
Toxicity
Cadmium is an occupational hazard associated with industrial processes such as metal plating and the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, plastics, and other synthetics. Cadmium has no constructive purpose in the Human body It and its compounds are extremely Toxic even in low concentrations and will Bioaccumulate in Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in The primary route of exposure in industrial settings is inhalation. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death. Metal fume fever is illness caused primarily by exposure to certain metal fumes Pneumonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue Pulmonary Edema (American English or oedema (British English is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the Lungs It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause [3]
Cadmium is also a potential environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of the burning of fossil fuels and municipal wastes. [4] However, there have been notable instances of toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. In the decades following World War II, Japanese mining operations contaminated the Jinzu River with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The is a River which flows from Gifu Prefecture to Toyama Prefecture in Japan. As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. The local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed Itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria. (literally "ouch-ouch" disease was the documented case of mass Cadmium poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Proteinuria (from protein and urine) means the presence of anexcess of serum Proteins in the Urine. Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condition of Osmotic Diuresis due to excretion of Glucose by the kidneys [5] Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's Restriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which bans carcinogens in computers. The Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment 2002/95/EC ( / commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous
Cadmium and several cadmium-containing compounds are known carcinogens and can induce many types of cancer. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled [6]
Current research has found that cadmium toxicity may be carried into the body by zinc binding proteins; in particular, proteins that contain zinc finger protein structures. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 A zinc finger is a large superfamily of Protein domains that can bind to DNA. Zinc and cadmium are in the same group on the periodic table, contain the same common oxidation state (+2), and when ionized are almost the same size. Due to these similarities, cadmium can replace zinc in many biological systems, in particular, systems that contain softer ligands such as sulfur. Cadmium can bind up to ten times more strongly than zinc in certain biological systems, and is notoriously difficult to remove. In addition, cadmium can replace magnesium and calcium in certain biological systems, although these replacements are rare. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20
Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. It has been estimated that about 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. The absorption of cadmium from the lungs is much more effective than that from the gut, and as much as 50% of the cadmium inhaled via cigarette smoke may be absorbed.
On average, smokers have 4-5 times higher blood cadmium concentrations and 2-3 times higher kidney cadmium concentrations than non-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from passive smoking. No significant effect on blood cadmium concentrations could be detected in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
References
- ^ Cadmium at WebElements. com
- ^ Knoll, G. F. (1999). Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd edition. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471073383. p505
- ^ [1] Principles and Methods of Toxicology (fourth edition). A. Wallace Hayes. Taylor and Francis Publishing Inc. ; Philadelphia, 2001.
- ^ EPA summary on cadmium
- ^ [2] Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan. Nogowa et al. Biometals. 2004 Oct; 17(5):581-7.
- ^ 11th Report on Carcinogens provided by the National Toxicology Program
External links
- IARC Monograph "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds"
- National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds
- WebElements.com – Cadmium
- Los Alamos National Laboratory – Cadmium
- [3] Warning Moose and Deer Liver
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Cadmium Page
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