The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada The United States of America —commonly referred to as the North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America.
Contents |
Family division
Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family:
I. Northern Caddoan
- A. Pawnee-Kitsai
- a. Kitsai
- 1. Kitsai (also known as Kichai) (†)
- b. The Kitsai (also Kichai) language is an extinct Caddoan language. Pawnee
- a. Kitsai
- B. The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language spoken by Pawnee Native Americans located in North central Oklahoma. Wichita
-
- 4. Wichita (dialects: Wichita proper, Waco, Towakoni)
-
II. Wichita is a moribund Caddoan language spoken in Oklahoma. Only one fluent speaker remains and hence it is almost certain that Wichita will soon become Southern Caddoan
-
-
- 5. Caddo (dialects: Kadohadacho, Hasinai, Natchitoches, Yatasi)
-
The Kitsai language is now extinct, its members having been absorbed into the Witchita tribe in the 19th century. Caddo is a Caddoan language of the Southern Plains spoken by the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Caddo, Wichita, and Pawnee are presently spoken in Oklahoma by small handfuls of elders. Caddo is a Caddoan language of the Southern Plains spoken by the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. Wichita is a moribund Caddoan language spoken in Oklahoma. Only one fluent speaker remains and hence it is almost certain that Wichita will soon become The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language spoken by Pawnee Native Americans located in North central Oklahoma. Arikara is spoken on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Arikara (also Sahnish Arikaree Ree refers to a group of Native Americans that speak a Caddoan language. The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation is a US Indian reservation in North Dakota that is home for the Three Affiliated Tribes which consists of the North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. Some of the languages were formerly more widespread; the Caddo, for example, used to live in northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana as well as southeastern Oklahoma. The Caddo are a nation or group of tribes of Southeastern Native Americans who in the 16th century inhabited much of what is now East Texas, western Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Pawnee formerly lived along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska. The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and The Platte River is an approximately 310 mi (499 km long river in the Western United States. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and
Genetic relations
Adai, a language isolate known only from a 275-word list, may be a Caddoan language, but the documentation is too scanty to determine with certainty. A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is Wallace Chafe finds the relationship unlikely.
It has been proposed that Caddoan is related to Keresan or a part of a Macro-Siouan stock (along with Siouan and Iroquoian). Keresan (kəˈriːsən also Keres (/ˈkɛrəs/ is a group of seven related Lects spoken by Pueblo peoples in New Mexico, U The Macro-Siouan languages are a proposed Language family that would include the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan families The Siouan (aka Siouan proper, Western Siouan) languages are a Native American Language family of North America, and the The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. The Keresan-Caddoan connection is now mostly rejected. Caddoan as part of Macro-Siouan is a possibility, but more research is required to determine the validity of this proposal.
Links
Indiana University-Bloomington American Indian Studies Research Institute's Northern Caddoan Linguistic Text Corpora site: [1] and Dictionary Database Search (includes Arikara, Skiri Pawnee, South Band Pawnee, Assiniboine [Nakoda], and Yanktonai Sioux [Dakota]):[2]
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. The Assiniboine, also known by the Ojibwe name Asiniibwaan "Stone Sioux" and the Cree as Asinîpwât are a Siouan Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Chafe, Wallace L. (1973). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok (Ed. Thomas Albert Sebeok (born in Budapest, Hungary, on November 9, 1920; died December 21, 2001 in Bloomington, ), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10, pp. 1164-1209). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Chafe 1976).
- Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok (Ed. ), Native languages in the Americas (pp. 527-572). New York: Plenum. (Originally published as Chafe 1973).
- Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). The Caddoan, Iroquioan, and Siouan languages. Trends in linguistics; State-of-the-art report (No. 3). The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 90-279-3443-6.
- Chafe, Wallace L. (1979). Caddoan. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds. ), The languages of Native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 213-235). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-74624-5.
- Chafe, Wallace L. (1993). Indian languages: Siouan-Caddoan. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (Vol. 3). New York: C. Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19611-5.
- Lesser, Alexander; & Weltfish, Gene. (1932). Composition of the Caddoan linguistic stock. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 87 (6), 1-15.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Taylor, Allan. (1963). Comparative Caddoan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 29, 113-131.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic