| Caddo |
|---|
 A Caddo solar cross, a religious symbol of both the sun and fire. The sun cross, a Cross inside a Circle, is one of the oldest and most widespread of symbols |
| Total population |
|
circa 1500: 200,000 |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States – Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas |
| Languages |
| 3 separate dialects of Caddo and English |
| Related ethnic groups |
|
Native American "Sibling" groups: |
The Caddo are a nation, or group of tribes, of Southeastern Native Americans who, in the 16th century, inhabited much of what is now East Texas, western Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Caddo is a Caddoan language of the Southern Plains spoken by the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Hasinai confederation ( Hasínay in Caddo) was a large confederation of Caddo -speaking Native Americans located between the Sabine The Natchitoches or Natchitoch were one of the indigenous tribes in Louisiana of the Caddo Native Americans The Yatasi were a Native American people of Louisiana, part of the Natchitoches Native Americans who were part of that Caddo Nation who lived in the area to the south Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and Southeastern tribes or Southeastern cultures are an ethnographic classification for Native American peoples that inhabited the Southeastern The Wichita are a Tribe of Native Americans, indigenous inhabitants of North America, who speak Wichita, a Caddoan language. Southeastern tribes or Southeastern cultures are an ethnographic classification for Native American peoples that inhabited the Southeastern Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States East Texas is a distinct geographic and ecological area in the U The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Today the Caddo are a cohesive tribe with their capital at Binger, Oklahoma, and the Caddoan dialects have converged into a single language. Binger is a town in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 708 at the 2000 census. The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. The current Chairperson of the Caddo is LaRue Parker. LaRue Martin Parker is the current Chairperson of the Caddo nation
This article covers the Caddo as a tribe, or nation. For other Caddoan languages see: Caddoan languages
Contents |
History
The oral traditions of the Caddo suggest that they developed their culture in Arkansas and spread out to the south and west from there. The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges At one time both the Wichita and Pawnee were part of the same nation as the Caddo, a fact attested to in that the Wichita and Pawnee spoke Caddoan languages. Between 500 and 800 AD the Caddo emerged as distinct and separate nation. Events By Place Europe Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon Events By Place Europe September 15 - Oldest known mention of Monkey.
The Caddo tribes were divided into three confederacies, which were linked by a common language; the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and the Natchitoches. The Haisinai and Kadohadacho lived in what is now East Texas and the Natchitoches in what is now Northwestern Louisiana. East Texas is a distinct geographic and ecological area in the U The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Haisinai lived in the land from Nacogdoches, Texas, which was originally a Caddo settlement, area to the Neches River. Nacogdoches (ˌnækəˈdoʊtʃɪs is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, in the United States. The Neches River (pronounced "NAI ches" flows for through east Texas to its mouth on Sabine Lake near the Rainbow Bridge. The Haisinai were given the name Tejas by Spanish Explorers, based on the Caddo word táysha?, "friend", and this later became the source of "Tejas" and later "Texas" (Bolton 2002:63-64). The Kadohadacho settled the land from the Caddo Lake area to the Red River. Caddo Lake (Lac Caddo is a 25400 acre (103 km² Lake and wetland located on the border between Texas and Louisiana, in northern Harrison County For other uses see Red River. The Red River is one of several rivers with that name. The Nachitoches settled around Natchitoches, Louisiana, which was originally a Caddo settlement, and in the Cane River Valley. Natchitoches () is a city in and the Parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. Cane River is a 35-mile long Lake formed from a portion of the Red River that is located in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana.
The Caddo first encountered Europeans in 1542 when the Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands. De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, recorded by his expedition as the 'Tula', near Caddo Gap, Arkansas. Caddo Gap is a small unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Arkansas, United States. This event is marked by a monument that stands in the small town today. With the arrival of missionaries from Spain and France a small pox epidemic broke out that decimated the population. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a The Caddo invited the European missionaries to return and upon their return a worse epidemic reduced the population to only 1,000.
In 1859, the state of Texas removed the remaining Caddo from its territory to a reservation in Oklahoma and in 1874 the Caddo officially united as a distinct tribe. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Geography
The Caddo lived in the Piney Woods eco-region of the United States up to the foothills of the Ozark Mountains and often near the Caddo River. The Piney Woods is a Terrestrial ecoregion in the Southern United States covering 54400 mi² (140900 km²) of East Texas The Caddo River is a 50-mile-long river that flows through the U The Piney Woods is a dense forest of deciduous and conifer flora covering rolling hills, steep river valleys, and intermittent wetlands called Bayous. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog Several Caddo villages were resettled, including the community of Elysian Fields, Texas, and Nacogdoches and Nachitoches both of which have kept their original names. Elysian Fields is a rural unincorporated community in Harrison County, Texas, United States. Nacogdoches (ˌnækəˈdoʊtʃɪs is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, in the United States. Natchitoches () is a city in and the Parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. The Caddo were progressively moved further west until they reached what is now western Oklahoma. The geography of the drier plains was quite a contrast to the lush hilly forest that were formerly their homeland.
Culture
To be written along the lines of Wikipedia:WikiProject Ethnic Groups Template
Institutions
The Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma is a federally recognized tribe. It is currently considering changing its official name to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. A tribal constitution, adopted in 1938 and revised in 1976, provides for a tribal council consisting of eight members with a chairperson, based in Binger, Oklahoma. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. They maintain administrative centers, dance grounds, and several community centers. Several programs exist to invigorate Caddo traditions.
See also
External links
- Kiwat Hasinay Foundation - Caddo Language for Caddo People
- Official Caddo Nation of Oklahoma Website
- Online Exhibit on Caddo Culture
- Sketch of a Caddo Chief from A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to AD 1879, hosted by the Portal to Texas History. A village bundle is a Bundle or Basket filled with ceremonial objects
- Treaty between the Republic of Texas and the Caddo and other Indian tribes, 1844 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. II. hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- Peace Treaty with the Caddo and other Native American Tribes, September 14, 1837 from Texas Tides
- Arms to the Caddo, February 22, 1839 from Texas Tides
- Caddo Tomahawk, 1800s from Texas Tides
- Drawing of Caddo pot, 1900 from Texas Tides
References
Bolton, Herbert Eugene, edited and introduced by Russell Magnaghi. The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as seen by the Earliest Europeans. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. 194 p. ISBN 058517038X