Cabbage
Cabbage, cultivar unknown
Species
Brassica oleracea
Cultivar group
Capitata Group
Origin
Mediterranean, 1st century
Cultivar group members
Many; see text. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Brassica oleracea or Wild Mustard, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar.

Cabbage, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz)
Energy 20 kcal   100 kJ
Carbohydrates     5. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 8 g - Sugars  3. 2 g - Dietary fiber  2. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. 5 g   Fat 0. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water 1 g Protein 1. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 28 g Thiamin (Vit. B1)  0. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 061 mg   5% Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0. Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health 040 mg   3% Niacin (Vit. B3)  0. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. 234 mg   2% Pantothenic acid (B5)  0. Pantothenic acid, also called Vitamin B5 (a B vitamin) is a water- Soluble vitamin required to sustain life ( 212 mg  4% Vitamin B6  0. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including 124 mg 10% Folate (Vit. Folic acid (also known as Vitamin M and Folacin) and Folate (the Anionic form are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9 B9)  53 μg  13% Vitamin C  36. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian 6 mg 61% Calcium  40 mg 4% Iron  0. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 47 mg 4% Magnesium  12 mg 3%  Phosphorus  26 mg 4% Potassium  170 mg   4% Zinc  0. Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 18 mg 2%
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database

The cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata Group), is a plant of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae). Brassica oleracea or Wild Mustard, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance Brassicaceae or Cruciferae, also known as the crucifers, the mustard family or cabbage family is a family (the third lowest primary It is a herbaceous, biennial, and dicotyledonous flowering plant with leaves forming a characteristic compact cluster. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of A biennial plant is a flowering Plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Cabbages grown late in autumn and in the beginning of winter are called coleworts.

The cabbage is derived from a leafy wild mustard plant, native to the Mediterranean region. Brassica oleracea or Wild Mustard, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance It was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans; Cato the Elder praised this vegetable for its medicinal properties, declaring that "it is first of all the vegetables". The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Marcus Porcius Cato ( Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO (234 BC Tusculum &ndash149 BC was a Roman statesman surnamed the Censor ^[1]. The English name derives from the Normanno-Picard caboche ("head"). Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and Picard is a Language closely related to French, and as such is one of the larger group of Romance languages. Cabbage was developed by ongoing artificial selection for suppression of the internode length. The dense core of the cabbage is called the babchka. It is related to the turnip. For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation.

The sharp or bitter taste sometimes present in cabbage is due to glucosinolate(s). The glucosinolates are a class of Organic compounds that contain Sulfur and Nitrogen and are derived from Glucose and an amino acid

Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Raw 1.2 Cooked 1.3 Fermented and preserved 1.4 Medicinal properties 2 Varieties 3 Cultivation 4 Related Brassica oleracea varieties 5 Linguistic associations 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

Uses

The only part of the plant that is normally eaten is the leafy head; more precisely, the spherical cluster of immature leaves, excluding the partially unfolded outer leaves. The so-called 'cabbage head' is widely consumed raw, cooked, or preserved in a great variety of dishes. Cabbage is a leaf vegetable. Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a Vegetable, sometimes accompanied

Raw

Raw cabbage is usually sliced into thin strips or shredded for use in salads, such as coleslaw. Coleslaw (or cole slaw) is a Salad consisting primarily of shredded raw Cabbage. It can also replace iceberg lettuce in sandwiches. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) is a Temperate annual or Biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. Cabbage is an excellent source of Vitamin C.

Cooked

Cabbage is often added to soups or stews. Soup is a Food that is made by combining ingredients such as Meat and Vegetables in stock or hot/boiling Water, until the flavor A stew is a combination of Solid Food Ingredients that have been Cooked in Water or other water-based liquid typically by Simmering Cabbage soup is popular in central Europe and eastern Europe, and cabbage is an ingredient in some kinds of borscht. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern European cuisine is the cuisine of Eastern Europe. Since the Cuisine of a country is strongly influenced by its Climate, however the term is BORSCHT is an Acronym for '''B'''attery feed '''O'''vervoltage protection '''R'''inging '''S'''upervision '''C'''odec Cabbage is also used in many popular dishes in India. Boiling tenderizes the leaves and releases sugars, which leads to the characteristic "cabbage" aroma. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Boiled cabbage has become stigmatized in North America because of its strong cooking odor and the belief that it causes flatulence. Flatulence is the production of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of Mammals that are byproducts of the digestion process Boiled cabbage as an accompaniment to meats and other dishes can be an opportune source of vitamins and dietary fiber. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. Stuffed cabbage is an East European and Middle Eastern delicacy. A cabbage roll (also stuffed cabbage) is a dish consisting of cooked Cabbage leaves wrapped around a variety of fillings. The leaves are softened by parboiling or placing the whole head of cabbage in the freezer, and then filled with chopped meat and/or rice.

Fermented and preserved

Cabbage is the basis for the German sauerkraut and Korean kimchi. Sauerkraut ( English:, German:, Yiddish: ˈzɔi̯əʀˌkʀɔi̯t is finely shredded Cabbage that has been fermented by various Kimchi, also spelled gimchi or kimchee, is a traditional Korean fermented dish made of vegetables with varied seasonings most commonly referring to To pickle cabbage it is placed in a jar, covered with water and salt, and left in a warm place for several days to ferment. Sauerkraut was historically prepared at home in large batches, as a way of storing food for the winter. Cabbage can also be pickled in vinegar with various spices, alone or in combination with other vegetables. Korean baechu kimchi is usually sliced thicker than its European counterpart, and the addition of onions, chilies, minced garlic and gingers is common. Napa cabbage ( Brassica campestris subsp napus var pekinensis) from Cantonese (wong nga pak 黃芽白 also called baechu

Medicinal properties

In European folk medicine, cabbage leaves are used to treat acute inflammation. ^[2] A paste of raw cabbage may be placed in a cabbage leaf and wrapped around the affected area to reduce discomfort. Some claim it is effective in relieving painfully engorged breasts in breastfeeding women. ^[3]

Cabbage contains significant amounts of glutamine, an amino acid, which has anti-inflammatory properties. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this

It is a source of indol-3-carbinol, or I3C, a compound used as an adjuvent therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, a disease of the head and neck caused by human papillomavirus (usually types 6 and 11) that causes growths in the airway that can lead to death. Laryngeal papillomatosis, also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, is a rare medical condition, caused by an HPV infection of the throat

Varieties

There are many varieties of cabbage based on shape and time of maturity. Traditional varieties include "Late Flat Dutch", "Early Jersey Wakefield" (a conical variety), "Danish Ballhead" (late, round -headed). Savoy Cabbage has a round head with crinkled leaves. Red cabbage is a small, round headed type with dark red leaves. The Red Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var capitata f rubra) is a sort of Cabbage, also known as Red Kraut or Blue Kraut Krautman is the most common variety for commercial production of sauerkrauts.

Cultivation

Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups, early and late. The early varieties mature in about 45 days. They produce small heads which do not keep well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 87 days, and produces a larger head.

Cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Like all brassicae, cabbage is a cool season crop, so early and late plantings do better than those maturing in the heat of the summer.

Control of insect pests is important, particularly in commercial production where appearance is a driver of success. The pesticides sevin and malathion are both listed for use on cabbage. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate is a chemical in the Carbamate family used chiefly as an Insecticide. Malathion is an Organophosphate Parasympathomimetic which binds irreversibly to Cholinesterase. The caterpillars of some butterflies in the family Pieridae (the "whites") feed on brassicas and can be serious pests; see also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Brassica. Caterpillars are the Larval form of a member of the order Lepidoptera (the Insect order comprising butterflies and Moths A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing approximately 1100 species mostly from tropical Africa and Asia Brassica species are used as food plants by the Larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including Arctiidae

Cabbages keep well and were thus a common winter vegetable before refrigeration and long-distance shipping of produce. Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable

China is leader in production of cabbages followed by India and then Russian Federation. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Top Ten Cabbage Producers — 2005
Country	Production (Int $1000)	Footnote	Production (MT)	Footnote
People's Republic of China	4,921,150	C	34,101,000	F
India	881,400	C	6,000,000	F
Russia	585,396	C	3,985,000	*
South Korea	484,770	C	3,300,000	F
Japan	323,180	C	2,200,000	F
United States	316,668	C	2,155,670	F
Ukraine	239,741	C	1,632,000	*
Poland	205,660	C	1,400,000
Indonesia	189,896	C	1,292,687
Germany	143,228	C	975,000	F
No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure; Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision

Related Brassica oleracea varieties

Besides cabbage proper, the species Brassica oleracea has many distinctive cultivars, which are commonly known by other names: broccoli (Italica Group), cauliflower (Botrytis Group), kale, collard greens, and spring greens (Acephala Group), kohlrabi (Gongylodes Group), brussels sprouts (Gemmifera Group), Chinese kale or Chinese broccoli (Alboglabra Group), broccolini (Italica × Alboglabra Group), and broccoflower (Italica × Botrytis Group). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Broccoli is a plant of the Cabbage family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. Kale or Borecole is a form of Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea Acephala Group) green in color in which the central leaves do not Collards, also called borekale (from the Dutch boerenkool (farmers' kale are various loose-leafed Cultivars of Brassica oleracea ( Acephala "Spring green" redirects here For the Wisconsin city see Spring Green Wisconsin. Kohlrabi ( German Turnip) ( Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group is a low stout Cultivar of the Cabbage that will grow almost anywhere This article is about the plant For the pencil game see Sprouts (game. Kai-lan, also known as Chinese broccoli or Chinese kale, is a slightly bitter Leaf vegetable featuring thick flat glossy blue-green leaves with thick Broccolini is a green Vegetable resembling Broccoli. Although often mistakenly identified as young broccoli it is actually a natural hybrid of the Cabbage Broccoflower is an edible plant of the species Brassica oleracea.

Linguistic associations

During World War II, "kraut" (cabbage) was a racial slur for Germans. In Hebrew, the term "rosh kruv" (cabbage head) implies stupidity.

In England in the late 1950s, French language teachers taught from a textbook the phrase "ma petite chou" -- my little cabbage -- as an endearment from a man to a woman. This is still used today as can be seen at: ^[4]

“See there ma petite chou, now everything is worked out. ” Patricia turned and walked back to the desk. “Gérard, why must you call me ma petite chou all the time?” “Ma chérie, it is an endearment. If you understood that in French…” She cut him off mid sentence. “I know what it means Gérard. Even with my limited French vocabulary I know that it means my small cabbage. ” “But that is not the endearment. You do not understand…”'

In England, cabbage is a slang synonym for "cash", especially paper money. ^[5]

References

1. ^ "Brassica est quae omnibus holeribus antistat" (De Agri Cultura, ch. De Agri Cultura ( On Farming or On Agriculture) written by Cato the Elder, is the oldest surviving work of Latin prose 156)
2. ^ Helen M Woodman. Cabbage leaves are poor man's poultice. British Medical Journal. Retrieved on 2006-12-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
3. ^ Alison Munns. Cabbage leaves can help inflammation of any body part. British Medical Journal. Retrieved on 2006-12-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
4. ^ Writing.Com: Shamrocks Falling Chapter 9
5. ^ Cabbage entry at Reference.com's Thesaurus

See also

• Chinese cabbage resembles cabbage, but is derived from a different species of the same genus, Brassica campestris
• Kerguelen cabbage is the distantly related Pringlea antiscorbutica
• Cabbage soup diet
• Cabbage Patch Kids

External links

• PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (kohlrabi)

Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa subspecies see below) also known as snow cabbage is a Chinese Leaf vegetable commonly used in A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Brassica ( Brás-si-ca) is a genus of plants in the mustard family ( Brassicaceae) The Cabbage soup diet is a radical Weight loss diet designed around heavy consumption of a low-calorie Cabbage soup over the time of seven days Cabbage Patch Kids are a doll brand created by Debbie Morehead and Xavier Roberts in 1978

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