CS gas
IUPAC name	2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile
Other names	Tear gas
Identifiers
CAS number	[2698-41-1]
SMILES	NCC(CN)=Cc1ccccc1Cl
Properties
Molecular formula	C10H5Cl N2[2]
Molar mass	188. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 6 g/mol[1]
Appearance	White crystalline powder Colourless gas when burned
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 04 g/cm³
Melting point	93°C, (366. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 15 K), (199. 4 °F)
Boiling point	310 °C, (583. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 15 K), (590 °F)[3]
Vapor pressure	([[1 × 10-3 m|mm]] Hg) 3. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum 4 × 10-5 at 20°C
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
NFPA 704	1 2 0
Related compounds
Related compounds	SDBS
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Data on CS gas. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating Data on CS gas. Data on CS gas. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

CS gas is the common name for 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile) (chemical formula: C₁₀H₅ClN₂), a substance that is used as a riot control agent and is generally accepted as being non-lethal. Data on CS gas. Data on CS gas. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Riot control agents are Less-lethal Lachrymatory agents used for Riot control. Less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, or more recently compliance weapons are weapons intended CS was discovered by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger Staughton, at Middlebury College in 1928, and the chemical gets its name from the first letters of the scientists' surnames. ^[4] The compound is actually a solid at room temperature, though it is used as an aerosol. Technically an aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas

CS was developed and tested secretly at Porton Down in Wiltshire, England, in the 1950s and 1960s. Porton Down is a UK government and military Science park. It is situated slightly northeast of Porton near Salisbury in Wiltshire, Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland CS was used first on animals, then subsequently on British Army servicemen volunteers. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Notably, CS has a limited effect on animals due to "under-developed tear-ducts and protection by fur". ^[5]

Contents 1 Production 1.1 Use as an aerosol 2 Effects 3 Use 3.1 Cyprus 3.2 Vietnam 3.3 Northern Ireland 3.4 Iraq 3.5 Philippines 3.6 England, Scotland & Wales 3.7 United States 3.8 Elsewhere 4 Toxicity 5 Decontamination 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Production

CS is synthesized by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile via the Knoevenagel condensation:

ClC₆H₄CHO + H₂C(CN)₂ → ClC₆H₄CHC(CN)₂ + H₂

The reaction is catalysed with weak base like piperidine or pyridine. In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products Malononitrile, also propanedinitrile, is a Nitrile, with formula CH2(CN2 The Knoevenagel condensation reaction is an Organic reaction named after Emil Knoevenagel. Malononitrile, also propanedinitrile, is a Nitrile, with formula CH2(CN2 Piperidine is an Organic compound with the molecular formula (CH25NH Pyridine is a Chemical compound with the formula C5[[Hydrogen H5]] N. The production method has not changed since the substance was discovered by Carson and Staughton. ^[6] Other bases, solvent free methods and microwave promotion have been suggested to improve the production of the substance. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 ^[7]

The physiological properties had been discovered already by the chemists first synthesising the compound in 1928: "Physiological Properties – Certain of these dinitriles have the effect of sneeze and tear gases. They are harmless when wet but to handle the dry powder is disastrous. (sic)"^[6]

Use as an aerosol

As 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile is a solid at room temperature, not a gas, a variety of techniques have been used to make this solid usable as an aerosol:

• Melted and sprayed in the molten form. Sic is a Latin word meaning "thus" "so" "as such" or "just as that" This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Technically an aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas
• Dissolved in organic solvent.
• CS2 dry powder (CS2 is a siliconized, micro-pulverized form of CS). Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14
• CS from thermal grenades by generation of hot gases. ^[1]

In the Waco Siege, CS was dissolved in the organic solvent dichloromethane (also known as methylene chloride). The Waco Siege (also known as the Waco Massacre) took place on February 28 Dichloromethane ( DCM) or methylene chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CH2Cl2 When the volatile dichlormethane evaporated, the CS crystallized with the dichloromethane molecules as an aerosol. Technically an aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas ^[1] Another method typically used for grenades is to combine CS with a pyrotechnic composition which burns to generate an aerosol of CS-laden smoke. The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events As the smoke disperses, tiny CS crystals 'ride' the smoke molecules to their targets, where they affect the eyes, nose, throat and skin causing extreme irritation.

Effects

Many types of tear gas and other Riot Control Agents have been produced with effects ranging from mild tearing of the eyes to immediate vomiting and prostration. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Prostration is the placement of the body in a Reverentially or Submissively Prone position CN and CS are the most widely used and known, but around 15 different types of tear gas have been developed worldwide e. Not to be confused with Hydrogen cyanide, HCN CN gas, or chloroacetophenone or phenacyl chloride, is a substance g. Adamsite or Bromoacetone, CNB, and CNC. Adamsite or DM is an Organic compound; technically an Arsenical diphenylaminechlorarsine, that can be used as a Riot control agent Bromoacetone is a Chemical compound with the formula 3CCH2 This colorless liquid is a Lachrymatory agent. CS has become the most popular due to its strong effect and lack of toxicity in comparison with other similar chemical agents. The effect of CS on a person will depend on whether it is packaged as a solution or used as an aerosol; the size of solution droplets and the size of the CS particulates after evaporation are factors determining its effect on the human body. Technically an aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Certain individuals, however, have been found to be particularly sensitive to CS and/or the organic solvents that are utilized. Studies on the use of CS on the public have noted that it may be ineffective against persons who are either mentally ill or who are under the effects of drugs and alcohol. ^[8]

Persons who have had contact with CS sometimes develop allergic contact dermatitis,^[9] even with blisters and crust. Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Contact dermatitis is a term for a Skin reaction resulting from exposure to Allergens (allergic contact dermatitis or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis ^[10][11] Studies show that most of the effects are of a relative short term, but individuals notice some mild effects even after months. ^[12]

The chemical reacts with moisture on the skin and in the eyes causing a burning sensation and the immediate forceful and uncontrollable shutting of the eyes. Reported effects can include tears streaming from the eyes, running nose full of mucus, burning in the nose and throat areas, disorientation, dizziness and restricted breathing. In highly concentrated doses it can also induce severe coughing and vomiting. Almost all of the immediate effects wear off in a matter of minutes.

Use

CS is used in spray form by many police forces as a temporary incapacitant and to subdue attackers or persons who are violently aggressive. Officers that are trained in the use and application of CS spray are routinely exposed to it as part of their training.

Recently, blank pistol cartridges carrying CS in powder form have been released to public. These, when fired in relatively close ranges, fully expose the target to the effects of CS, and are employed as a potent defensive weapon in regions where blank firing pistols are legally permitted for such use.

Although predominantly used by police it has also been used in criminal attacks in various countries. ^{[13][14][15][16]}

Use of CS in war is prohibited under the terms of the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (signed in 1993) because it could trigger retaliation with more toxic agents such as nerve gas. The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC) is an Arms control agreement which outlaws the production stockpiling and use of chemical weapons Its full name is Nerve agents (also being referred to as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature are a class of Phosphorus -containing organic chemicals Domestic police use of CS, however, is legal in many countries.

Cyprus

CS was first tested in the field by the British army in Cyprus in 1958. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía At this time it was known by the code name T792. ^[17]

Vietnam

It has been reported that thousands of tons of CS gas were used by the U. S. forces in Vietnam to bring Viet Cong into the open, other estimates report 15 million pounds (7500 tons) of CS being used. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially ^[18] It was also used by the North Vietnamese forces in some battles like Hue in 1968 or during the Easter Offensive in 1972. ^[19]

Northern Ireland

CS gas was used extensively in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland during the "Battle of the Bogside", a two-day riot in August, 1969. The Bogside is a neighbourhood outside the city walls of Derry, Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Battle of the Bogside was a very large communal Riot between the mostly unarmed residents of the Bogside area of Derry city in Northern Ireland allied A total of 1,091 canisters containing 12. 5g of CS each, and 14 canisters containing 50g of CS each, were released in the densely populated residential area. ^[20] On 30 August the Himsworth Inquiry was set up to investigate the medical effects of its use in Derry. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Its conclusions, viewed in the political context of the time, still pointed towards the necessity of further testing of CS gas before being used as a riot control agent. During the rioting in Belfast, the following year, known as the Falls Curfew, the Army fired up to 1,600 canisters into the densely populated Falls Road area. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. The Falls Curfew, also known as the Lower Falls Curfew or sometimes as the "Rape of the Lower Falls" was a British Army operation on the Falls Road in The following roads are called Falls Road: Falls Road (Baltimore Falls Road (Baltimore Light Rail station Not long after, the British Army and RUC ceased using CS in Northern Ireland. Up to this point, it had been used in crowd control scenarios in Derry and Belfast. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland.

Iraq

Iraq successfully developed CS during the 1970s and during the 1980s produced tons of the substance firstly at Salman Pak and later at al-Muthanna. For the companion of Muhammad see Salman Pak (person Salman Pak ( سلمان باك) is a city approximately 15 miles south of ^[21] Saddam Hussein used CS against the Kurds in his own country and against Iran during the Iran-Iraq War. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Blackwater Worldwide, acting as an agent of the United States, deployed CS in the Iraq War from a helicopter hovering over a checkpoint in the Green Zone in Bagdhad. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The Green Zone (the common name for the International Zone of Iraq is a 10 km² (4 mile² area in central Baghdad that was the center of the Coalition Provisional Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous ^[22]

Philippines

CS tear gas was used in submersion of the mutiny in Makati that was led by Sen. Antonio Trillanes. The tear gas was fired in the building and all the people in the building including reporters were affected.

England, Scotland & Wales

CS tear gas was first used in mainland Britain to quell rioting in the Toxteth area of Liverpool in 1981. Toxteth is an Inner-city area of Liverpool, England. It is located to the south of the city bordered by Liverpool city centre Edge Hill Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary ^[23]

Personal incapacitant spray (PIS) was sanctioned for use by police in England and Wales in 1995. ^[24] The CS preparation in this case is CS dissolved in the organic solvent MiBK, or methyl iso-butyl ketone, an industrial de-greasing agent. Methyl isobutyl ketone ( MIBK) is a Ketone that is widely used as a Solvent. The aerosol propellant used in this preparation is nitrogen. Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 ^[25] Officers in Scotland carry CS spray on their belt.

It has been noted that the solvent MiBK is itself harmful, and can cause inflammation, dermatitis, burns to the skin and liver damage. ^[26]

A six month trial by 16 police forces in England began on the 1 March 1996. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Only two weeks later, on 16 March 1996, a Gambian asylum seeker, Ibrahima Sey was taken to Ilford Police Station in East London. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Ilford is a district of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is a suburban development situated east north-east of Charing Cross and one the major metropolitan centres East London is the name commonly given to the north eastern part of London, England on the north side of the River Thames. Whilst incapacitating the man, police sprayed him with CS and held him on the ground for over 15 minutes. The man died, the case was taken to court and although a verdict of "unlawful killing" was given by the jury at the end of the inquiry into his death, no charges were brought against any member of the police force. In English law unlawful killing is a verdict that can be returned by an inquest in England and Wales. ^[27]

The forces that do use the PIS in the UK require that police constables should themselves be sprayed with a 3% dissolved CS, during self-defense training, in order for them to be able to be authorized to carry it as personal protection equipment. Personal protective equipment (PPE refers to protective Clothing, Helmets, Goggles, or other garment designed to protect the wearer's body or They are also trained in helping the incapacitated person recover quickly once successfully restrained. Most forces currently issue CS spray to its officers, but there has been a recent move for a few forces to issue PAVA Spray (pelargonic acid vanillylamide aka nonivamide). Nonivamide is an Organic compound and a Capsaicinoid. It is an Amide of Pelargonic acid and Vanillylamine.

The CS spray used by UK police has 5 times as much CS as the spray used by American police forces (5% dissolved CS and 1% CS respectively). ^[28]

In 1999 the UK mental health charity MIND called for a suspension in its use until it is fully tested and there is proof that CS is safe. Mind (formally the National Association for Mental Health) is a Mental health charity in England and Wales. ^[29]

More recently, in February 2006, there were calls to have CS spray banned in the UK after Dan Ford, from Wareham in Dorset, was permanently facially scarred after being sprayed in the face with a police CS canister. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Mr Ford was subsequently advised by doctors to stay out of sunlight for at least 12 months. About the incident, his cousin, Donna Lewis, was quoted as saying, "To look at him, it was like looking at a melting man, with liquid oozing from his face. "^[30]

However, it is not yet confirmed that Mr Ford's injury is a reaction to having been exposed to police CS spray, or whether an unrelated chemical exposure has caused the injury. An investigation is ongoing.

The British Armed Forces use CS gas annually to test their CBRN equipment. CBRN is an acronym referring to Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear. During initial training they introduce recruits to CS gas by ordering them into a small enclosed space known as a Respirator Test Facility (RTF) and igniting chemical tablets to induce CS production. When recruits have carried out their CBRN drills (which include immediate actions for decontamination, an eating drill, a drinking drill and a gas mask canister change) the NCO in charge of the RTF will order them to remove their respirators and inhale the CS. CBRN is an acronym referring to Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear. A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer) also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an Armed force This is apparently to inform the trainees of what CS effects feel like, so they can have trust in their equipment and procedures, thus proving to themselves that it works in the contaminated environment in training, and are then able to take this confidence to the battlefield environment.

In 2005, a student from Mayfield School in Essex, used CS Gas inside a school. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common Several students were taken to A&E, but all survived. The remaining students of the school were held in classrooms and halls, until it was confirmed by the local police and firefighters that the scene was safe. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed The event was reported only in a local newspaper, the Ilford Recorder. Archant is a publishing company based in Norwich England. The group publishes four daily Newspapers around 75 weekly newspapers and 75 consumer and contract

United States

CS is used by many police forces within the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It was most infamously used as one of a number of techniques by FBI law enforcement officials in the 1993 Waco Siege. The Waco Siege (also known as the Waco Massacre) took place on February 28 ^[31]

Members of the US armed forces are exposed to CS during initial training, and during training refresher courses or equipment maintenance exercises, using CS tablets that are melted on a hotplate. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This is to demonstrate the importance of properly wearing a gas mask or a Protective mask, as the agent's presence quickly reveals an improper fit or seal of the mask's rubber gaskets against the face. A gas mask is a Mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne Pollutants and Toxic materials A mask is an artefact normally worn on the face typically for protection concealment performance or amusement These exercises also encourage confidence in the ability of the equipment to protect the wearer from such chemical attacks. Basic Combat Trainees in the United States Army are always exposed in a gas-chamber environment using the tablet form, and often the Drill Sergeants put them in formation near the end of their 9 week cycle and throw CS grenades at them.

Elsewhere

CS was used in large quantities to quell a protest in Lusaka, Zambia in July 1997 and the 1999 WTO protest in Seattle. Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau of the country at an elevation The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. Amnesty International reported that it had been manufactured by the UK company Pains-Wessex. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Subsequently, Amnesty called for an export ban when the receiving regime is either not fully trained in the use of CS, or had shown usage "contrary to the manufacturer’s instructions". ^[32]

In September 2000, the Guardian Newspaper revealed how a UK company, HPP, used legal loopholes to export CS to a private security company in Rwanda, in breach of United Nations sanctions. The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[33] The Guardian also reported that CS was used by the Hutu militia in Rwanda to flush Tutsis out of buildings before hacking them to death. The The Tutsi are one of three native Peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa

CS has been used by the government in South Africa; by Israel against Palestinians and Israelis; by the South Korean government in Seoul, and during the Balkan conflicts by Serbia. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

CS tear gas was used at the G8 protests in Genoa, Italy^[34] and Quebec, Canada^[35] during the FTAA anti-globalization demonstrations during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA) ( Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA French: Zone de libre-échange des The Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City Quebec, Canada, on the weekend of April 20, 2001, was a round of negotiations regarding

The Canadian, Norwegian and Australian Armies train their soldiers with CS gas in a manner similar to that of the USA, as it is a basic part of NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) or more recently within NATO, CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) training. Gas is released by burning tablets, usually in a tent or a small building reserved for this purpose (a "gas hut"), and soldiers are exposed to it on three occasions. During the first two exposures the soldier enters the tent or gas hut wearing a gas mask. During the first exposure he removes his gas mask and leaves the tent or hut. During the second exposure he must remove the mask, receive facial exposure, then replace and clear the mask. In the third exposure he enters the tent unprotected, must fit and clear the gas mask before leaving. Other drills such as drinking and under-mask decontamination are usually also practised yearly. Symptoms are a burning sensation on any moist skin, whether due to perspiration or other fluids such as tears or in the nasal membranes.

Toxicity

Although described as a non-lethal weapon for crowd control, many studies have raised doubts about this classification. As well as creating severe pulmonary damage, CS can also significantly damage the heart and liver. ^[36]

On September 28, 2000, Prof. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Dr. Uwe Heinrich released a study commissioned by John C. Danforth, of 'The Office of Special Counsel', to investigate the use of CS by the FBI at the Branch Davidians' Mount Carmel compound. John Claggett "Jack" Danforth (born September 5, 1936) is a former United States Ambassador to the United Nations and former Republican The Branch Davidians are a Sect that originated from a schism in 1955 from the Davidian Seventh Day Adventists, themselves former members of the He concluded that the lethality of CS used would have been determined mainly by two factors: whether gas masks were used and whether the occupants were trapped in a room. He suggests that if no gas masks were used and the occupants were trapped, then, ". . . there is a distinct possibility that this kind of CS exposure can significantly contribute to or even cause lethal effects. "^[1]

Many reports have associated CS exposure with miscarriages,^[36] this is consistent with its reported clastogenic effect (abnormal chromosome change) on mammalian cells. Clastogenic (klăs'tə-jĕn'ĭk effects are damages to Chromosomes, such as breaks in or change in the of amount of proteins

When CS is metabolized, cyanide can be detected in human tissue. ^[36] According to the United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, CS emits "very toxic fumes" when heated to decomposition, and at specified concentrations CS gas is an immediate danger to life and health. They also state that those exposed to CS gas should seek medical attention immediately. ^[2]

Decontamination

CS contamination can be removed by washing with an alkaline solution of water and 5% sodium bisulfite. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal ^[5] A quick way to decontaminate the eyes is to pour cow's milk into them. Vision will be restored although breathing difficulties and pain will persist.

See also

• CN gas
• Chemical warfare
• Chemical Weapons Convention
• CR gas
• Hand grenades
• Police
• Riot control agents
• Pepper spray

References

External links

• Gas Chromatography NIST
• U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine General Facts About Tear Agent O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) {pdf}
• PATTEN REPORT RECOMMENDATIONS 69 AND 70 RELATING TO PUBLIC ORDER EQUIPMENT A Paper prepared by the Steering Group led by the Northern Ireland Office - April 2001
• COMMITTEES ON TOXICITY, MUTAGENICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY OF CHEMICALS IN FOOD, CONSUMER PRODUCTS AND THE ENVIRONMENTSTATEMENT ON 2-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE MALONONITRILE (CS) AND CS SPRAY, September 1999. (pdf)
• Journal of Non-lethal Combatives, January 2003 Noxious Tear-Gas Bomb Mightier in Peace than in War.
• "Crowd Control Technologies: An Assessment Of Crowd Control Technology Options For The European Union" - The Omega Foundation (pdf)
• HEALTH AND SAFETY IN POLICING University of Nottingham paper on CS use in the UK.
• Information and effects of CS and CN gas
• BBC 'wiki' site - entry on CS gas
• eMedicine Information on irritants: Cs, Cn, Cnc, Ca, Cr, Cnb, PS

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