Citizendia

Too Chee Chew
March 31, 1920–April 19, 1992

C. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) C. Too was awarded the Panglima Setia Mahkota, which carries the title of Tan Sri, in 1986 for his work in psychological warfare. The Malay language has a complex system of Titles and Honorifics which is still extensively used in Malaysia and Brunei. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions
NicknameC. C. Too
AllegianceMalaysia
Years of service1951–83
RankHead of the Psychological Warfare Section
Awards- Member of the Order of the British Empire
- Panglima Setia Mahkota

Tan Sri Dr. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Malay language has a complex system of Titles and Honorifics which is still extensively used in Malaysia and Brunei. Too Chee Chew（杜志超） MBE JMN (March 31, 1920–April 19, 1992), better known as C. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Most Esteemed Order of the Defender of the Realm ( Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara) is a Malaysian federal award presented for meritous service to the Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) C. Too, was a major exponent of psychological warfare in Malaysia. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

Too was the first local to head the Psychological Warfare Section, from 1956 till his retirement in 1983. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Too was responsible for crafting British and Malayan policy during negotiations with Malayan Communist Party (MCP) leaders and encouraging the support of controversial government policies such as the Briggs Plan during the Malayan Emergency. The Malayan Communist Party ( MCP) was founded in 1930 Illegal from the outset it advocated an end to British colonial rule and was active in forming Trade Briggs' Plan was a military plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs shortly after his appointment in 1950 as Director of Operations in the anti-communist The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and

Contents

Early life

Too was born in Kuala Lumpur to Too Choo Sun. Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K The elder Too's father, Too Nam, was involved in the Chinese revolutionary movement, and had tutored Sun Yat Sen. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often [1]

Too's early education was mainly in the Chinese stream, but he later attended the Methodist Boys School in Kuala Lumpur. In 1938, he was the top candidate in Kuala Lumpur for the Cambridge School Certificate Examination, scoring six A1s and two B2s. He then attended a science course at the Victoria Institution, before being awarded the Federated Malay States scholarship to Raffles College in Singapore. History In the 1880s Raffles Institution in Singapore flourished as one of the most outstanding schools of its time Singapore Too attended Raffles College from 1939 to 1941, when he was elected President of the student body. That same year, the Japanese began their invasion of Southeast Asia, disrupting Too's studies. He never completed his course at Raffles College, but was awarded a war diploma in science (equivalent to a BSc) after the end of the Second World War, in 1947. A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [2]

In the course of his studies, Too befriended Eu Chooi Yip（ 余柱业 ）. They parted ways after the Japanese invasion, and Too did not hear of Eu again until he participated in the planning of Operation Coldstore, when it emerged that Eu had joined the communists. Operation Coldstore (sometimes spelled Operation Cold Store) was a security operation conducted by the Government of Singapore in February 1963 in which [3]

During the war, Too spent his time at the Kuala Lumpur book club, where he read all the books available. He also took up photography; his father had given him a new camera in 1945, just before the end of the war, apparently anticipating that the Japanese currency in use at the time would soon be worthless. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. [4] It was also during the war and its aftermath that the communists attempted to persuade Too to join them. Several leaders of the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) — an organisation which would later form the bulk of the communist forces — were introduced to Too, who was even invited to join the MPAJA when they flew to London for the victory parade. The Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA was a Resistance movement in Japanese-occupied Malaya during World War II. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Too, anticipating that this would result in his being branded as a communist, declined. Despite this, they pressed on, even introducing Too to Chin Peng, later the Secretary-General of the Malayan Communist Party. Chin Peng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳平 Simplified Chinese: 陈平 Mandarin Chén Píng (born 1924 The Malayan Communist Party ( MCP) was founded in 1930 Illegal from the outset it advocated an end to British colonial rule and was active in forming Trade [5]

Post-war work

After the war, Too acted as a liaison between the communist leaders of the MPAJA and some American officers of the OSS — it was these officers who gave Too the name "C. The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. C. Too", which would stick with him for the rest of his life. It was in this role that Too had his first encounter with psychological warfare, when he successfully encouraged a minor communist leader to defect. [6]

In April 1946, Too began work as a secretary to the Consulate of the Republic of China. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES He was later promoted to secretary to the Consul General. Too's employment at the consulate ended when Britain recognised the People's Republic of China instead in 1950. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7]

The early Emergency

In early 1951, Too joined the Emergency Information Service (EIS) as a research assistant. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January He was soon promoted to Chinese Assistant to the Head of the EIS, where he became frustrated by a lack of documents for analysis. Purporting to be doing so in the name of the Head of the EIS, he issued a directive requiring every scrap of paper recovered from enemy communist combatants in the ongoing Malayan Emergency be forwarded to headquarters. The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and [8]

Around 1952, it was the opinion of the EIS that the communists were on the verge of giving up their insurgency. However, Too's analysis of the situation indicated that the communists were only narrowing the focus and scope of their activities in certain areas, while actually expanding them in others. Too relied on certain documents classified as "Top Secret" — a classification that would typically limit access only to expatriate British officers — that he had been shown by the head of the EIS, who then endorsed Too's report. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing [9]

That same year, a new Director General of Information, Eric Peterson, was brought in. Peterson was less co-operative with locals such as Too, who resigned in "utter disgust" in 1953 at the interference with his work. Too, who had been involved in the authoring and distribution of propaganda leaflets, went as far as to complain to a General that the interference of the British was as if a civilian had been deploying the army's soldiers. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people In Too's view, the British were unacquainted with the realities on the ground of preparing propaganda, a view he believed found validation when Peterson was forced to quit Malaya in 1955. [10]

Before leaving, Peterson warned the new Head of the Psychological Warfare Section, O. W. Wolters, about Too, whose "Tooism" was in Peterson's view more threatening than communism. Nevertheless, Wolters soon made contact with Too, and invited him to rejoin the government in 1955. Too would serve in the Psychological Warfare Section on a contract to be renewed every two years. A caveat of this was that because he was not considered a "permanent" public servant, Too would be ineligible for a pension. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. The following year, Too replaced Wolters, becoming the first Malayan Head of the Psychological Warfare Section. [11]

As part of his work in the Psychological Warfare Section, Too crafted a campaign to turn public opinion against the communists. The communists mainly drew on support from Chinese Malaysians, who in Too's view would not be swayed by traditional government appeals along the lines of "Look chaps: The government is going to collapse and the communists are going to win. Malaysian Chinese is a Malaysian of Chinese origin Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries " Too argued that the Chinese would think: "Fine. Thanks for the information. We will go to the winning side. " Instead, Too's proposal was to tell the Chinese that "These communists are very bad. They come and rob you of your money, of this, of that. You don't like it, surely?" To win support for the controversial Briggs Plan, which relocated the dispersed Chinese villagers to fenced and guarded "New Villages", Too presented the New Villages as a way to give Chinese villagers an excuse to refuse aid to the communists. Briggs' Plan was a military plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs shortly after his appointment in 1950 as Director of Operations in the anti-communist When communists asked for supplies, Chinese villagers could express support for the communists but insist they could not smuggle supplies out because of the guards. [12]

Too also adopted the communist tactic of sending "eyes and ears" to monitor the opinions of villagers, giving him a direct and unfiltered view of public opinion. Too's propaganda strategy emphasised the common man, rather than the insurgents; he believed it was more important to gain the support of the public than to convince the communist guerillas to defect. Nevertheless, he was heavily involved in developing the leaflets used to convince communist defections. A leaflet in Botany is a part of a compound Leaf. A leaflet may resemble an entire leaf but it is not borne on a stem as a leaf is but rather Amongst Too's innovations was the usage of inconspicously-coloured instead of brightly-coloured paper for leaflets, so that the communist rank-and-file would not be noticed by their superiors when they picked up the leaflets. Too avoided a "preachy" approach in drafting the leaflets; his style was described as: "Don't preach. Don't theorize. Never say 'I told you so. ' No propaganda based on hatred. " Too also focused on a factual approach in his propaganda leaflets, which often comprised information such as the names of recently surrendered communist soldiers, lists of mistresses of party leaders (a privilege resented by many rank and file), and photos of communist casualties. [13]

Baling peace talks

In 1955, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) called for peace talks with the government of the autonomous Federation of Malaya, led by Tunku Abdul Rahman. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British Sir Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, CH ( February 8 1903 &ndash December 6 The prevailing view in British intelligence was that this was a sign that the communists were nearly defeated, and on the verge of giving up. Too disagreed, insisting that certain documents had been mistranslated by the British, while others had been ignored. He predicted that if the preliminary overtures of the MCP found public acceptance, the MCP would go further and start dictating terms, such as insisting that the British be excluded from the negotiations. This later proved to be correct. [14]

It was later agreed that the Tunku and other senior government officials would meet with Chin Peng and a few other elite leaders of the MCP in the town of Baling, Kedah. Baling is a major Town in the northern state of Kedah in Malaysia. Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. To prepare for the talks, the British held a private "dress rehearsal" to anticipate what moves Chin Peng might make; Too played the part of Chin Peng. Too correctly predicted that Chin Peng would use the negotiations as a means to communicate with the general Malayan populace. Instead of speaking to the Tunku, he would choose his words to appeal to the Malayan people and humiliate the government of the Federation — his remarks throughout the negotiations would be released in full to the press. Too's predictions were conveyed to the Tunku, who was thus able to neutralise the effect of Chin Peng's actions during the talks. [15]

As a result of his successful efforts at psychological warfare, Too was promoted to Head of the Psychological Warfare Section, a post he would hold until his retirement in 1983. In January 1957, Sir Donald MacGillivray, the outgoing British High Commissioner, awarded Too his medal as a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Sir Donald Charles MacGillivray, KCMG, CMG, MBE was the last Colonial Administrator to serve in Malaya The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. On August 31, 1957, the date of Malaya's independence, Too was among the first recipients of the Johan Mangku Negara (Champion of the Defence of the Realm) by the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The Most Esteemed Order of the Defender of the Realm ( Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara) is a Malaysian federal award presented for meritous service to the The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia [16] The Emergency was officially declared as over in 1960.

The Singapore mission

In 1962, Malaya was preparing to merge with the British colonies of Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak to form Malaysia. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Singapore Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore was a hotbed of communist radicals at the time, with communists dominating the rank and file of the governing People's Action Party (PAP) as well as the opposition Socialist Front. The People's Action Party ( abbrev: PAP; Chinese: 人民行动党 Pinyin: Rénmín Xíngdòngdǎng Malay: Parti Tindakan Rakyat The communists strongly opposed the merger, because they would be unable to manipulate a Malaysian government based in Kuala Lumpur and led by the anti-communist Barisan Nasional (National Front). Barisan Nasional ( National Front or BN) is a major political Coalition in Malaysia. To gain the appearance of public support, the PAP announced a non-binding referendum on merger to be held on September 1, 1962. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [17]

The head of the Singaporean government, Lee Kuan Yew, asked for assistance from the Tunku in carrying out a propaganda campaign to win support for merger. Lee Kuan Yew, GCMG, CH ( born September 16 1923 also spelled Lee Kwan-Yew) is a Singaporean of Chinese immigrant background The Tunku acquiesced, sending Too on a secret mission to Singapore, where he would advise Lee. [18] Too's analysis of the situation suggested that support for the PAP was waning because the communist-infiltrated campaign personnel of the PAP made promises to voters that the government could not keep. Too also blamed "Lee's personal arrogance" for worsening affairs. [19]

Too suggested that the PAP cast the referendum as a choice between a communist government and a PAP government of Singapore as a state in Malaysia, painting the choice of communism as one of disaster. He also favoured gaining the support of the Chinese majority of the electorate through persuasion of leaders of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce to support merger. Eventually, the referendum succeeded, with over 70% of the votes cast supporting merger. [20]

While in Singapore, Too was also influential in affecting the timing of Operation Coldstore. Operation Coldstore (sometimes spelled Operation Cold Store) was a security operation conducted by the Government of Singapore in February 1963 in which The Malayan, Singaporean and British governments all favoured a massive crackdown on the communist leadership in Singapore. However, the Singaporeans and British wanted the crackdown to occur after merger had been effected, so they could claim it had been the doing of the federal government in Kuala Lumpur. However, Too noted that the governments of Indonesia and the Philippines were both opposing merger, citing as one ground the ostensibly "Malay Government" of Malaya, which led to fears that the federal government might oppress the non-Malay minorities in Malaysia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP (See ketuanan Melayu. Ketuanan Melayu ( Malay for Malay supremacy or Malay dominance) is a belief that the Malay people are the tuan (masters ) Operation Coldstore, if carried out after merger, would thus create a propaganda victory for the Indonesians and Filipinos. Too expressed his views to both Tun Abdul Razak, the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaya, and the Tunku himself. For other individuals named Abdul Razak, or some variation thereof see Abdul Razak (disambiguation. Both men agreed, and as a result Operation Coldstore took place in February 1963, seven months before the formation of Malaysia. [21]

Later work

National Operations Council

In 1963, as a result of Malaysia's formation, Indonesia announced a policy of "confrontation" with Malaysia. At this time, Too took the initiative of proposing a National Operations Council (NOC) modeled on the National Emergency Council that had been in place during the Emergency. The National Operations Council (NOC was an Emergency administrative body which attempted to restore law and order in Malaysia after the May 13 Incident The NOC could consist of senior members of the Cabinet, and the chiefs of the Armed Forces and the Police. The Cabinet of Malaysia is the executive branch of Malaysia 's government The military of Malaysia is known officially as the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF Malay: Angkatan Tentera Malaysia-ATM The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP or Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM in Malay, is a part of the security forces structure in Malaysia. Too, as Head of Psychological Warfare, was also included. [22] The NOC would play an influential role in the governing of the country after the May 13 Incident in 1969, when the constitutional government was suspended. The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor When Parliament was restored in 1971, the NOC was dissolved. The Parliament of Malaysia (Parlimen Malaysia is the national Legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system.

Second Emergency

The communists launched a second insurrection in 1968. This second emergency ended in 1978, when the remaining MCP insurgents fled to Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj However, the communists continued to press for negotiations, proposing a "Democratic Coalition Government" with the Malaysian government. Too cautioned the government against paying this offer any heed, as the communists had nothing to bargain with. [23]

Foreign service

In 1962, Too acted as a consultant to the United States military, lecturing on Psychological Warfare and Counter-Insurgency" at the U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. Army Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, and advising the US during the Vietnam War. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia He also was involved with South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː [13]

Retirement

Too retired from the Psychological Warfare Section in 1983. In 1986, he was awarded the Panglima Setia Mahkota (Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown) by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, an award entitling Too to the title of Tan Sri. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia The Malay language has a complex system of Titles and Honorifics which is still extensively used in Malaysia and Brunei. [24] Too was critical of the government's monitoring of communist propaganda broadcasts after his retirement, at one point spending the whole night listening to communist broadcasts in order to prove his point. He was also an opponent of the government's peace accord with the MCP inked in 1989. In his view, the communists had become a negligible force without any bargaining power, and as such the government had nothing to gain from the treaty. [25] Too passed away in 1992. [26]

Notes and references

  1. ^ Lim, Cheng Leng (2000). The Story of a Psy-Warrior: Tan Sri Dr. C. C. Too (Too's authorised biography), pp. 21–22. Self-published. ISBN 983-40297-0-5.
  2. ^ Lim, p. 27.
  3. ^ Lim, pp. 31, 34.
  4. ^ Lim, p. 35–37.
  5. ^ Lim, pp. 37, 39–40.
  6. ^ Lim, pp. 66–68.
  7. ^ Lim, p. 74.
  8. ^ Lim, p. 76.
  9. ^ Lim, p. 78.
  10. ^ Lim, pp. 81–84.
  11. ^ Lim, pp. 87–88.
  12. ^ Lim, p. 137.
  13. ^ a b Friedman, Herbert A. (2006). Psychological Warfare of the Malayan Emergency 1948-1960. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
  14. ^ Lim, pp. 100–102.
  15. ^ Lim, pp. 103–105.
  16. ^ Lim, pp. 143–144.
  17. ^ Lim, pp. 199–200.
  18. ^ Lim, p. 200.
  19. ^ Lim, pp. 202–203.
  20. ^ Too, pp. 204, 206.
  21. ^ Lim, pp. 200–201, 205–206.
  22. ^ Lim p. 147.
  23. ^ Lim, pp. 181, 183.
  24. ^ Lim, pp. 243–244.
  25. ^ Lim, p. 161.
  26. ^ Lim, p. 94.
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