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C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. copyright symbol, designated by © (a circled "C" is the Symbol used to provide notice of Copyright in works other than sound recordings (which A letter is an element in an Alphabetic system of writing such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (pronounced /siː/). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [1]
Contents |
History
| Hebrew gimel |
Phoenician gimel |
Classical Greek Gamma |
Early Latin C |
Late Latin C |
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C comes from the same letter as G or g. The Semites named it gimel. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek A sling is a projectile Weapon typically used to throw a blunt Projectile such as a stone Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal.
In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek Γ (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent the /k/ phoneme. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of Phonetics. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Gamma (uppercase &Gamma, lowercase γ Γάμμα is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a 
form in Early Etruscan, then 
in Classical Etruscan. The Cumae alphabet, was a western variant of the early Greek alphabet, used between the 8th to 5th centuries BC In Early Latin it took a form then C in Classical Latin. Early Latin used C for both /k/ and /g/, but during the 3rd century BC, a modified character, was introduced for /g/, and C itself retained for /k/. Hence, in the classical period and after, G was treated as the phonetic representative of "gamma", and C as the equivalent of "kappa", in the transliteration of Greek words into Roman spelling, as in "KA∆MOΣ, KYPOΣ, ΦΩKIΣ," in Roman letters "CADMVS, CYRVS, PHOCIS". Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech It is also possible but uncertain that C represented only /g/ at a very early time, while K might have been used for /k/. K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ
Other alphabets have letters identical to C in form but not in use and derivation, in particular the Cyrillic letter Es which derives from one form of the Greek letter sigma, known as the "lunate sigma" due to its resemblance to the crescent moon. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Es (С с is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian the nineteenth letter in the Russian and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Sigma (upper case Σ, lower case σ; Greek Σιγμα lower case in word-final position ς) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek
Later use
When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, C represented only /k/ and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, C, c, is still only /k/. The term Insular Celtic refers to those Celtic languages which originated in the British Isles, in contrast to the Continental Celtic languages of Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The Old English or "Anglo-Saxon" writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence C, c, in Old English, also originally represented /k/: the words kin, break, broken, thick, seek, were in Old English written cyn, brecan, brocen, Þicc, séoc. But during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) was palatalized, having, by the 10th century, advanced nearly or quite to the sound of /tʃ/, though still written c, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change had also been going on (for example, in Italian). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.
Original Latin /k/ before front vowels had palatalized in Italy to the sound of /tʃ/, and in France and the Iberian peninsula to that of /ts/. Yet for these new sounds the old character C, c, was still retained before e and i, the letter thus represented two distinct values. Moreover the Latin phoneme /kʷ/ (represented by QV, or qu) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the Greek letter K, so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either k or c, the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/. Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and These French inconsistencies as to C and K were, after the Norman Conquest, applied to the writing of English, which caused a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cæ´
(cé´), cyng, brece, séoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelt Kent, keȝ, kyng, breke, seoke; even cniht was subsequently spelt kniht, knight, and þic, þicc, became thik, thikk, thick. The Old English cw- was also at length (very unnecessarily) displaced by the French qw, qu, so that the Old English cwén, cwic, became Middle English qwen, quen, qwik, quik, now queen, quick. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of The sound /tʃ/ to which Old English palatalized c had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly (in Central French) from Latin c before a. In French it was represented by ch, as in champ, cher:–Latin camp-um, caōr-um; and this spelling was now introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written about 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English c gave place to k, qu, ch; but, on the other hand, c in its new value of /ts/ came in largely in French words like processiun, emperice, grace, and was also substituted for ts in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the 13th century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that date c before front vowels has been, phonetically, a duplicate or subsidiary letter to s; used either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or (in defiance of etymology) to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of s for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time
Thus, to show the etymology, English spelling has advise, devise, instead of advize, devize, which while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc. , do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc. , where there is no etymological necessity for c. Former generations also wrote sence for sense.
Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin where C takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following vowel. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin A hard c vs a soft c is a feature that occurs in many Languages including English, in which two
In English, French and Spanish, C takes the "hard" value /k/ finally and before A, O, and U, and a "soft" value before E and I. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people However, as with everything else regarding English spelling, there are a couple of exceptions: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have a k sound in the "wrong" place. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The origin of the various names used since classical times for the people known today as the Celts is obscure and has been controversial
The pronunciation of the "soft" value varies by language. In English, French, and Spanish from Latin America and southern Spain, C before E and I sounds /s/. In the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain it is pronounced as the voiceless dental fricative /θ/. The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic In Italian and Romanian it is pronounced as /ʧ/. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance
Other languages use C with different values, such as /ð/ in Fijian; /ʕ/ in Somali; the click /ǀ/ in Xhosa and Zulu; /ʤ/ in Turkish, Tatar, and Azeri; /ʧ/ in Indonesian, Malay, Volapük, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding; /ʦ/ in all Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Esperanto, Hungarian, Ido, and Interlingua; and /ʦʰ/ in Romanized Chinese. Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Xhosa (ˈkǁʰoːsa ( isiXhosa) is one of the Official languages of South Africa. Zulu (called isiZulu in Zulu is a Language of the Zulu people with about 10 million speakers the vast majority (over 95% of whom live in South Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Volapük (volaˈpyk or ˈvɒləpʊk in English is a Constructed language, created in 1879-1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest Hausa is the Chadic language with the largest number of speakers spoken as a first Language by about 24 million people and as a second language by about 15 The Fula language is a language of West Africa, spoken by the Ful{{IPA|ɓ}}e (Fula or Fulani people from Senegambia and Guinea to The Manding languages are a fairly mutually intelligible group of dialects or languages in West Africa, belonging to the Mande languages. The Balto-Slavic language group consists of the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use It is also used as a transliteration of the Cyrillic "Ц" in the Latinic forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and Ukrainian. The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. The romanization or latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters.
There are several common digraphs with C, the most common being CH, which in some languages such as German is far more common than C alone. Ch is a digraph in the Roman alphabet. It is treated as a letter of its own in the The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In English, CH most commonly takes the value /ʧ/ (which it invariably has in Spanish), but can take the value /k/ or /ʃ/; some dialects of English also have /x/ in words like loch where other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. CH takes various values in other languages, such as /x/ in all Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet;/ç/, /k/, or /x/ in German; /x/ or silent in Dutch; /ʃ/ in French and Portuguese; /k/ in Interlingua and Italian, /ʈʂʰ/ in Mandarin Chinese; and so forth. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. CK, with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in Germanic languages such as English, German and Swedish (but some other Germanic languages use KK instead, such as Dutch and Norwegian). The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language The digraph CZ is found in Polish and CS in Hungarian, both representing /ʧ/. In Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian, sc represents /ʃ/ (however in Italian and related languages this only happens before e or i, otherwise it represents /sk/).
As a phonetic symbol, lowercase c is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital C is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative. Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C The voiceless palatal plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Codes for computing
| NATO phonetic | Morse code | ||
| Charlie | |||
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| Signal flag | Flag semaphore | ASL Manual | Braille |
In Unicode the capital C is codepoint U+0043 and the lowercase c is U+0063. The NATO phonetic alphabet, more formally the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most widely used Spelling alphabet. Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals Flag semaphore is a system for conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags rods disks paddles or occasionally bare or gloved hands The American Manual Alphabet is a Manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language when spelling individual letters of a word is the preferred The Braille system is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D,
The ASCII code for capital C is 67 and for lowercase c is 99; or in binary 01000011 and 01100011, respectively. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1.
The EBCDIC code for capital C is 195 and for lowercase c is 131. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating
The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "C" and "c" for upper and lower case respectively. A numeric character reference (NCR is a common markup construct used in SGML and other SGML-based markup languages such as HTML and XML. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure Don't change "Extensible"
References
- ^ "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee," op. cit.
See also
- ¢ (cent)
- Ç (cedilla)
- Ĉ (C circumflex)
- Č (C caron)
- Ć (C acute)
- Cyrillic C (Es). In many national currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic monetary unit Ç, ç ( C - Cedilla) is a letter of Albanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Kurdish language Ĉ or ĉ (C Circumflex) is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless Postalveolar Affricate The grapheme Č (Latin C with Háček) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike The grapheme Ć ( minuscule: ć) formed from C with the addition of an Acute accent, is used in various languages Es (С с is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian the nineteenth letter in the Russian and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. С, с are identical in shape with the Latin C,c but are equivalents of the Latin S, s.
- Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)
- Ċ (C dot above)
- Ƈ (C hook)
- ʗ (stretched C)
- Ḉ (C acute cedilla)
- ₡ (colon currency symbol)
- ₢ (cruzeiro currency symbol)
- ℂ (double-struck C)
- ℃ (degree Celsius)
- ℭ (Gothic C)
- Ⅽ (Roman number C)
- Hard and soft C
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Letter C with diacritics
history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters |
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Dictionary
C
-noun
- (programming languages) A particular high-level programming language.
- (slang) $100; a c-note.
- (music) A musical note; middle c.
- An academic grade better than a D and worse than a B.
-proper noun
- (UK) Head of the Secret Intelligence Service, incorrectly identified in the James Bond literature as "M" ("C" during WW2 was Col. Stewart Menzies - from whence "M")
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