| Byblos | |
 |
|
| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country |  Lebanon |
| Governorate | Mount Lebanon Governorate |
| District | Jbeil District |
| Geography | |
  Byblos
Location of Byblos, Lebanon
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| Coordinates | Coordinates: |
| Byblos* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| State Party | Lebanon |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 295 |
| Region† | Arab States |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1984 (8th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
|
Byblos (Βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla). Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية |||} Lebanon is divided into six Governorates ( Muhafazah) listed with their capitals in parentheses Beirut ( Beirut Mount Lebanon ( Arabic: جبل لبنان; transliterated: Jabal Libnan is one of the Governorates of Lebanon. The governorates of Lebanon are divided into 25 Districts ( Aqdya, singular Qadaa) Jbeil (Qadaa' Jbail ( Arabic: قضاء جبيل) is a district ( Qadaa) in the Mount Lebanon Governorate ( Arabic A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun It is a Mediterranean city in the Mount Lebanon Governorate of present-day Lebanon under the current Arabic name of Jbeil (جبيل Ǧubayl) and was also referred to as Gibelet during the Crusades. Mount Lebanon ( Arabic: جبل لبنان; transliterated: Jabal Libnan is one of the Governorates of Lebanon. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents It is believed to have been founded around 5000 BC, and according to fragments attributed to the semi-legendary pre-Trojan war Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon, it was the first city ever built, and even today is believed by many to be the oldest continuously-inhabited city in the world. In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her Sanchuniathon is the purported Phoenician author of three lost works originally in the Phoenician language, surviving only in partial paraphrase and summary of a
It is mentioned in the Bible in 1 Kings 5:32, referring to the nationality of the builders of Solomon's Temple. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Solomon's Temple (בית המקדש transliterated Beit HaMikdash) also known as the First Temple, was according to
Contents |
History
The Phoenician city of Gebal was named Byblos by the Greeks, because it was through Gebal that Bύβλος (bublos; Egyptian papyrus) was imported into Greece. Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ (Rhymes -aɪrəs)is a thick paper-like material produced from the Pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus The present day city is now known by the Arabic name Jubayl or Jbeil (جبيل), a direct descendant of the Canaanite name. The Canaanite languages or Hebraic languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, which were spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region
Byblos (Greek) or Gebal (Phoenician) is located on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, about 26 miles (42 kilometers) north of Beirut. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 It is attractive to archaeologists because of the successive layers of debris resulting from centuries of human habitation. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos
The site first appears to have been settled during the Neolithic period, approximately 5000 BC. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Neothlithic remains of some buildings can be observed at the site. According to the writer Philo of Byblos (quoting Sanchuniathon, and quoted in Eusebius), Byblos had the reputation of being the oldest city in the world, founded by Cronus, and was also where Thoth invented writing, but there has not been concrete proof that it is the oldest city in the world. The more famous Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE-40 CE was an educated Hellenized Jewish philosopher Cronus or Kronos, ( Ancient Greek Κρόνος Krónos) was the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, divine descendants For other meanings of "Thoth" or of "Djehuti" and similar see Thoth (disambiguation. During the 3rd millennium BC, the first signs of a town can be observed, with the remains of well-built houses of uniform size. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan This was the period when the Phoenician civilization began to develop, and archaeologists have recovered Egyptian-made artifacts dated as early as the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt is characterized as a Golden age of the Old Kingdom.
The growing city was evidently a wealthy one, and seems to have been an ally of Egypt for many centuries. The Amarna tablets include 60 letters from Rib-Hadda and his successor Ili-Rapih, rulers of Byblos circa 1350 BC, to the Egyptian government. The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Rib-Hadda (also rendered Rib-Addi, Rib-Addu, Rib-Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE Ili-Rapih was the follow-on mayor in Gubla -(modern Byblos) and the brother of Rib-Hadda, the former mayor of Gubla (who was the prolific author These deal with the conquest of neighboring city-states by the Hapiru. Habiru (Ha biru or Apiru or prw (Egyptianwas the name given by various Sumerian Egyptian, Akkadian Hittite, Mitanni Objects have been found at Byblos naming the 13th dynasty Egyptian king Neferhotep I, and the rulers of Byblos maintained close relationships with the New Kingdom pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. King Neferhotep I was an Egyptian king of the Thirteenth Dynasty and one of the most powerful kings of this dynasty
Archaeological evidence at Byblos, dating back to around 1200 BC, shows existence of a Phoenician alphabetic script of twenty-two characters; an important example of this script is the sarcophagus of king Ahiram. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone Ahiram or Ahirom was the Phoenician king of Byblos (ca 1000 BC) Ahiram was succeeded by his son Ittobaal as king of Byblos The use of the alphabet was spread by Phoenician merchants through their maritime trade into parts of North Africa and Europe. One of the most important monuments of this period is the temple of Resheph, a Canaanite war god, but this had fallen into ruins by the time of Alexander. Resheph or Reshef (Canaanite/Hebrew sem-Latn ršp he רשף was a Canaanite deity of plague and war. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement.
![Byblos Port, the oldest port in the world,[citation needed] is more than 5000 years old](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/ByblosPort.jpg/180px-ByblosPort.jpg)
In the Assyrian period, Sibittibaal of Byblos became tributary to Tiglath-pileser III in 738 BC, and in 701 BC, when Sennacherib conquered all Phoenicia, the king of Byblos was Urumilki. Byblos Port is an ancient Port in Byblos, Lebanon and is the oldest port in the world Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra" was a prominent king Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he Byblos was also subject to Assyrian kings Esarhaddon (r. Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned 681-669 BCE) and Ashurbanipal (r. Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b 668-627 BCE), under its own kings Milkiasaph and Yehawmelek.
In the Persian period (538-332 BC), Byblos was the fourth of four Phoenician vassal kingdoms established by the Persians; the first three being Sidon, Tyre, and Arwad. Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Arwad ( أرواد) &ndash formerly known as Arado ( Άραδο) Arados (Greek Άραδος) Arvad, Arpad
Hellenistic rule came with the arrival of Alexander the Great in the area in 332 BC. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Coinage was in use, and there is abundant evidence of continued trade with other Mediterranean countries. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is
During the Greco-Roman period, the temple of Resheph was elaborately rebuilt, and the city, though smaller than its neighbours such as Tyre and Sidon, was a center for the cult of Adonis. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh Adonis (Άδωνης also Άδωνις is a figure of West Semitic origin where he is a central cult figure in various Mystery religions, who enters In the 3rd century, a small but impressive theater was constructed. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one With the rise of Christianity, a bishop's seat was established in Byblos, and the town grew rapidly. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Although a Persian colony is known to have been established in the region following the Moslem conquest of 636, there is little archaeological evidence for it. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Trade with Europe effectively dried up, and it was not until the coming of the Crusaders in 1098 that prosperity returned to Byblos, known then as Giblet. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing
Byblos, under the name of Gibelet or Giblet, was an important military base in the 11th century, and the remains of its Crusader castle are among the most impressive architectural structures now visible at its center. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. The town was taken by Saladin in 1187, re-taken by the Crusaders, and eventually conquered by Baibars in 1266. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( Arabic ar الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري Its fortifications were subsequently restored. From 1516 until 1918, the town and the whole region were part of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Byblos and all of Lebanon was placed under French Mandate from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence. The French Mandate of Lebanon was a League of Nations Mandate created at the end of World War I.
Education
Byblos is the site of the professional campus of the Lebanese American University. Lebanese American University is an American institution operating in Lebanon. The Byblos Campus is the home of the professional schools including the Medical School, the Engineering School, the Pharmacy School, in addition to the School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Business.
Tourism
- See also: Byblos travel guide from Wikitravel
- Ancient Phoenician Temples
In the archaeological site of Byblos there are the remains of the Great Temple (also known as L-Shaped temple) built in 2700 BC, Temple of Baalat Gebal built in 2700 BC and Temple of the Obelisks built around 1600 BC. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Byblos Castle is a Castle in Byblos, Lebanon. It was built by the Crusaders in the 12th century from indigenous limestone and the remains of Ba‘alat Gebal, 'Lady of Byblos ' was the goddess of the city of Byblos sometimes known to the Greeks as Baaltis.
- Byblos Castle
Byblos Castle was built by the crusaders in the 12th century. Byblos Castle is a Castle in Byblos, Lebanon. It was built by the Crusaders in the 12th century from indigenous limestone and the remains of It is located in the archaeological site near the port.
- Byblos Mosque
The mosque is considered to be the oldest known mosque in the world.
- Medieval City Wall
The old medieval part of Byblos is surrounded by walls running about 270m from east to west and 200m from north to south
- Byblos Wax Museum
This museum displays wax statues of characters from Phoenician times to current days
- St John the Baptist Church
Work on the church started during the crusades in 1150. The Byblos Wax Museum is a Wax museum in Byblos, Lebanon. This museum displays wax statues and life scenes from the Phoenician era to the modern Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun It was damaged during an earthquake in the 12th century and also during several conflicts.
- Byblos Fossil Museum
Byblos Fossil Museum has a collection of fossilized fish, sharks, eel, flying fish, and other marine life, some millions of years old. The Byblos Fossil Museum, also known as Memory of Time, is a Museum in Byblos, Lebanon.
- Historic Quarter and Souks
In the southeast section of the historic city, near the entrance of the archaeological site, is an old market where tourists can shop for souvenirs and antiques, or simply stroll along the old cobblestone streets and enjoy the architecture.
- Byblos International Festival
This summer music festival is an annual event that takes place in the historic quarter. The Byblos International Festival is a Music festival that takes place in the historic quarter of Byblos, Lebanon.
Today
Today, Byblos (Jbeil) is a modern city. It remains one of Lebanon's biggest tourist attractions, mainly because of its rich history and scenic mountains overlooking the Mediterranean. Most of the people of Byblos are Maronite Catholics. Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac There are also some Shi'a Moslems, whose ancestors escaped expulsion by the Seljuk Turks in the Middle Ages. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in (The city of Bint Jbeil ("daughter of Jbeil") in southern Lebanon was founded by those displaced Shi'a. Bint Jbeil (بنت جبيل is the second largest town in the Nabatiye Governorate in Southern Lebanon. Byblos has three representatives in the Parliament of Lebanon: two Maronites and one Shi'a. The Parliament of Lebanon (known as Le Parlement in Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. [1]
Bibliography
- Nina Jidéjian, Byblos through the ages, Dar al Machreq, Beyrouth, 1968
- Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Je m'appelle Byblos, H & D, Paris, 2005 (ISBN 2-914266-04-9)
1 http://www.proud-to-be-lebanese.com/e2005/
See also
- Ba`alat Gebal
- Byblos syllabary
- Lebanese Embassy in Ottawa: Tourist info on Byblos
- War of St. Sabas
- Embriaco family
External links
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