Bushfood (also called bush tucker) refers to any food native to Australia and used as sustenance by the original inhabitants, the Australian Aborigines, although it is sometimes used with the specific connotation of "food found in the Outback while living on the land". For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Outback or the Outback refers to remote arid areas of Australia, although the term colloquially can refer to any lands outside of the main Urban areas It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.
Examples of Australian native animal foods (meats) include kangaroo, emu and crocodile. Kangaroo is a meat from any of the species of Kangaroo. It is produced in Australia from wild animals and is exported to over 55 countries worldwide The Emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae, is the largest Bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the Genus A crocodile is any Species belonging to the family Crocodylidae (sometimes classified instead as the Subfamily Crocodylinae) In particular, kangaroo is quite common and can be found in many normal supermarkets at prices comparable to beef. Other animals, for example goanna and witchetty grubs, were eaten by Aboriginal Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. Goanna is the name used to refer to any number of Australian Monitor lizards of the genus Varanus, as well as to certain species from Southeast The witchetty grub (also spelled witchety grub) is a term used in Australia for the large white wood-eating Larvae of several Moths Particularly Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Fish and shellfish are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Shellfish is a Culinary and Fisheries term for those aquatic Invertebrate animals that are used as Food: various species of molluscs
Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: quandong, kutjera, muntries, riberry, Davidson's plum, and finger lime. Quandong (alternative spelling Quongdong) is the name given to a number of Australian wild bush plants and their edible fruits Kutjera, or Australian desert raisin ( Solanum centrale) is a Plant native to the more arid parts of Australia. Muntries ( Kunzea pomifera) - also known as emu apples native cranberries munthari muntaberry or monterry - are low-growing plants found along the southern coast of Syzygium luehmannii, also known as riberry, small leaved lilly pilly, cherry satinash, cherry alder, or clove lilli pilli For the Brachiopod genus see Davidsonia (brachiopod. For the botanical journal see Davidsonia (journal. The Finger Lime plant Citrus australasica (formerly Microcitrus australasica) is a thorny Understorey Shrub of the lowland subtropical Native spices include lemon myrtle, mountain pepper, and aniseed myrtle. Backhousia citriodora (common names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a Flowering plant in the family Tasmannia is a Genus of woody Evergreen Flowering plants of the family Winteraceae. Syzygium anisatum (formerly Backhousia anisata and Anetholea anisata) ringwood or aniseed tree is a rare Australian Rainforest A popular leafy vegetable is warrigal greens. Tetragonia is a genus of 50-60 species of Flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to temperate and subtropical regions mostly of the Southern Hemisphere Nuts include bunya nut, and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the macadamia nut. Araucaria bidwillii is a large Evergreen Coniferous tree in the Genus Araucaria, family Araucariaceae. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native
Knowledge of Aboriginal uses of fungi is meagre but beefsteak fungus and native 'bread' were certainly eaten. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The beefsteak fungus ( Fistulina hepatica) is an unusual agaric Bracket fungus that is most commonly seen in Britain, but can be found in
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Traditional Aboriginal use
Australian Aborigines have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent (see Indigenous Australian food groups, Australian Aboriginal sweet foods). This is an article about a class of people as identified and defined within Australian law Indigenous Australian peoples traditionally classified food sources in a methodical way Australian Aborigines had many ways to source sweet foods The four main types of sweet foods gathered – apart from ripe fruit – were honey from ants and bees (
Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as Cycas media and Moreton Bay chestnut are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Cycas is the Type genus and the only genus currently recognised in the Cycad family Cycadaceae. Castanospermum australe ( Moreton Bay Chestnut or Blackbean) the only species in the genus Castanospermum, is a Flowering Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of Melaleuca species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens. Melaleuca is a Genus of Plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. Melaleuca is a Genus of Plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. Bush bread was made by women using many types of seeds, nuts and corns to process a flour or dough to make bread. Bush bread, or seedcakes, refers to the Bread made by Australian Aborigines for many thousands of years
Aboriginal traditional native food use has been severely impacted by non-indigenous immigration since 1788, especially in the more densely colonised areas of south-eastern Australia. There, the introduction of non-native foods to Aborigines has resulted in an almost complete abandonment of native foods by Aborigines. This impact on traditional foods has been further accentuated by the loss of traditional lands which has resulted in reduced access to native foods by Aborigines and destruction of native habitat for agriculture.
The recent recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-indigenous Australians is introducing native cuisine to many for the first time. However, there are unresolved intellectual property issues associated with the commercialisation of bushfood.
Colonial use
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Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial settlers, often supplementing meager rations. Billardiera scandens, commonly known as Apple Berry or Apple Dumpling, is a small shrub or twining plant of the Pittosporaceae family which occurs However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
In the 19th Century eminent English botanist, J.D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants in Flora of Tasmania, remarked although "eatable," are not "fit to eat". Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, OM, GCSI, MD, FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911 was an English Botanist and Explorer In 1889, botanist Joseph Maiden reiterated this sentiment with the comment on native food plants "nothing to boast of as eatables. Joseph Henry Maiden ( 25 April 1859 – 16 November 1925) was a Botanist who made a major contribution to knowledge of the Australian " [1] The first monograph to be published on the flora of Australia reported the lack of edible plants on the first page, where it presented Billardiera scandens as, ". The flora of Australia comprises a vast assemblage of plant species estimated to over 20000 vascular and 14000 Non-vascular plants 250000 species of Billardiera scandens, commonly known as Apple Berry or Apple Dumpling, is a small shrub or twining plant of the Pittosporaceae family which occurs . . almost the only wild eatable fruit of the country". [2]
This became the accepted view of Australian native food plants until the late 20th Century. It is thought that these early assessments were a result of encountering strong flavours not generally suitable for out-of-hand eating, but these strong flavours are now highly regarded for culinary use.
The only Australian native food developed and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native Subsequently, Hawaii was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the
Modern use
In the 1970s non-indigenous Australians began to recognise the previously over-looked native Australian foods. Textbooks like Wildfoods In Australia by the botanist couple, Cribb & Cribb were popular. While in the late 1970s horticulturists started to assess native food-plants for commercial use and cultivation.
In 1980 South Australia legalised the sale of kangaroo meat for human consumption. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Kangaroo is a meat from any of the species of Kangaroo. It is produced in Australia from wild animals and is exported to over 55 countries worldwide Analysis showed that a variety of bushfoods were exceptionally nutritious. [3] In the mid-1980s several Sydney restaurants began using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to non-indigenous tastes - providing the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australians on a serious gourmet level, which led to the realisation that many strongly flavoured native food plants have spice-like qualities. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Gourmet is a cultural ideal associated with the Culinary arts of fine food and drink or Haute cuisine. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive
Following popular TV programs on "bush tucker", a surge in interest in the late 1980s saw the publication of books like Bushfood: Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine by Jennifer Issacs, The Bushfood Handbook and Uniquely Australian by Vic Cherikoff, and Wild Food Plants of Australia by Tim Low. Vic Cherikoff is regarded as an authority on Australian native foods and its associated industry having been involved in the selection and commercialization of many of the 35 Tim Low is an Australian author of articles and books on nature and conservation.
Bushfood ingredients were initially harvested from the wild, but cultivated sources have become increasingly important to provide sustainable supplies for a growing market, with some Aboriginal communities also involved in the supply chain. Gourmet style processed food and dried food have been developed for the domestic and export markets. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by Drying is a method of Food preservation that works by removing Water from the food which prevents the growth of Microorganisms and Decay.
The term "bushfood" is one of several terms describing native Australian food, evolving from the older-style "bush tucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable values and gormet qualities, and is the most established and widespread term used to describe native Australian food.
Bushfood in Media
TV shows made use of the bushfood theme. Malcolm Douglas was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. Malcolm Douglas (born 1941 was a New Zealand Politician of the Labour Party. Major Les Hiddins, a retired Australian Army soldier popularized the idea of bush tucker as an interesting food resource. Major Leslie John (Les Hiddens OAM (born August 13, 1946 in Brisbane Queensland) aka "The Bush Tucker Man" The Australian Army is Australia's military land force It is part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF along with the Royal Australian Navy and the He presented a hit TV series called Bush Tucker Man on the ABC TV network in the late 1980s. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his research for NORFORCE in identifying foods which might sustain or augment army forces in the northern Australian Outback. The NORFORCE (North-West Mobile Force is a Regiment of the Australian Army.
In early 2003, the first cooking show featuring authentic Australian foods and called Dining Downunder was produced by Vic Cherikoff and Bailey Park Productions of Toronto, Canada. This was followed by the SBS production of Message Stick with Aboriginal chef, Mark Olive.
Native Australian food-plants listed by culinary province and plant part
Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
Top-end
Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and North-western Australia.
Fruits
| Buchanania arborescens | Little Gooseberry Tree |
| Citrus gracilis | Kakadu Lime |
| Eugenia carissoides | Cedar Bay Cherry |
| Ficus racemosa | Cluster Fig |
| Manilkara kaukii | Wongi |
| Melastoma affine | Blue Tongue |
| Mimusops elengi | Tanjong |
| Morinda citrifolia | Noni |
| Physalis minima | Native Gooseberry |
| Terminalia ferdinandiana | Kakadu Plum |
| Syzygium suborbiculare | Lady Apple |
Vegetables
| Cycas media | Cycad palm seeds (Require detoxification: see Bush bread ) |
| Dioscorea alata | Chinese or winged yam |
| Dioscorea bulbifera | Round Yam |
| Dioscorea transversa | Pencil Yam, Long Yam |
| Eleocharis spp. Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, beach mulberry, Tahitian noni, cheese fruit Ficus racemosa (syn) is a species of Plant in the Moraceae family Melastoma affine, also known by the common names Blue Tongue or Native Lassiandra, is a shrub distributed in Tropical and Sub-tropical Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, beach mulberry, Tahitian noni, cheese fruit Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, beach mulberry, Tahitian noni, cheese fruit Terminalia ferdinandiana, also called the Gubinge, billygoat or Kakadu plum or Murunga is a Flowering plant in the Bush bread, or seedcakes, refers to the Bread made by Australian Aborigines for many thousands of years Ube (or ubi) is the Filipino word for purple yam ( Dioscorea alata) Dioscorea bulbifera (the air potato) is a yam Species. It is also known as Varahi in Sanskrit and Dukkar Kand Eleocharis is a genus of 250 or more species the Cyperaceae (sedge family | Mat-Rush, a traditional staple for Yolngu |
| Ipomoea aquatica | Native Kang Kong |
| Lotus nelumbo | Lotus |
| Nelumbo nucifera | water lily |
| Nymphaea macrosperma | water lily |
Nuts
| Semecarpus australiensis | Australian Cashew |
| Terminalia catappa | Sea Almond |
Spices
| Eucalyptus staigeriana | Lemon Ironbark |
| Melaleuca leucadendron | Weeping Paperbark |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum | Native Basil |
Central Australia
Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior. Ipomoea aquatica is a semi- aquatic Tropical plant grown as a Leaf vegetable. Nelumbo nucifera is known by a number of common names including Indian lotus, sacred lotus, bean of India, and sacred water-lily Nelumbo is a Genus of aquatic plants with large showy Water lily -like flowers commonly known as Lotus or sacred lotus Nymphaea is a Genus of Aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. Terminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the Family Combretaceae. Eucalyptus staigeriana, Lemon Ironbark or Lemon-scented Ironbark, is a small rough barked Sclerophyll Tree that grows naturally in pure Melaleuca leucadendra is a Tree belonging to the Melaleuca Genus. Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, Tulasī (तुलसी in Sanskrit and Hindi, (
Fruits
| Capparis spp. Kutjera, or Australian desert raisin ( Solanum centrale) is a Plant native to the more arid parts of Australia. "Capparis" is also a family name see eg Melpomene Capparis. | Native Caper, Caperbush |
| Capparis mitchelii | Wild orange |
| Capparis spinosa subsp. nummularia |
Wild passionfruit |
| Carissa lanceolata | Bush plum, Conkerberry |
| Citrus glauca | Desert Lime |
| Enchylaena tomentosa | Ruby Saltbush |
| Ficus platypoda | Desert Fig |
| Marsdenia australis | Doubah, Bush Banana |
| Owenia acidula | Emu Apple |
| Santalum acuminatum | Desert Quandong |
| Santalum lanceolatum | Northern Sandalwood |
| Solanum centrale | Akudjura, Australian Desert Raisin, Bush tomato |
| Solanum cleistogarnum | Bush tomato |
| Solanum ellipticum | Bush tomato |
Vegetables
| Calandrinia balonensis | Parakeelya |
| Ipomoea costata | Bush potato |
| Vigna lanceolata | Pencil Yam |
| Lepidium spp. "Capparis" is also a family name see eg Melpomene Capparis. " Wild Orange " is an Australian native plant Its scientific name is Capparis mitchellii; it is not related to oranges "Wild passionfruit" redirects here For the true wild Passionfruits see Passiflora. "Wild passionfruit" redirects here For the true wild Passionfruits see Passiflora. An Australian native plant C lanceolata grows as a multi-stemmed shrub 0 Citrus glauca (formerly Eremocitrus glauca) is also known as Desert Lime. Citrus glauca (formerly Eremocitrus glauca) is also known as Desert Lime. Enchylaena tomentosa, commonly known as Barrier Saltbush, is a species of small shrub endemic to Australia. Marsdenia australis, commonly known as the bush banana, silky pear or green vine is an Australian native plant Marsdenia australis, commonly known as the bush banana, silky pear or green vine is an Australian native plant Marsdenia australis, commonly known as the bush banana, silky pear or green vine is an Australian native plant Santalum acuminatum, the Desert Quandong, is an Australian plant in the Sandalwood family Santalaceae. Santalum lanceolatum is an Australian tree of the family Santalaceae. Kutjera, or Australian desert raisin ( Solanum centrale) is a Plant native to the more arid parts of Australia. The term bush tomato refers to the fruit or entire plants of certain Nightshade ( Solanum) Species native to the more arid parts of Australia. The term bush tomato refers to the fruit or entire plants of certain Nightshade ( Solanum) Species native to the more arid parts of Australia. The term bush tomato refers to the fruit or entire plants of certain Nightshade ( Solanum) Species native to the more arid parts of Australia. The term bush tomato refers to the fruit or entire plants of certain Nightshade ( Solanum) Species native to the more arid parts of Australia. Bush potato, is an Australian native plant It is found in Central Australia. Pencil yam, is an Australian native plant Its scientific name is Vigna lanceolata. Pencil yam, is an Australian native plant Its scientific name is Vigna lanceolata. Lepidium, commonly known as the peppergrasses or pepperworts, is a genus of plants in the mustard family Brassicaceae. | Peppercresses |
| Portulaca intraterranea | Large Pigweed |
Spices
| Eucalyptus polybractea | Blue-leaved Mallee |
Seeds
| Acacia aneura | Mulga |
| Acacia colei | |
| Acacia coriacea | Dogwood |
| Acacia holosericea | Strap Wattle |
| Acacia kempeana | Witchetty Bush |
| Acacia murrayana | |
| Acacia pycnantha | |
| Acacia retinodes | |
| Acacia tetragonophylla | Dead finish seed |
| Acacia victoriae | Gundabluey, Prickly wattle |
| Brachychiton populneus | Kurrajong |
| Panicum decompositum | native millet |
| Portulaca oleracea | Pigweed |
| Triodia spp. The Blue mallee, or Blue-leaved mallee ( Eucalyptus polybractea) is a small multi-trunked Sclerophyll Tree that grows naturally Acacia aneura, commonly known as Mulga or True Mulga, is a shrub or small tree native to arid Outback Australia. Acacia colei is a perennial bush or Tree native to Australia and southern Asia. Acacia coriacea, commonly known as river jam, wirewood, wiry wattle, desert oak, or dogwood, is a Tree Acacia kempeana, commonly known as wanderrie wattle, witchetty bush or granite wattle, is a Shrub in the family Acacia murrayana is a Tree in the family Fabaceae. It has numerous common names including sandplain wattle, Murray's wattle Golden Wattle ( Acacia pycnantha) is Australia 's Floral emblem. Acacia retinodes is a perennial tree which is widely distributed throughout the world Acacia tetragonophylla, commonly known as curara, kurara or dead finish, is a Tree in the family Fabaceae Description Acacia victoriae commonly known as Gundabluie or Bardi bush is a shrub or tree native to Australia. The Kurrajong ( Brachychiton populneus) is a small to medium sized Tree found naturally in Australia in a diversity of habitats from wetter Kurrajong is a common name for several species of Australian trees in the genus Brachychiton. Portulaca oleracea ( Common Purslane, also known as Verdolaga, Pigweed, Little Hogweed or Pusley) is an annual Triodia is a large genus of hummock-forming grass endemic to Australia they are commonly known as spinifex, although they are not a part of | commonly known as spinifex |
Insects in gall
Eastern Australia
Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland. The Bush coconut, is an Australian bush tucker food often eaten by Aborigines of Central Australia. The mulga apple, is an Australian Bush tucker food often eaten by Aborigines of Central Australia.
Fruit
| Acronychia acidula | Lemon Aspen |
| Acronychia oblongifolia | White Aspen |
| Antidesma bunius | Herbet River Cherry |
| Archirhodomyrtus beckleri | Rose Myrtle |
| Austromyrtus dulcis | Midyim |
| Carpobrotus glaucescens | Pigface |
| Citrus australasica | Finger Lime |
| Citrus australis | Dooja |
| Davidsonia jerseyana | New South Wales Davidson's Plum |
| Davidsonia johnsonii | Smooth Davidsonia |
| Davidsonia pruriens | North Queensland Davidson's Plum |
| Diploglottis campbellii | Small-leaf Tamarind |
| Eupomatia laurina | Bolwarra |
| Ficus coronata | Sandpaper Fig |
| Melodorum leichhardtii | Zig Zag Vine |
| Pleiogynium timorense | Burdekin Plum |
| Podocarpus elatus | Illawarra Plum |
| Planchonella australis | Black Apple |
| Rubus hillii | Broad-leaf Bramble |
| Rubus probus | Atherton Raspberry |
| Rubus rosifolius | Rose-leaf Bramble |
| Syzygium fibrosum | Fibrous Satinash |
| Syzygium luehmannii | Riberry |
| Ximenia americana | Yellow Plum |
Vegetable
| Geitonoplesium cymosum | Scrambling Lily |
| Tetragonia tetragonoides | Warrigal Greens |
| Trachymene incisa | Wild Parsnip |
Spices
| Alpinia coerulea | Native Ginger |
| Backhousia citriodora | Lemon Myrtle |
| Backhousia myrtifolia | Cinnamon Myrtle |
| Prostanthera incisa | Cut-leaf Mintbush |
| Syzygium anisatum | aniseed myrtle |
| Tasmannia stipitata | Dorrigo pepper (leaf and pepperberry) |
Nut
| Araucaria bidwillii | Bunya Nut |
| Athertonia diversifolius | Atherton Almond |
| Macadamia integrifolia | Macadamia Nut |
| Macadamia tetraphylla | Bush Nut |
| Sterculia quadrifida | Peanut Tree |
Temperate
Warm and cool temperate zones of southern Australia, including Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and the highlands of New South Wales. The Finger Lime plant Citrus australasica (formerly Microcitrus australasica) is a thorny Understorey Shrub of the lowland subtropical Lemon aspen, Acronychia acidula is a small to medium sized Rainforest tree of Queensland, Australia. Lemon aspen, Acronychia acidula is a small to medium sized Rainforest tree of Queensland, Australia. Antidesma bunius is a species of Fruit tree in the spurge family. The Finger Lime plant Citrus australasica (formerly Microcitrus australasica) is a thorny Understorey Shrub of the lowland subtropical The Finger Lime plant Citrus australasica (formerly Microcitrus australasica) is a thorny Understorey Shrub of the lowland subtropical Round lime ( Citrus australis) also known as Australian lime or Australian round lime, is a large shrub or small tree of a height of up to 12m Davidsonia jerseyana, also known as Davidson's Plum or Mullumbimby Plum, is a small slender tree that is endemic to a restricted area of northern Davidsonia johnsonii, commonly known as smooth Davidson's plum, is a small Tree native to Rainforests of eastern Australia. Diploglottis campbellii is a compact tree to 30 metres found in the Rainforests of northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. Eupomatia laurina, known as Bolwarra or sometimes Native guava, is a shrub to small tree (3-5m in height native to eastern Australia and Pleiogynium timorense, commonly known as the Burdekin Plum, is a medium-sized fruit-bearing tree native to Australia. Podocarpus elatus, commonly known as the Illawarra plum, the plum pine or the brown pine is a species of Podocarpus Rubus rosifolius, (syn Rubus rosaefolius) also known as roseleaf bramble, West Indian raspberry, thimbleberry and ola'a Syzygium luehmannii, also known as riberry, small leaved lilly pilly, cherry satinash, cherry alder, or clove lilli pilli Syzygium luehmannii, also known as riberry, small leaved lilly pilly, cherry satinash, cherry alder, or clove lilli pilli Backhousia citriodora (common names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a Flowering plant in the family Backhousia citriodora (common names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a Flowering plant in the family Backhousia citriodora (common names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a Flowering plant in the family Cinnamon myrtle, is a Spice form of Backhousia myrtifolia. This small Rainforest tree species grows in Subtropical rainforests of Eastern Cinnamon myrtle, is a Spice form of Backhousia myrtifolia. This small Rainforest tree species grows in Subtropical rainforests of Eastern Prostanthera incisa, or cut-leaf mintbush, is a shrubby plant native to rocky mountain tops of Eastern Australia. Syzygium anisatum (formerly Backhousia anisata and Anetholea anisata) ringwood or aniseed tree is a rare Australian Rainforest Syzygium anisatum (formerly Backhousia anisata and Anetholea anisata) ringwood or aniseed tree is a rare Australian Rainforest Tasmannia stipitata, Dorrigo Pepper or Northern Pepperbush is a Rainforest shrub of Temperate forests of the Northern Tablelands of Araucaria bidwillii is a large Evergreen Coniferous tree in the Genus Araucaria, family Araucariaceae. Macadamia integrifolia is a Tree in the Proteaceae family native to New South Wales and Queensland in Australia. Macadamia is a Genus of nine Species of Flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, with a Disjunct distribution native Macadamia tetraphylla is a Tree in the Proteaceae family native to New South Wales and Queensland in Australia. Sterculia quadrifida, also known as the Peanut Tree, or Red-fruited kurrajong is a small tree that grows in the rainforests of northern and south-eastern
Fruit
| Acrotriche depressa | Native Currant |
| Billarderia cymosa | Sweet Apple-berry |
| Billarderia longiflora | Purple Apple-berry |
| Billardiera scandens | Common Apple-berry |
| Carpobrotus rossii | Karkalla |
| Eustrephus latifolius | Wombat berry |
| Exocarpus cupressiformis | Native Cherry |
| Gaultheria hispida | Snow Berry |
| Kunzea pomifera | Muntries |
| Rubus parvifolius | Pink-flowered Native Raspberry |
| Sambucus gaudichaudiana | White Elderberry |
Seed
| Acacia longifolia | Golden Rods |
| Acacia sophorae | Coast Wattle |
Spice
| Eucalyptus dives | Peppermint Gum |
| Eucalyptus olida | Strawberry Gum |
| Eucalyptus globulus | Tasmanian Blue Gum |
| Mentha australis | River Mint |
| Prostanthera rotundifolia | Native Thyme |
| Tasmannia lanceolata | Mountain pepper |
| Tasmannia stipitata | Dorrigo Pepper |
| Tasmannia xerophila | Alpine Pepper |
Vegetable
| Apium insulare | Flinders Island Celery |
| Atriplex cinerea | Grey Saltbush |
| Burchardia umbellata | Milkmaids |
| Microseris scapigera | Murnong |
See also
- Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
- Bush bread
- Bushfood industry history
- Bushmeat
- Bush medicine
- Indigenous Australian food groups
External links
- Bush Tucker in the northern Tropics of Australia
- Popular Native Foods from Australian Flavour
- Aboriginal Australia
- Australian Bushfood and Native Medicine Forum
- Aboriginal women's knowledge
- CSIRO plant profiles
- Site of an industry pioneer
- Bushfoods Magazine
- Eat Australia
- Food Standards website
References
- ^ Maiden, J. Muntries ( Kunzea pomifera) - also known as emu apples native cranberries munthari muntaberry or monterry - are low-growing plants found along the southern coast of Billardiera scandens, commonly known as Apple Berry or Apple Dumpling, is a small shrub or twining plant of the Pittosporaceae family which occurs Exocarpos cupressiformis, is an Australian endemic plant species commonly known as the native cherry or ballart. Muntries ( Kunzea pomifera) - also known as emu apples native cranberries munthari muntaberry or monterry - are low-growing plants found along the southern coast of Muntries ( Kunzea pomifera) - also known as emu apples native cranberries munthari muntaberry or monterry - are low-growing plants found along the southern coast of Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern Description Acacia phlebophylla, an Acacia also known by the names Buffalo Sallow Wattle and Mountain Buffalo Wattle, is a straggling Eucalyptus dives or broad-leaved peppermint is a small Tree native to temperate dry Sclerophyll woodlands and forests of south-eastern Eucalyptus olida, also known as the Strawberry Gum, is a medium-sized tree to 20 m restricted to Sclerophyll woodlands on the Northern Tablelands The Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum or Blue Gum, is an Evergreen tree one of the most widely cultivated trees native to Australia. Mentha australis is known by the common names of river mint native mint native peppermint and Australian mint Prostanthera rotundifolia is one of about 90 Australian endemic species from the genera Prostanthera known as Australian or native Tasmannia is a Genus of woody Evergreen Flowering plants of the family Winteraceae. Tasmannia stipitata, Dorrigo Pepper or Northern Pepperbush is a Rainforest shrub of Temperate forests of the Northern Tablelands of Tasmannia stipitata, Dorrigo Pepper or Northern Pepperbush is a Rainforest shrub of Temperate forests of the Northern Tablelands of Atriplex cinerea ( Grey Saltbush, Coast Saltbush or Barilla) is a species of Plant in the Chenopodiaceae family Microseris lanceolata (syn M scapigera) is a perennial herb also known as murnong and yam daisy. Australian Aborigines had many ways to source sweet foods The four main types of sweet foods gathered – apart from ripe fruit – were honey from ants and bees ( Bush bread, or seedcakes, refers to the Bread made by Australian Aborigines for many thousands of years The modern Australian native food industry, also called the Bushfood industry had its initial beginnings in the late 1970s and early 1980s when regional enthusiasts Bushmeat ( Calque from the French viande de brousse) is the term commonly used for Meat of terrestrial wild animals killed for Bush medicine is the term used in Australia by Aboriginal people to describe their traditional medicinal knowledge and practices Indigenous Australian peoples traditionally classified food sources in a methodical way H. , The Useful Native Plants of Australia, 1889, p. 1
- ^ Smith, J E [1793]. Sir James Edward Smith ( December 2, 1759 &ndash March 17, 1828) was an English botanist and founder of the Spec. Bot. New Holland. A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland, also known by its standard abbreviation Spec James Sowerby. James Sowerby ( March 21, 1757 - October 25, 1822) was an English naturalist and illustrator “AMID all the beauty and variety which the vegetable productions of New Holland display in such profusion, there has not yet been discovered a proportionable degree of usefulness to mankind, at least with respect to food. ”
- ^ Low, T. , Wild Food Plants of Australia, Angus & Robertson, 1992, pp 199-202 ISBN 0-207-16930-6
- Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, ISBN 0-207-18966-8.
- , The Bushfood Handbook, ISBN 0-7316-6904-5.
- Issacs, Jennifer, Bushfood, Weldons, Sydney.
- Kersh, Jennice and Raymond, Edna's Table, ISBN 0-7336-0539-7.
- Low, Tim, Wild Food Plants of Australia, ISBN-13: 978-0207143830
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