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Burmese Chinese
Total population

1,662,000 (est. )
Regions with significant populations
Myanmar
Languages
Burmese, Min Nan, Cantonese, Hakka
Religions
Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, minority Islam
Burmese Chinese
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese: 緬甸華人
Simplified Chinese: 缅甸华人
Burmese name
Burmese: Image:Bscript thayotlumyo.png
IPA: [təyoʊʔ lù myó]

The Burmese Chinese or Chinese Burmese are a group of overseas Chinese born or raised in Burma (Myanmar). Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ myà̃mà bàθà MLCTS: myanma bhasa) is the official Language of Burma. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ myà̃mà bàθà MLCTS: myanma bhasa) is the official Language of Burma. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Although the Chinese officially make up three percent of the population, this figure is believed to underestimated because of intermarriage with the indigenous Burmese;[1] because of discrimination against ethnic minorities, compelling many to declare themselves as ethnic Bamar when applying for the national identification card; and because of the lack of reliable census taking which fails to account for tens of thousands of illegal Chinese immigrants that have flooded Upper Burma since the 1990s. The Bamar ( bəmà lùmjó also called Burman) are the dominant Ethnic group of Burma, constituting approximately 68% (30000000 of the population [2]

The Burmese Chinese dominate the Burmese economy although many enterprises today are co-owned by the military. Burma is one of the poorest nations in the world suffering from decades of stagnation mismanagement and isolation Moreover, the Burmese Chinese have a disproportionately large presence in Burmese higher education, and make up a high percentage of the educated class in Burma.

Contents

Demography

A Cantonese bon kyaung (Chinese Buddhist temple) in Latha Township, Yangon
A Cantonese bon kyaung (Chinese Buddhist temple) in Latha Township, Yangon

Generally, the Burmese Chinese in Lower Burma fall into three main groups:

The Hokkien and Cantonese comprise 45% of the ethnic Chinese population. [3] Hakkas are further subdivided into those with ancestry from Fujian Province and Guangdong Province, with each called ein-gyi shay ha-ka and eingyi to haka respectively. The groups have different stereotypical associations. The Cantonese are commonly thought of as the poorest of the Chinese, the Hokkiens are stereotypically wealthier, occupying high positions in the economy, and having connections to the government.

In Upper Burma and Shan Hills, the Panthay and Kokang, mainly speakers of a Mandarin dialect of the Southwestern Mandarin branch, most akin to Yunnanese, predominate. Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Kokang ( Chinese: 果敢 Pinyin: Guǒgǎn was the only Burmese Chinese feudal state in Burma Southwestern Mandarin ( also known as Huguang (湖广 is a Dialect of Mandarin Chinese widely spoken south of the Yangtze River, and The mountain-dwelling, farming Kokang are classified as a part of the Shan national race, although they have no linguistic or genetic affinity to the Tai-Kadai-speaking Shan, and the largely trading Muslim Panthay are long considered separate local nationalities rather than a Chinese diaspora community. Kokang ( Chinese: 果敢 Pinyin: Guǒgǎn was the only Burmese Chinese feudal state in Burma The Shan (ရှမ်းလူမျိုး ʃán lùmjóʊ) are a Tai Ethnic group of The Tai-Kadai languages, also known as Kadai, Kradai, or Kra-Dai languages and in China as Zhuang-Dong languages are a tonal Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Combined, they form 21% of Burmese Chinese. [3]

Finally, there are the Tayoke kabya of mixed Chinese and indigenous Burmese parentage. The kabya (Burmese: mixed heritage) have a tendency to follow the customs of the Chinese more than of the Burmese. (Indeed those that follow Burmese customs are absorbed into and largely indistinguishable from the mainstream Burmese society. ) A large portion of Burmese Chinese is thought to have some kabya blood, possibly because immigrants could acquire Burmese citizenship through intermarriage with the indigenous Burmese peoples.

Culture

The Kuan Yin Temple (Kwan Yin Si) is a local place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago and serves as a Mandarin school for the local community.
The Kuan Yin Temple (Kwan Yin Si) is a local place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago and serves as a Mandarin school for the local community.

Language

Most Burmese Chinese typically speak Burmese as their mother tongue. The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ myà̃mà bàθà MLCTS: myanma bhasa) is the official Language of Burma. Those with higher education also speak Mandarin and/or English. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Some use, usually as a second language, of Chinese dialects/languages still exist. Hokkien is mostly used in Yangon as well as in Lower Burma, while Taishan Cantonese and Yunnanese Mandarin are well preserved in Upper Burma. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects

During General Ne Win's rule (1962-1988), the ban on Chinese-language schools caused a decline of Mandarin speakers. Ne Win (နေဝင်း nè wín 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002; born Shu The number of Chinese schools is growing again today because of the importance of Mandarin Chinese (note: often Standard Mandarin, the national language of Mainland China and Taiwan, as distinctive from the Southwestern Mandarin dialect of the Upper Burma, Kokang and Panthay). Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Southwestern Mandarin ( also known as Huguang (湖广 is a Dialect of Mandarin Chinese widely spoken south of the Yangtze River, and Upper Burma was a term used by the British to refer to the central and northern area of what is now the country of Myanmar (Burma Kokang ( Chinese: 果敢 Pinyin: Guǒgǎn was the only Burmese Chinese feudal state in Burma Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma

Religion

Most Burmese Chinese practice Theravada Buddhism, incorporating some Mahayana Buddhist and Taoist beliefs, such as the worship of Kuan Yin. History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Guanyin (觀音 pinyin guānyīn, Wade-Giles kuan-yin) is the Bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists Chinese New Year celebrations, as well as other Chinese festivals, are subdued and held privately. Chinese New Year is the most important of the Traditional Chinese holidays. Clan associations are often the only places where the Chinese culture is retained.

The Panthay or Chinese Muslims (回教華人; ပန္‌းသေးလူမ္ယုိး, lit. Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. "little flowers") practice Islam.

Education

The Burmese Chinese place a high importance on education, and represent a disproportionately high share of those with advanced (medical, engineering or doctorate) degrees in Burma. The number would be higher still had it not been for the longstanding ban on those without Burmese citizenship from pursuing advanced degrees. Nowadays, many wealthy Burmese Chinese send their children overseas--particularly in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, for advanced studies. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore [4]

Names

The Burmese Chinese have Burmese names and many also have Chinese names. Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Given names in various Chinese dialects are often transliterated into the Burmese language, using rough equivalents. The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ myà̃mà bàθà MLCTS: myanma bhasa) is the official Language of Burma. For example, a Burmese Chinese person named 'Khin Aung' may have the Chinese name of 慶豐 (pinyin: Qìngfēng), with '慶' (pinyin: qìng) corresponding to 'Khin', and '豐' (pinyin: fēng) corresponding to 'Aung'. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use However, variations of transcription do exist (between dialects), and some Burmese Chinese do not choose to adopt similar-sounding Burmese and Chinese names. Because the Burmese lack surnames, many Burmese Chinese tend to pass on portions of their given names to future generations, for the purpose of denoting lineage.

According to publications of Longsei Tang, a clan association based in Yangon, the ten most common Chinese surnames in Yangon are:

  1. Li (李)
  2. Peng (彭)
  3. Shi (時)
  4. Dong (董)
  5. Min (閔)
  6. Niu (牛)
  7. Bian (邊)
  8. Xin (辛)
  9. Guan (關)
  10. Tsui/Hsu(徐)

Cuisine

The Burmese Chinese cuisine is based on Chinese cuisine, particularly from Fujian, Guangdong and Yunnan provinces, with local influences. Dong (董 in Pinyin: Dǒng Standard Romanization (Cantonese: Tung is a common Chinese family names Prominent people with the family name Dong Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in This article is about the People's Republic of China province Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Spices such as turmeric and chili are commonly used. Turmeric ( Curcuma longa) is a Rhizomatous Herbaceous Perennial plant of the Ginger family Zingiberaceae Chili powder is a Generic name for any powdered Spice mix composed chiefly of Chili peppers, most commonly either red peppers or cayenne peppers The following is a partial list of Chinese contributions to the overall Burmese cuisine. These are an established part of today's Burmese cuisine that they are hardly differentiated as a foreign cuisine.

History

Yunnanese Buddhist Temple in Mandalay
Yunnanese Buddhist Temple in Mandalay

The earliest records of Chinese migration were in the Song and Ming dynasties. Youtiao, you char kway, or yau ja gwai, sometimes known in English as Chinese cruller or fried bread stick, Fried rice is a popular component of Chinese cuisine and other forms of Asian cuisine. Mooncakes are Chinese pastry traditionally eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led [3] In the 1700s, Ming Dynasty princes settled in Kokang (the northern part of present-day Burma). The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Kokang ( Chinese: 果敢 Pinyin: Guǒgǎn was the only Burmese Chinese feudal state in Burma Chinese traders, however, would typically travel as far as the capital city as well as northern towns on the Irrawaddy such as Bhamo. The Ayeyarwady River or Irrawaddy River ( is a River that flows from north to south of Burma (Myanmar Bhamo is a city of Kachin State in northernmost part of Myanmar, located 186 km south from the capital city of Myitkyina. Some of them stayed and started a Chinese community at Amarapura, and when King Mindon Min moved his capital to Mandalay in 1859, the Chinese were the only community that decided to stay behind. Amarapura ( lit City of Immortality is a city in the Mandalay Division of Myanmar, situated 11 km to the south of Mandalay. Mindon Min (မင်းတုန်းမင်း born Maung Lwin 8 July 1808 in Amarapura, died 1 October 1878 in Golden Mandalay is the second largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar and is the economic and cultural hub of Upper Burma Their descendants, many intermarried into the host society, remain important and respected citizens of Amarapura. Another wave of immigration occurred in the 1800s under the British colonial administration. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Britain encouraged immigration of Indians and Chinese to its colonial possessions, and such incentives with opportunities for work and enterprise and for accumulating wealth attracted many Chinese. They came to Burma via Malaysia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and [3] The Chinese quickly became dominant in the highly lucrative rice and gem industries. Many became merchants and traders owning both wholesale and retail businesses. Their success was reflected in the popular Burmese expression, "Earn like the Chinese, save like the Indian, and don't waste money like the Bamar". They integrated well into Burmese society not least because they, like the Bamar, were of Sino-Tibetan stock and were Buddhists, implicit in the nickname pauk hpaw (lit. A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the sibling). [5] The Chinese are arguably the only other race the Bamar historically have a high regard for, not just for their ancient and uninterrupted civilization but for their skills and intellect as well.

During the 1950s, Burma was one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of China as a nation. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES However, its own Chinese population was treated as aliens. The Burmese Chinese were issued foreign registration cards (FRC), which declared that they were citizens of China. A similar discrimination policy was set up for Indians. The Burmese Indians ( are a group of Overseas Indians from Myanmar (formerly Burma When the Chinese Communists expelled the Kuomintang, many fled to Burma and Thailand over the borders of Yunnan Province. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Burmese government fought and removed the armed KMT and forced them to Taiwan;[6] those who managed to stay prospered. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.

In 1962, Ne Win led a coup d'état and declared himself head of state. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ne Win (နေဝင်း nè wín 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002; born Shu Although a kabya himself, he banned Chinese-language education, and created other measures to compel the Chinese to leave. Ne Win's government stoked up racial animosity and ethnic conflicts against the Chinese, who were terrorized by Burmese citizens, the most violent riots taking place at the time of the Cultural Revolution in China. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into [6] When Ne Win implemented the "Burmese Way to Socialism", a plan to nationalize all industries, the livelihoods of many entrepreneurial Chinese were destroyed and some 100,000 Chinese left the country. The Burmese Way to Socialism is the name of the ideology of Burmese ruler Ne Win, who ruled the country from 1962 to 1988 [6] All schools were nationalized, including Chinese-language schools. Beginning in 1967 and continuing throughout the 1970s, anti-Chinese riots continued to flare up and many believed they were covertly supported by the government. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. [7] Many Burmese Chinese left the country during Ne Win's rule, largely because of a failing economy and widespread discrimination.

The first government-sponsored racial riots to take place in Burma was in 1967, during General Ne Win’s rule. Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Ne Win (နေဝင်း nè wín 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002; born Shu In the riots, the general populace went on a killing spree because of sedition and instigation against the Chinese by various government departments. The massacre lasted for about five consecutive days, during which thousands of Chinese died or were left dying in the streets of Rangoon. Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Some of the Chinese were thrown alive from the second and third floors of buildings in downtown Rangoon. The dead and wounded Chinese were hauled up unceremoniously and dumped onto army trucks and taken to 'htauk kyan' incinerators and the ‘carcasses’ were sent up in smoke. That showed the true bestial and cruel side of the character of the ruling Burma Military Junta. The only “crime” the Chinese committed was the wearing of Chairman Mao’s badges on their shirts. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led [8][9][10]

Latha Secondary School was torched by the henchmen of General Ne Win's government, where school girls were burnt alive. Chinese shops were looted and set on fire. Public attention was successfully diverted by Ne Win from the uncontrollable inflation, scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of rice. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many

Today, the majority of Burmese Chinese live in the major cities of Yangon, Mandalay, Taunggyi, Bago, and their surrounding areas. Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Mandalay is the second largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar and is the economic and cultural hub of Upper Burma Taunggyi ( is the capital of Shan State, Myanmar. Taunggyi has a population of approximately 200000 making it the fourth largest city in Myanmar (behind According to Global Witness, 30 to 40% of Mandalay's population consists of ethnic Chinese. Global Witness is an international NGO established in 1993 that works to break the links between natural resource exploitation conflict Poverty, corruption Mandalay is the second largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar and is the economic and cultural hub of Upper Burma Although there are Chinatowns (tayoke tan) in the major cities, the Chinese are widely dispersed. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. The northern region of Burma has seen an influx of mainland Chinese immigrant workers, black market traders and gamblers. Mainlanders (also called Inlanders) are people who live in a region considered a "mainland" In the Kachin State, which borders China in three directions, Mandarin Chinese is the lingua franca. Kachin State ( Jingphaw Mungdaw) is the northernmost state of Burma. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely

Notable Burmese Chinese

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hooker, Michael Barry (2002). General Thein Sein (သိန္းစိန္ is the prime minister of Myanmar. Kokang ( Chinese: 果敢 Pinyin: Guǒgǎn was the only Burmese Chinese feudal state in Burma Panthays form a group of Chinese Muslims in Burma Some people refer to Panthays as the oldest group of Chinese Muslims in Burma British Chinese, including British-born Chinese (often informally referred to as BBC) are people of Chinese ancestry who were born in or have migrated Law and the Chinese in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-125-9.  
  2. ^ "China's Ambitions in Myanmar", July 2000.  
  3. ^ a b c d Mya Than (1997). in Leo Suryadinata: Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. ISBN 0-312-17576-0.  
  4. ^ Win, Htet. "The Road To Riches?", The Irrawaddy, 2004-07. This article is about a newsmagazine For other uses of the term please see Irrawaddy. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem  
  5. ^ Aung, Pho Thar. "Tango with China", The Irrawaddy, 2003-09-16. This article is about a newsmagazine For other uses of the term please see Irrawaddy. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Retrieved on 2006-06-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem  
  6. ^ a b c d e Martin Smith (1991). Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London,New Jersey: Zed Books, 153-154,225-226,98,39.  
  7. ^ Steinberg, David L. (2002). Burma: The State of Myanmar. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-893-2.  
  8. ^ Various Goernment Newspapers in Burma.
  9. ^ Asia Week, Far Eastern Economic Review.
  10. ^ Bertil Litner Bangkok Post Thailand
  11. ^ Backman, Michael. "Burma's banking meltdown goes unnoticed beyond its borders", The Age, 2003-03-30. The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Retrieved on 2006-06-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.  
  12. ^ Kuppuswamy, C. S. (2004-09-11). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul MYANMAR: The shake- up and the fall out.. South Asia Analysis Group. Retrieved on 22 May 2006.
  13. ^ Leong, S. T. (1997). Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History. Stanford University Press. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in  
  14. ^ Backman, Michael. "Burma's banking meltdown goes unnoticed beyond its borders", The Age, The Age, 2003-03-30. The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Retrieved on 2006-06-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.  
  15. ^ Zaw Htet. "FMI profits beat the business blues", The Myanmar Times, 2006-11-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"  
  16. ^ Strachan, Paul (1989). Pagan - Art and Architecture of Old Burma. Kiscadale.  

External links

This article is about a newsmagazine For other uses of the term please see Irrawaddy.
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