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Burgundy vineyards : The Côte de Nuits
Burgundy vineyards : The Côte de Nuits

Burgundy wine (French: Bourgogne) is wine made in the Burgundy AOC region of France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Appellation d’origine contrôlée ( AOC) which translates as "controlled term of origin" is the French certification granted to certain French Most wine produced here is either red wine made from Pinot Noir grapes or white wine made from Chardonnay grapes, although red and white wines are also made from other grape varieties, such as Gamay and Aligoté respectively. Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Gamay is a purple-colored Grape variety used to make Red wines most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours Aligoté is a white Grape used to make dry white Wines in the Burgundy region of France, and which also has significant plantings in much Small amounts of Rosé and sparkling wine are also produced.

Contents

Geography and climate

The appellations of Burgundy (not including Chablis)
The appellations of Burgundy (not including Chablis)

The Burgundy region runs from Auxerre in the north down to Mâcon in the south, or down to Lyon if the Beaujolais area is included as part of Burgundy. Auxerre (pronounced) is a commune in the Bourgogne region of north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. Mâcon is a commune of France, préfecture (capital of the Saône-et-Loire département, in the Bourgogne ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin Chablis, a white wine made from Chardonnay grapes, is produced in the area around Auxerre. The Chablis region is the northernmost Wine district of Burgundy, France. Other smaller appellations near to Chablis include the Irancy AOC, which produces red wines.

Some way south of Chablis is the Côte d'Or, where Burgundy's most famous and most expensive wines are found. The Côte d'Or (English Golden hillside is a limestone Escarpment in Burgundy, France that lends its name to the department which The Côte d'Or itself is split into two parts: the Côte de Nuits which starts just south of Dijon and runs till Corgoloin, a few kilometers south of the town of Nuits-Saint-Georges, and the Côte de Beaune which starts at Ladoix and ends at Dezize-les-Maranges. The Côte de Nuits is the northern part of the Cote d'Or, the limestone ridge that is home to the great names of Burgundy wine Corgoloin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. Nuits-Saint-Georges is a commune in the Arrondissement of Beaune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. The Côte de Beaune area is the southern part of the Côte d'Or, the limestone ridge that is home to the great names of Burgundy wine. Ladoix-Serrigny is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. The wine-growing part of this area in the heart of Burgundy is just 40km long, and in most places less than 2km wide. The area is made up of tiny villages surrounded by a combination of flat and sloped vineyards. The best wines - "Grand Cru" - from this region are usually grown from the middle and higher part of the slopes, where the vineyards have the most exposure to sunshine and the best drainage, while the "Premier Cru" come from a little less favourably exposed slopes. A grand cru ( French for great growth) is a Regional wine classification that designates a Vineyard known for its favorable reputation in producing The relatively ordinary "Village" wines are produced from the flat territory nearer the villages. The Côte de Nuits contains 24 out of the 25 red Grand Cru appellations in Burgundy, while all of the region's white Grand Crus are located in the Côte de Beaune.

Further south is the Côte Chalonnaise, where again a mix of mostly red and white wines are produced, although the appellations found here such as Mercurey, Rully and Givry are less well known than their counterparts in the Côte d'Or. Côte Chalonnaise is a subregion of the Burgundy wine region of France.

Below the Côte Chalonnaise is the Mâconnais region, known for producing large quantities of easy-drinking and more affordable white wine. The Mâconnais district lies in the south of the Burgundy wine region in France, west of the River Saône. Further south again is the Beaujolais region, famous for fruity red wines made from Gamay. Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin Gamay is a purple-colored Grape variety used to make Red wines most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours

Burgundy experiences a continental climate characterized by very cold winters and hot summers. The weather is very unpredictable with rains, hail, and frost all possible around harvest time. Because of this climate, there is a lot of variation between vintages from Burgundy.

History

Harvest time in the Chablis Premier Cru of Fourchaume.
Harvest time in the Chablis Premier Cru of Fourchaume.

From about the year 900 up to the French Revolution, the vineyards of Burgundy were owned by the Church. A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic After the revolution, the vineyards were broken up and sold to the workers who had tended them. The Napoleonic inheritance laws resulted in the continued subdivision of the most precious vineyard holdings, so that some growers hold only a row or two of vines. The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) is the French Civil code, established under A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant This led to the emergence of négociants who aggregate the produce of many growers to produce a single wine. A négociant is the French term for a Wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name It has also led to a profusion of increasingly small family-owned wineries, exemplified by the dozen plus "Gros" family domaines. A winery is a building or property that produces Wine, or a business involved in the production of wine such as a wine company.

Burgundy wine has experienced much change over the past seventy-five years. Economic depression during the 1930s was followed by the devastation caused by World War II. After the War, the vignerons returned home to their unkempt vineyards. The soils and vines had suffered and were sorely in need of nurturing. The growers began to fertilize, bringing their vineyards back to health. Those who could afford it added potassium, a silver-white metallic chemical element that contributes to vigorous growth. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 By the mid-1950s, the soils were balanced, yields were reasonably low and the vineyards produced some of the most stunning wines in the 20th century.

Understandably, the farmers had no inclination to fix what wasn't broken. So for the next 30 years, they followed the advice of renowned viticultural experts, who advised them to keep spraying their vineyards with chemical fertilizers, including potassium. While a certain amount of potassium is natural in the soil and good for healthy growth, too much is bad because it leads to low acidity levels, which adversely affect the quality of the wine.

As the concentration of chemicals in the soil increased, so did the yields. In the past 30 years, yields have risen by two-thirds in the appellations contrôlées vineyards of the Côte d'Or, from 29 hectoliters per hectare (yearly average from 1951 to 1960) to almost 48 hectoliters per hectare (1982-91), according to a study by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine. With higher yields came wines of less flavor and concentration.

The Burgundians pushed their vineyards. They fertilized them, sprayed them and replanted them with high-yield clones to increase crop levels. Like overfishing that can leave a lake practically sterile, overworking the soil sapped it of its natural balance. Soils that had contributed to Burgundy's reputation for a millennium became depleted by overdependence on chemicals and other modern techniques in just 30 years [1].

The period between 1985 and 1995 was a turning point in Burgundy. During this time many Burgundian domaines renewed efforts in the vineyards and gradually set a new course in winemaking. All this led to deeper, more complex wines [2]. Today, the Burgundy wine industry is reaping the rewards of those impressive efforts.

Wine characteristics and classification

2 bottles of Red Burgundy from Gevrey-Chambertin, Côte de Nuits.
2 bottles of Red Burgundy from Gevrey-Chambertin, Côte de Nuits. Gevrey-Chambertin is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France. The Côte de Nuits is the northern part of the Cote d'Or, the limestone ridge that is home to the great names of Burgundy wine

Burgundy is in some ways the most terroir-oriented region in France; immense attention is paid to the area of origin, and in which of the region's 400 types of soil a wine's grapes are grown. Terroir (/t̪εʁwaʁ/ in French (terruño pago was originally a French term in Wine, Coffee and Tea used to denote the special characteristics As opposed to Bordeaux, where classifications are producer-driven and awarded to individual chateaux, Burgundy classifications are geographically-focused. A specific vineyard or region will bear a given classification, regardless of the wine's producer. This focus is reflected on the wine's labels where appellations are most prominent and producer's names often appear at the bottom in much smaller text.

The main Burgundy classifications, in descending order of quality, are: Grand crus, Premier crus, Commune or Village, and finally generic Bourgogne. A grand cru ( French for great growth) is a Regional wine classification that designates a Vineyard known for its favorable reputation in producing

Other Burgundy AOCs that are not as often seen are Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains AOC (which can contain up to two thirds Gamay (the grape of Beaujolais) in addition to Pinot noir), Bourgogne Aligoté (which is primarily made with the Aligoté grape), and Bourgogne Grand Ordinaire. Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains is a Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC for Wine from the region of Burgundy in France. Gamay is a purple-colored Grape variety used to make Red wines most notably grown in Beaujolais and in the Loire Valley around Tours Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin Aligoté is a white Grape used to make dry white Wines in the Burgundy region of France, and which also has significant plantings in much The latter is the lowest AOC, and Grand is intended to refer to the size of the area eligible to produce it, not its quality. There are certain regions that are allowed to put other grapes in miscellaneous AOCs, but for the most part these rules hold. These regulations are even confusing to the majority of French adults, according to research (Franson). Sparkling wine is also produced, as Crémant de Bourgogne. Chablis wines are labeled using a similar hierarchy of Grand Cru, Premier Cru and Village wines, whereas wines from Beaujolais are treated differently again. Chablis is a town and commune of the Yonne département in France. Beaujolais is a French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC Wine generally made of the Gamay Grape which has a thin

In total, there are around 150 separate AOCs in Burgundy, including those of Chablis and Beaujolais. [1] While an impressive number, it does not include the several hundred named vineyards at the Village and Premier Cru level which may be displayed on the label, since at the Village and Premier Cru level, there is only one set of appellation rules per village. The total number of vineyard-differentiated AOCs that may be displayed is well in excess of 500.

Production

One of the main wineries that produces Crémant de Bourgogne
One of the main wineries that produces Crémant de Bourgogne

Burgundy vineyards make up some 60,000 acres (240 km²) of production. Generally, the small wine growers sell their grapes to larger producers called negociants who blend and bottle the wine. The roughly 115 negociants who produce the majority of the wine only control around 8% of the area. Individual growers have around 67% of the area, but produce only around 25% of the wine. Some small wineries produce only 100-200 cases/year while many producers make a few thousand cases/year. Grower/producer made wines can be identified by the terms Mis en bouteille au domaine, Mis au domaine, or Mis en bouteille à la propriété. The largest producer is Maison Louis Latour in Beaune with 350,000 cases/year. The negociants may use the term Mis en bouteille dans nos caves (bottled in our cellars), but are not entitled to use the estate bottled designation of the grower/producers.

Grape Varieties

For the white grapes, Chardonnay is the most common. Chardonnay is a green-skinned Grape variety used to make white Wine. Another grape found in the region is Aligoté, which mostly produces cheaper wines which are higher in acidity. Aligoté is a white Grape used to make dry white Wines in the Burgundy region of France, and which also has significant plantings in much Aligoté from Burgundy is the wine traditionally used for the Kir drink, where it is mixed with blackcurrant liqueur. Sauvignon Blanc is also grown in the Saint Bris apellation. Sauvignon blanc is a green-skinned Grape variety which originates from the Bordeaux region of France. Chablis, Macon wines and the Cote d'Or whites are all produced from 100% Chardonnay grapes.

For the red grapes, all production in the Cote d'Or is focused on the Pinot noir grape while the Gamay grape is grown in Beaujolais. Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. In the Cote de Nuits region, 90% of the production is red grapes.

Expensive reputation

Burgundy is home to some of the most expensive wines in the world, including those of Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Domaine Leroy, Henri Jayer, Emmanuel Rouget, Domaine Dugat-Py, Domaine Leflaive and Domaine Armand Rousseau. Domaine de la Romanée-Conti (DRC is an estate in Burgundy, France that produces white and red wine Henri Jayer (1922&ndash September 20, 2006) was a French Vintner who is credited with introducing However, some top vintage first growth Bordeaux wines and a few iconic wines from the New World are more expensive than some grand cru class Burgundy. First Growth (Premier Cru status refers to a classification of Wines primarily from the Bordeaux region of France A Bordeaux wine is any Wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.

The British wine critic Jancis Robinson emphasizes that "price is an extremely unreliable guide" and that "what a wine sells for often has more to do with advertising hype and marketing decisions than the quality contained in the bottle. Jancis Mary Robinson OBE, MW (born in Cumbria on April 22 1950) is a British Wine Critic, journalist " While Grand Crus often command steep prices, village level wines from top producers can be found at quite reasonable prices.

See also

References

  1. ^ Arrêté du 19 juillet 2004 relatif à la composition des comités régionaux vins et eaux-de-vie de l'Institut national des appellations d'origine - document listing which regional committee is responsible for approving wines which appellation

Further reading

External links

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