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Bullying is a problem that can be detrimental to students’ well-being and development.
Bullying is a problem that can be detrimental to students’ well-being and development[1].

Bullying is the act of intentionally causing harm to others, through verbal harassment, physical assault, or other more subtle methods of coercion such as manipulation. Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behaviour The term commonly refers to behaviour intended to disturb or upset and when the term is used in a legal sense it refers Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying, [2] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat. [3]

Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.

In colloquial speech, bullying often describes a form of harassment perpetrated by an abuser who possesses more physical and/or social power and dominance than the victim. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a target. The harassment can be verbal, physical and/or emotional. Sometimes bullies will pick on people bigger or smaller than their size. Bullies hurt people verbally and physically because they themselves have been the victim of bullying, (e. g. a bullying child who is abused at home, or bullying adults who are abused by their colleagues).

Many programs have been started to prevent bullying at schools with promotional speakers. Bullying consists of two types - verbal and physical.

Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus defines bullying as when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons. " He defines negative action as "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways. "[4]

Bullying can occur in any setting where human beings interact with each other. This includes school, religious community, the workplace, home and neighborhoods. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" It is even a common push factor in migration. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Bullying can exist between social groups, social classes and even between countries (see Jingoism). In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy"

Contents

Definition

Bullying is an act of repeated aggressive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person, physically or mentally. Bullying is characterized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person (Besag, 1989). Behaviors may include name calling, verbal or written abuse, exclusion from activities, exclusion from social situations, physical abuse, or coercion (Carey, 2003; Whitted & Dupper, 2005). Bullies may behave this way to be perceived as popular or tough or to get attention. They may bully out of jealousy or be acting out because they themselves are bullied (Crothers & Levinson, 2004).

USA National Center for Education Statistics suggests that bullying can be broken into two categories: Direct bullying, and indirect bullying which is also known as social aggression. [1]

Ross states that direct bullying involves a great deal of physical aggression such as shoving and poking, throwing things, slapping, choking, punching and kicking, beating, stabbing, pulling hair, scratching, biting, scraping and pinching. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm [5]

He also suggests that social aggression or indirect bullying is characterized by threatening the victim into social isolation. Social isolation can contribute toward many emotional behavioural and physical disorders including anxiety panic attacks eating disorders addictions substance abuse violent behaviour This isolation is achieved through a wide variety of techniques, including spreading gossip, refusing to socialize with the victim, bullying other people who wish to socialize with the victim, and criticizing the victim's manner of dress and other socially-significant markers (including the victim's race, religion, disability, etc). Ross (1998)[5] outlines other forms of indirect bullying which are more subtle and more likely to be verbal, such as name calling, the silent treatment, arguing others into submission, manipulation, gossip/ false gossip, lies, rumors/ false rumors, staring, giggling, laughing at the victim, saying certain words that trigger a reaction from a past event, and mocking. Children's charity Act Against Bullying was set up in 2003 to help children who were victims of this type of bullying by researching and publishing coping skills. Act Against Bullying, also known as AAB is a national charity in the United Kingdom founded in 2003 by Louise Burfitt-Dons The purpose of the charity

Effects

The effects of bullying can be serious and even fatal. Mona O’Moore Ph. D of the Anti-Bullying Centre, Trinity College Dublin, said, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide". [6]

Victims of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness. Loneliness is an Emotional state in which a Person experiences a powerful feeling of Emptiness and isolation. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth [7]

The National Conference of State Legislatures said:

"In 2002, a report released by the U. S. Secret Service concluded that bullying played a significant role in many school shootings and that efforts should be made to eliminate bullying behavior. " [8]

Characteristics of bullies

Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are authoritarian, combined with a strong need to control or dominate. [9] It has also been suggested that a deficit in social skills and a prejudicial view of subordinates can be particular risk factors. Social Skills are a group of skills which people need to interact and communicate with others [10]

Further studies have shown that while envy and resentment may be motives for bullying,[11] there is little evidence to suggest that bullies suffer from any deficit in self esteem (as this would make it difficult to bully). Envy (also called invidiousness) may be defined as an Emotion that "occurs when a person lacks another’s superior quality achievement or possession and Resentment (also called rancour, or ranklement) is an Emotion of Anger or bitterness felt repeatedly as a result of a real or imagined wrong In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth [12] However, bullying can also be used as a tool to conceal and boost self esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser himself feels empowered.

Researchers have identified other risk factors such as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions. Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as A person's self image is the mental picture generally of a kind that is quite resistant to change that depicts not only details that are potentially available to objective [13]

Bullying may also be "tradition" in settings where an age group or higher rank feels superior than lowerclassmen, such as in the Russian Army where conscripts in their second year of service typically bully and control first year conscripts.

It is often suggested that bullying behavior has its origin in childhood:

"If aggressive behaviour is not challenged in childhood, there is a danger that it may become habitual. Indeed, there is research evidence, to indicate that bullying during childhood puts children at risk of criminal behaviour and domestic violence in adulthood. "[6]

Bullying does not necessarily involve criminality or physical violence. For example, bullying often operates through psychological abuse or verbal abuse. Psychological abuse or emotional abuse is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful An insult (also called putdown) is an expression statement or behavior that is considered degrading

Bullying can often be associated with street gangs, especially at school. Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game.

History of bullying

High-level forms of violence such as assault and murder usually receive most media attention, but lower-level forms of violence such as bullying, has only in recent years started to be addressed by researchers, educators, parents and legislators (Whitted & Dupper, 2005).

It is only in recent years that bullying has been recognised and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have been well documented cases the were recorded in a different context. The Fifth Volume of the Newgate Calendar [14] contains at least one example where Eton Scholars George Alexander Wood and Alexander Wellesley Leith were charged, at Aylesbury Assizes, with killing and slaying the Hon. F. Ashley Cooper on February 28, 1825 in an incident that would now, surely be described as "lethal hazing"[15]. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Hazing is an often Ritualistic test and a task which may constitute Harassment, Abuse or Humiliation with requirements to perform random often The Newgate calendar contains several other examples that, while not as distinct, could be considered indicative of situations of bullying.

Types of bullying

School bullying

Main article: School bullying

In schools, bullying usually occurs in all areas of school. School bullying is a type of Bullying that occurs in connection with education either inside or outside of school It can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, though it more often occurs in PE, recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and waiting for buses, classes that require group work and/or after school activities. A school bus is a Bus used to transport Children and Adolescents to and from School and school events Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of, or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next victim. These bullies will taunt and tease their target before physically bullying the target. Targets of bullying in school are often pupils who are considered strange or different by their peers to begin with, making the situation harder for them to deal with. Some children bully because they have been isolated, and they have a deep need for belonging, but they do not possess the social skills to effectively keep friends (see social rejection). [7] "When you're miserable, you need something more miserable than yourself. " This may explain the negative actions towards others that bullies exhibit. However, just like with adults, there are also those who simply enjoy hurting other people.

Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself: there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse, humiliation, or exclusion - even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies. [16][17]

School shootings receive an enormous amount of media attention. School shooting is a term used to refer to Gun violence primarily in educational institutions especially the Mass murder or Spree killing of people connected The children who perpetrate these shootings sometimes claim that they were victims of bullying and that they resorted to violence only after the school administration repeatedly failed to intervene. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes [8] In many of these cases, the victims of the shooters sued both the shooters' families and the schools. [18]

Some suggest these rare but horrific events have led schools to try harder to discourage bullying, with programs designed to teach students cooperation, as well as training peer moderators in intervention and dispute resolution techniques, as a form of peer support. Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties. Peer support occurs when people provide emotional or practical help to each other

American victims and their families have legal recourse, such as suing a school or teacher for failure to adequately supervise, racial or gender discrimination, or other civil rights violations. A legal recourse is an action that can be taken by an individual or a corporation to attempt to remedy a legal difficulty Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Special education students who are victimized may sue a school or school board under the ADA or Section 504. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA is the short title of United States ( codified at et seq The US Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by Federal agencies in programs receiving Federal financial assistance in

Workplace bullying

Main article: Workplace bullying

According to the Workplace Bullying and Trauma Institute workplace bullying is "repeated, health-harming mistreatment, verbal abuse, or conduct which is threatening, humiliating, intimidating, or sabotage that interferes with work or some combination of the three. Workplace bullying, like Childhood Bullying, is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behavior against a co-worker "[19]. Statistics show that bullying is 3 times as prevalent as illegal discrimination and at least 1,600 times as prevalent as workplace violence. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Statistics also show that while only one employee in every 10,000 becomes a victim of workplace violence, one in six experiences bullying at work. Bullying is a little more common than sexual harassment but not verbal abuse which occurs more than bullying. Verbal Abuse is a hardcore and Crossover thrash band originally from Houston Texas, but which became successful after moving to San Francisco

Unlike the more physical form of schoolyard bullying, workplace bullying often takes place within the established rules and policies of the organization and society. Such actions are not necessarily illegal and may not even be against the firm's regulations; however, the damage to the targeted employee and to workplace morale is obvious.

Particularly when perpetrated by a group, workplace bullying is sometimes known as mobbing. Mobbing is a term referring to a type of animal behaviour A newer use refers to a group behavioural phenomenon in workplaces

Cyberbullying

Main article: Cyberbullying

According to Canadian educator Bill Belsey, it:

. Cyber-bullying involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate repeated and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to . . involves the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal Web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling Web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others.

—Cyberbullying: An Emerging Threat to the Always On Generation[20]

Bullies will even create blogs to intimidate victims worldwide. [21]

Political bullying

Main article: Jingoism

Jingoism occurs when one country imposes its will on another. Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy" Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "extreme Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy" This is normally done with military force or threats. With threats, it is common to ensure that aid and grants will not be given to the smaller country or that the smaller country will not be allowed to join a trading organization. Often political corruptions, coup d'états, and kleptocracies are the solution and response to the countries being bullied. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain A kleptocracy (sometimes cleptocracy, occasionally kleptarchy) ( root klepto+kratein = rule by thieves) is a term applied to a

Military bullying

In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as: “. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters . . the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments. ”[22] A review of a number of deaths by suicide at Princess Royal Barracks, Deepcut by Nicholas Blake QC indicated that whilst a culture of bullying existed during the mid to late 1990s many of the issues were being addressed as a result of the Defence Training Review. The Princess Royal Barracks Deepcut, commonly referred to as Deepcut Barracks, is the headquarters of the Royal Logistic Corps (RLC of the British Army Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are [23]

Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed because of a general academic consensus that "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying. [24]

In some countries, ritual hazing among recruits has been tolerated and even lauded as a rite of passage that builds character and toughness; while in others, systematic bullying of lower-ranking, young or physically slight recruits may in fact be encouraged by military policy, either tacitly or overtly (see dedovschina). Hazing is an often Ritualistic test and a task which may constitute Harassment, Abuse or Humiliation with requirements to perform random often A rite of passage is a Ritual that marks a change in a person's social or sexual status Dedovshchina (дедовщи́на is the name given to the informal system of subjugation of new junior conscripts for the Russian armed forces, Interior Also, the Russian army usually have older/more experienced candidates abusing - kicking or punching - less experienced soldiers. [25].

Hazing

Main articles: Hazing and Ragging

Hazing is an often ritualistic test which may constitute harassment, abuse or humiliation with requirements to perform meaningless tasks; sometimes as a way of initiation into a social group. Hazing is an often Ritualistic test and a task which may constitute Harassment, Abuse or Humiliation with requirements to perform random often Rag (student society Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and in many other countries The term can refer to either physical (sometimes violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It is a subjective matter where to draw to line between 'normal' hazing (somewhat abusive) and a mere rite of passage (essentially bonding; proponents may argue they can coincide), and there is a gray area where exactly the other side passes over into sheer degrading, even harmful abuse that should not even be tolerated if accepted voluntarily (serious but avoidable accidents do still happen; even deliberate abuse with similar grave medical consequences occurs, in some traditions even rather often). A rite of passage is a Ritual that marks a change in a person's social or sexual status Furthermore, as it must be a ritual initiation, a different social context may mean a same treatment is technically hazing for some, not for others, e. g. a line-crossing ceremony when passing the equator at sea is hazing for the sailor while the extended (generally voluntary, more playful) application to passengers is not. The ceremony of Crossing the Line is an initiation Rite in the Royal Navy, U

Hazing has been reported in a variety of social contexts, including:

Hazing is considered a felony in several US states, and anti-hazing legislation has been proposed in other states.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Student Reports of Bullying, Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, US National Center for Education Statistics
  2. ^ Harassment, Discrimination and Bullying Policy - University of Manchester
  3. ^ At least 15 states have passed laws addressing bullying among school children. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Social defeat refers to losing a confrontation among conspecific animals or any kind of hostile dispute among humans in either a dyadic or in a group-individual context generating Teasing is a word with many meanings In human interactions teasing comes in two major forms playful and hurtful. A protection racket is an Extortion scheme whereby a powerful entity or individual coerces other less powerful entities or individuals to pay protection money The following is a list of books on Bullying and related topics School shooting is a term used to refer to Gun violence primarily in educational institutions especially the Mass murder or Spree killing of people connected The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. [1]
  4. ^ Olweus, D. A Research Definition of Bullying
  5. ^ a b Ross, P. N. (1998). Arresting violence: A resource guide for schools and their communities. Toronto: Ontario Public School Teachers' Federation.
  6. ^ a b Anti-Bullying Center Trinity College, Dublin,
  7. ^ a b Williams, K. D. , Forgás, J. P. & von Hippel, W. (Eds. ) (2005). The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying. Psychology Press: New York, NY.
  8. ^ a b School Bullying. National Conference of State Legislatures, Washington, D. C. (retrieved 7 December 2007).
  9. ^ The Harassed Worker, Brodsky, C. (1976), D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts. DC Heath and Company is a small publishing company located at 125 Spring Street in Lexington Massachusetts.
  10. ^ Petty tyranny in organizations , Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755-778 (1994)
  11. ^ Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice, Einarsen, S. , Hoel, H. , Zapf, D. , & Cooper, C. L. (Eds. )(2003), Taylor & Francis, London.
  12. ^ Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools, Batsche, G. M. , & Knoff, H. M. (1994) School PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW, 23 (2), 165-174. EJ 490 574.
  13. ^ Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims, Hazler, R. J. , Carney, J. V. , Green, S. , Powell, R. , & Jolly, L. S. (1997). School Psychology International, 18, 3-12.
  14. ^ Complete Newgate Calendar Tarlton Law Library The University of Texas School of Law
  15. ^ GEORGE ALEXANDER WOOD AND ALEXANDER WELLESLEY LEITH The Complete Newgate Calendar Volume V, Tarlton Law Library The University of Texas School of Law
  16. ^ Garbarino, J. & de Lara, E. (2003). And Words CAN Hurt Forever: How to Protect Adolescents from Bullying, Harassment, and Emotional Violence. The Free Press: New York NY.
  17. ^ Whitted, K. S. (2005). Student reports of physical and psychological maltreatment in schools: An under-explored aspect of student victimization in schools. University of Tennessee.
  18. ^ Brownstein, A. The Bully Pulpit: Post-Columbine, Harassment Victims Take School To Court. TRIAL - the Journal of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America, December 2002.
  19. ^ Namie, Gary and Ruth Workplace Bullying Institute Brochure
  20. ^ Belsey, W Cyberbullying: An Emerging Threat to the Always On Generation
  21. ^ Striking back at the cyberbullies Page, Chris, BBC, UK.
  22. ^ The Values and Standards of the British Army – A Guide to Soldiers, Ministry of Defence, UK March 2000, paragraph 23.
  23. ^ Deepcut Review accessed 14 Jan 07
  24. ^ Social Psychology of the Individual Soldier, Jean M. Callaghan and Franz Kernic 2003 Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues, Lit Verlag, Munster
  25. ^ Military bullying a global problem, BBC, UK Monday, 28 November 2005

External links

Dictionary

bullying

-noun

  1. An act of intimidating a weaker person to do something, especially such repeated coercion.
  2. Persistent acts intended to make life unpleasant for another person.

-verb

  1. Present participle of bully.
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