A bulldozer is a crawler (caterpillar tracked tractor), equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade), used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc, during construction work. A tracked vehicle (also called track-type tractor tractor crawler or track-laying vehicle is a vehicle that runs on tracks instead of Wheels Typically used Continuous tracks are large (modular tracks used on the so-called caterpillar Tanks construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities The term "bulldozer" is often used to mean any heavy engineering vehicle, but precisely, the term refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade. Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms construction Equipment, earth movers heavy equipment or just plain equipment are machines specifically designed to execute That is the meaning used herein.

Contents 1 History 2 History of the word 3 Description 3.1 Ripper 3.2 Blade 4 Modifications 5 Education 6 Uses 6.1 Armored bulldozers 7 See also 8 Derivative word uses 9 References 10 External links

History

The first bulldozers were adapted from Holt farm tractors that were used to plough fields. Benjamin Holt (January 1 1849 Concord, New Hampshire &ndash December 5 1920 Stockton was an American inventor who developed The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed Their versatility in soft ground for logging and road building led directly to their becoming the armoured tank in World War I. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

In 1923, a young farmer named James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod made the first designs for a bulldozer. A replica is on display at the city park in Morrowville, Kansas where the two built the first bulldozer. Morrowville is a city in Washington County, Kansas, United States. ^[1]

By the 1920s, tracked vehicles became common, particularly the Caterpillar 60. The Caterpillar Sixty Horsepower tractor crawler of 1919 became the world's first successful Bulldozer. To dig canals, raise earth dams, and do other earthmoving jobs, these tractors were equipped with a large thick metal plate in front. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees This metal plate (it got its curved shape later) is called a "blade". A blade is the flat part of a Tool, Weapon, or Machine (such as a fan) that normally has a cutting edge and/or pointed end typically made The blade peels layers of soil and pushes it forward as the tractor advances. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Several specialized blades have been developed: for high volume loads such as coal, rakes to remove only larger boulders, or blades with razor sharp edges to cut tree stumps. In Geology, a boulder is a rock with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 Inches diameter A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or In some early models the driver sat on top in the open without a cabin. These attachments, home built or by small equipment manufacturers of attachments for wheeled and crawler tractors and trucks, appeared by 1929, widespread acceptance of the bull-grader does not seem to appear before the mid-1930s, and the addition of powered down force made them the preferred excavation machine for large and small contractors alike by the 1940s, by which time the term "bulldozer" referred to the entire machine and not just the attachment.

Over the years, bulldozers got bigger and more powerful in response to the demand for equipment suited for ever larger earthworks. Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of Soil or unformed rock. Firms like Caterpillar, Komatsu, Fiat-Allis, John Deere, International Harvester, Case, Liebherr, Terex and JCB manufactured large tracked-type earthmoving machines. Caterpillar Inc ( is a United States -based Corporation headquartered in Peoria Illinois. For the city called Komatsu in Ishikawa prefecture Japan see Komatsu Ishikawa. Fiat-Allis is a firm that makes Engineering vehicles It was born in 1974 as a joint venture between Italian Fiat and American Allis-Chalmers. Deere & Company (usually known by its brand name John Deere) ( is an American Corporation based in Moline Illinois, and the leading manufacturer International Harvester Company ( IHC or IH; now Navistar International Corporation) was an agricultural machinery construction equipment Case CE, also Case Construction Equipment or simply Case, is a brand of Construction equipment from CNH Global. The Liebherr Group is a German manufacturer established in 1949 by Hans Liebherr headquartered in Biberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg. Terex Corporation is a diversified global manufacturer of a broad range of Heavy equipment for a variety of industries including construction infrastructure quarrying JCB, or J C Bamford (Excavators Ltd as it is more properly known is a family business named after its founder J

Bulldozers grew more sophisticated as time passed. Important improvements include more powerful engines, more reliable drive trains, better tracks, raised cabins, and hydraulic (instead of early models' cable operated) arms that enable more precise manipulation of the blade and automated controls. For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering As an option, bulldozers can be equipped with rear ripper claw(s) to loosen rocky soils or to break up pavement (roads). A more recent innovation is the outfitting of bulldozers with GPS technology, such as manufactured by Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc., Trimble Inc., or Mikrofyn [www. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Topcon (トプコン Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of optical equipment for Ophthalmology and Surveying. Trimble Navigation Ltd ( based in Sunnyvale California, is a provider of advanced positioning equipment most notably GPS receivers Laser rangefinders mikrofyn. com] for precise grade control and (potentially) "stakeless" construction.

The best known maker of bulldozers is probably Caterpillar which earned its reputation for making tough durable reliable machines. There are however other manufacturers of bulldozers for instance Fiat, Kumatsu or Allis Charmer. Although these machines began as modified farm tractors, they became the mainstay for big civil construction projects, and found their way into use by military construction units world-wide. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Their best known model, the Caterpillar D9, was also used to clear mines and demolish enemy structures. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person Demolition is the opposite of Construction: the tearing-down of Buildings and other Structures It contrasts with deconstruction

History of the word

• Around 1880: In the USA, a "bull-dose" was a large and efficient dose of any sort of medicine or punishment. 'Bull-dosing' meant a severe whipping or coercion, or other intimidation such as at gunpoint. The word whip describes two basic types of tools A long stick-like device usually slightly flexible with a small bit of leather or cord called a "popper" on the Intimidation (also called cowing) is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of Injury or Harm.
• 1800s: term used in engineering for a horizontal forging press.
• 1886: "bulldozer" meant a large-caliber pistol and the person who wielded it.
• Late 1800s: "bulldozing" meant using big force to push over or through any obstacle.
• Later: applied to the vehicle.

These appeared as early as 1929, but were known as "bull grader" blades, and the term "bulldozer blade" did not appear to come into widespread use until the mid 1930s, and now refers to the whole machine not just the attachment. In contemporary usage, "bulldozer" is often shortened to "dozer".

Description

Most often, bulldozers are large and powerful tracked engineering vehicles. Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms construction Equipment, earth movers heavy equipment or just plain equipment are machines specifically designed to execute The tracks give them excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over large area (decreasing pressure), thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles In computer gaming, a MUD ( Multi-User Dungeon, Domain or Dimension) is a multi-player computer game that combines elements of Extra wide tracks are known as 'swamp tracks'. Bulldozers have excellent ground hold and a torque divider designed to convert the engine's power into dragging ability , letting the bulldozer use its own weight to push very heavy things and remove obstacles that are stuck in the ground. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object The Caterpillar D9, for example, can easily tow tanks that weigh more than 70 tons. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical Because of these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear areas of obstacles, shrubbery, burnt vehicles, and remains of structures.

Sometimes a bulldozer is used to push another piece of earthmoving equipment known as a "scraper". The towed Fresno Scraper, invented in 1883 by James Porteous, was the first design to enable this to be done economically, removing the soil from the cut and depositing it elsewhere on shallow ground (fill). The Fresno Scraper was invented in 1883 by the Scottish Immigrant and entrepreneur James Porteous who having worked with farmers in Fresno California Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common James Porteous (1848-1922 was the Scottish-American inventor of the Fresno Scraper. Many dozer blades have a reinforced center section with this purpose in mind, and are called "bull blades. "

The bulldozer's primary tools are the blade and the ripper. A blade is the flat part of a Tool, Weapon, or Machine (such as a fan) that normally has a cutting edge and/or pointed end typically made

Ripper

The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come singly (single shank) or in groups of two or more (multi shank rippers). Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has

Ripping rock lets the ground surface rock be broken into small rubble easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place. Agricultural ripping lets rocky or very hard earth be broken up so otherwise unploughable land can be farmed. For example, much of the best land in the California wine country consists of old lava flows. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures With heavy bulldozers such as the Caterpillar D9 and the Caterpillar D11 the lava is shattered, allowing agriculture. Also, hard earth can be ripped and decompacted to allow planting of orchards where trees could not otherwise grow.

Blade

The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects, and shoving sand, soil and debris. A blade is the flat part of a Tool, Weapon, or Machine (such as a fan) that normally has a cutting edge and/or pointed end typically made Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Debris (ˈdeɪbriː/ /dɛˈbriː is a word used to describe the remains of something that has been otherwise destroyed Dozer blades usually come in three varieties:

1. A Straight Blade ("S-Blade") which is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used for fine grading.
2. A Universal Blade ("U-Blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material.
3. A "S-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry.

In military use, dozer blades are fixed on combat engineering vehicles and can optionally be fitted on other vehicles, such as artillery tractors like the Type 73 or M8 Tractor. Combat engineering vehicles (CEVs are armoured vehicles built for Engineering work on the battlefield or for the transportation of Sappers Types of combat Artillery tractor is a kind of Tractor, also referred to as a gun tractor, a Vehicle used to tow Artillery pieces of varying weights The M8 High-Speed Tractor was an Artillery tractor used by the US Army from 1950. Combat applications for dozer blades include clearing battlefield obstacles and preparing fire positions. ^[2]

Modifications

Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which can work in ways that the original bulldozer cannot.

One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth and loading it into trucks. A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle machinery that is primarily used to "load" material (asphalt demolition debris This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck.

Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making it smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited, such as in mining. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body A very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calfdozer: see images at [1] [2] [3] [4]

Some forms of bulldozers are commonly used in snow removal.

Nevertheless, the original earthmoving bulldozers are still irreplaceable as their tasks are concentrated in deforestation, earthmoving, ground leveling, and road carving. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Heavy bulldozers are mainly employed to level the terrain to prepare it for construction. The construction, however, is mainly done by small bulldozers and loader tractors. A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle machinery that is primarily used to "load" material (asphalt demolition debris

Education

The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools (NAHETS), established 2002, uses bulldozer training schools and curriculum as a method to test and train users in the ability of bulldozer use. The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools (NAHETS founded 2005 is an association of heavy equipment operator training schools in the United States.

Uses

Bulldozers can be found on large and small scale construction sites, mines, military bases, heavy industry factories, and large governmental projects. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body

Armored bulldozers

Main article: Armored bulldozers

Some bulldozers, especially bulldozers in military usage, have been fitted with armor to protect the driver from enemy fire, enabling the bulldozer to operate in battle zones. The armored Bulldozer is a basic tool of Combat engineering. These Combat engineering vehicles combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact The best-known armored bulldozer is probably the IDF Caterpillar D9, used by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) for earthmoving, clearing terrain obstacles, opening routes, detonating explosive charges and demolishing structures under fire. The armored Bulldozer is a basic tool of Combat engineering. These Combat engineering vehicles combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer The armored Bulldozer is a basic tool of Combat engineering. These Combat engineering vehicles combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit The extensive use of armoured bulldozers during the Second Intifada drew controversy and criticism from human rights organizations.

Some bulldozers have been fitted with armor by non-government civilian operators to prevent bystanders or police from interfering with the work performed by the bulldozer, as in the case of strikes or demolition of condemned buildings. See Marvin Heemeyer. Marvin John Heemeyer ( October 28, 1951 &ndash June 4, 2004) was an American Welder and owner of an Automobile

See also

• Civil Engineering
• Engineering vehicle
• Demining - used for landmines clearance
• National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools – US educational organisation
• Mining Simulation

Derivative word uses

• The "Bulldozer" is a popular mixed drink consisting of one shot of Jägermeister and a half can of Red Bull. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms construction Equipment, earth movers heavy equipment or just plain equipment are machines specifically designed to execute Demining is the process of removing Land mines or Naval mines from an area A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools (NAHETS founded 2005 is an association of heavy equipment operator training schools in the United States. A mining simulator is a system used to replicate elements of Mining operations for Training or efficiency analysis A cocktail is a style of Mixed drink. Originally a mixture of distilled spirits, Sugar, Water, and Bitters, the word has gradually A shot glass is a small glass designed to hold or measure Liquor, to be either poured into a mixed drink or drunk straight from the glass (a "shot" Jägermeister (ˈjeːgəˌmɑɪstʰə is a German 70-proof Digestif that is made with Herbs and Spices It is the flagship product of Mast-Jägermeister Red Bull is an energy drink on the market and is sold by Red Bull GmbH. The drink is also known as a "Jäger Bomb".
• The bulldozer shrimp is a tropical sea shrimp so named because it spends much of its time pushing sand out of the hole in which it stays. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh
• Tracked Loaders (also known as Crawler Loaders) are sometimes incorrectly referred to as bulldozers because of the similarity in design.

A Caterpillar D10N bulldozer at work

References

External links

• Bulldozer Specifications and Comparisons
• Bulldozer Specifications
• Construction Equipment and Methods Photographs
• Construction Vehicles Reference CD
• The mechanism of a bulldozer (Short illustrated explanation, with GIF animations, fit for kids)
• Quick Reference Equipment Specs
• Van Natta Bulldozers
• Configure a Caterpillar Bulldozer - from the official website
• Tractor Mounted Dozer Blades - from the Degelman website
• Dozer Simulation
• Bulldozers and GPS Technology
• Pictures and photographs
  • Old bulldozer traversing a cocoa plantation in Ghana
  • Modern CAT D8 bulldozer
  • Small old bulldozer with open cabin
  • CAT largest conventional bulldozer: the D11 dozer
  • Pictures of used bulldozers

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