Bulgarian Български Bălgarski
Spoken in:	Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, the Western Outlands in Serbia, Romania, Greece, Turkey, among emigrant communities worldwide
Region:	The Balkans 12+ million speakers
Total speakers:	10 million[1][2] - 12 Million
Language family:	Indo-European  Balto-Slavic   Slavic    South Slavic     Eastern South Slavic      Bulgarian
Official status
Official language in:	Bulgaria
Regulated by:	Institute of Bulgarian at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Институт за български език)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	bg
ISO 639-2:	bul
ISO 639-3:	bul
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The Western (Bulgarian Outlands (Западни (български покрайнини Zapadni (balgarski pokraynini) is a term used by Bulgarians to describe Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Balto-Slavic language group consists of the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Bulgarian (български език, IPA: [ˈbɤlgarski ɛzik]) is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages

Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian, such as the elimination of case declension, the development of a suffixed definite article (see Balkan linguistic union), the lack of a verb infinitive, and the retention and further development of the proto-Slavic verb system. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the The Balkan Sprachbund or linguistic area is the ensemble of Areal features —similarity in grammar syntax vocabulary and phonology—among languages of In Grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged Various verb forms exist to express unwitnessed, retold, and doubtful action. As of 2007 there are more than 12 million people around the world who speak Bulgarian fluently.

Contents 1 History 2 Alphabet 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Semivowels 3.3 Consonants 3.3.1 Hard and palatalized consonants 3.3.2 Palatalization 3.3.3 Table 3.3.4 Word stress 4 Grammar 4.1 Nominal morphology 4.1.1 Nominal inflection 4.1.1.1 Gender 4.1.1.2 Number 4.1.1.3 Case 4.1.1.3.1 Case remnants 4.1.1.4 Definiteness (article) 4.1.2 Adjective and numeral inflection 4.1.3 Pronouns 4.2 Verbal morphology and grammar 4.2.1 Finite verbal forms 4.2.1.1 Aspect 4.2.1.2 Mood 4.2.1.3 Tense 4.2.2 Non-finite verbal forms 4.3 Adverbs 5 Lexis 6 Syntax 7 Dialects 8 Other features 8.1 Questions 8.2 Significant verbs 8.3 Diminutives and augmentatives 8.4 Conjunctions 9 Particularities 9.1 Particles 9.2 Other 10 Common expressions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

History

Main article: History of Bulgarian

The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods. The History of the Bulgarian language can be divided into four major periods prehistoric period (from the time of the settlement of the Bulgarian Slavs on the Balkans

• Prehistoric period - occurred between the Slavonic migration to eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born
• Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) - a literary norm of the early southern dialect of the Common Slavic language from which Bulgarian evolved. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged It was used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek into Slavic. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly
• Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) - a literary norm that evolved from the earlier Old Bulgarian, after major innovations were accepted. It was a language of rich literary activity and the official administration language of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Second Bulgarian Empire ( Bulgarian: Второ българско царство Vtorо Balgarskо Tsartsvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state
• Modern Bulgarian - dates from the 16th century onwards, undergoing general grammar and syntax changes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Present-day written Bulgarian language was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century Bulgarian vernacular. The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language (Old Bulgarian) to a typical analytic language (Modern Bulgarian) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition. A synthetic language, in Linguistic typology, is a Language with a high Morpheme -per- word ratio In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of

Bulgarian was the first "Slavic" language attested in writing. As Slavic linguistic unity lasted into late antiquity, in the oldest manuscripts this language was initially referred to as языкъ словяньскъ, "the Slavic language". In the Middle Bulgarian period this name was gradually replaced by the name языкъ блъгарьскъ, the "Bulgarian language". In some cases, the name языкъ блъгарьскъ was used not only with regard to the contemporary Middle Bulgarian language of the copyist but also to the period of Old Bulgarian. A most notable example of anachronism is the Service of St. Cyril from Skopje (Скопски миней), a 13th century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern Macedonia according to which St. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century Cyril preached with "Bulgarian" books among the Moravian Slavs. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in the Greek hagiography of Saint Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century). The Archbishopric of Ohrid was an autonomous Bulgarian Orthodox Church under the tutelage of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople between 1019 and Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca

During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Slavonic case system, but preserving the rich verb system (while the development was exactly the opposite in other Slavic languages) and developing a definite article. It was influenced by proto-Bulgar and its non-Slavic neighbors in the Balkan linguistic union (mostly grammatically) and later also by Turkish, which was the official language of Ottoman empire, in the form of the Ottoman language (an earlier form of Turkish), mostly lexically. The Balkan Sprachbund or linguistic area is the ensemble of Areal features —similarity in grammar syntax vocabulary and phonology—among languages of Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the As a national revival occurred towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule (mostly during the 19th century), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged which drew heavily on Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian (and to some extent on literary Russian, which had preserved many lexical items from Church Slavonic) and later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkanic loans. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Today one difference between Bulgarian dialects in the country and literary spoken Bulgarian is the significant presence of Old Bulgarian words and even word forms in the latter. Russian loans are distinguished from Old Bulgarian ones on the basis of the presence of specifically Russian phonetic changes, as in оборот (turnover, rev), непонятен (incomprehensible), ядро (nucleus) and others. As usual in such cases, many other loans from French, English and the classical languages have subsequently entered the language as well. A classical language, is a language with a Literature that is "classical"&mdashie "it should be ancient it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly

Modern Bulgarian was based essentially on the Eastern dialects of the language, but its pronunciation is in many respects a compromise between East and West Bulgarian (see especially the phonetic sections below).

Alphabet

In 886 AD, Bulgaria replaced its old runic alphabet of the proto-Bulgars with the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. Most letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek, Hebrew, and Glagolic and Gotick alphabets.

Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the beginning and the middle of the 19th century during the efforts on the codification of Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov, gained prominence in the 1870s. Professor Marin Stoyanov Drinov (Марин Стоянов Дринов known in Russia as Марин Степанович Дринов ( 1838 - 13 March The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945 when the letters yat (Ѣ, ѣ, called "double e"), and yus (Ѫ, ѫ) were removed from the alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Little Yus and Big Yus, or Jus, are the letters representing two Common Slavonic Nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and

Nowadays the Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script (and occasionally in the Latin, but this is only for names such as on road signs and street signs, which are almost always written in the two scripts). Most countries post signage known as traffic signs or road signs, at the side of Roads to Most countries post signage known as traffic signs or road signs, at the side of Roads to

With accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on January 1, 2007, Cyrillic became the third official alphabet of the EU. The accession of Bulgaria to the European Union took place on 1 January 2007 New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

The following table gives the letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, along with the IPA values for the sound of each letter:

А а /a/	Б б /b/	В в /v/	Г г /g/	Д д /d/	Е е /ɛ/	Ж ж /ʒ/	З з /z/	И и /i/	Й й /j/
К к /k/	Л л /l/	М м /m/	Н н /n/	О о /ɔ/	П п /p/	Р р /r/	С с /s/	Т т /t/	У у /u/
Ф ф /f/	Х х /h/	Ц ц /ʦ/	Ч ч /tʃ/	Ш ш /ʃ/	Щ щ /ʃt/	Ъ ъ /ɤ/	- ь1 /ʲ/	Ю ю /ju/	Я я /ja/

¹ softens consonants before /ɔ/

Most letters in the Bulgarian alphabet stand for just one specific sound. A (А а is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It arose directly from the Greek letter alpha. Ve (В в is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the sound /v/ Ge or He (Г г italics Г, г) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing /g/ or /ɦ/ in different languages De (Д д italics Д д) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. For the Ukrainian alphabet letter Ye (Є є see Ukrainian Ye. Zhe (Ж ж is the letter of Cyrillic alphabet which represents the Voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ ( listen) similar to the s Ze (З з is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /z/ I or Y (И и italics И, и) is a letter of almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets representing typically /i/ (in Old Slavonic Ka (К к is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It is derived from the Greek letter kappa (Κ κ El (Л л is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /l/ unless it comes before a palatalizing vowel when it represents /lʲ/ except in Serbian Em (М м is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing a Bilabial nasal consonant /m/ unless it is before a palatalizing vowel when it represents En (Н н is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It represents the consonant /n/ unless followed by ь or any of the Palatalizing vowels when it represents /nʲ/ O (О о is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /o/ word-initially and after hard consonants Pe (П п (formerly referred to by the mnemonic name pokoy) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /p/ unless followed Er (Р р is the eighteenth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was developed from the Greek letter Rho. Es (С с is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian the nineteenth letter in the Russian and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Te (Т т italics Т, т) is the letter in the Cyrillic alphabet corresponding to T in the Latin alphabet U (У у is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel /u/ after non-palatalized (hard consonants Ef (Ф ф is the twenty-second letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Kha, (Х х is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the Voiceless velar fricative /x/ in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian Tse (Ц ц is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It looks somewhat like U with square corners and a "pig tail" on the bottom right Che or Cha (Ч ч italics Ч ч) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Sha (Ш ш italics Ш ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound /ʃ/ or /ʂ/ Shcha or Shta (Щ щ italics Щ щ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, historically representing The letter Yer or Jer ( Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic alphabet is known as the hard sign (твёрдый знак znak in the modern The soft sign (Ь ь is a symbol in the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Old Slavic language, it represented a short -like vowel but in modern Slavic Cyrillic writing Yu (Ю ю is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ju/ (a so-called iotated vowel or /u/ after a palatalized consonant Ya (Я я is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet, representing either the combination /ja/ (a so-called Iotated vowel) or /a/ after a palatalized consonant Three letters stand for the single expression of combinations of sounds, namely щ (sht), ю (yu), and я (ya). Shcha or Shta (Щ щ italics Щ щ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, historically representing Two sounds do not correspond to separate letters, but are expressed as the combination of two letters, namely дж (/dʒ/) and дз (dz). The letter ь marks the softening (palatalization) of any consonant before /ɔ/. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process ^[3]

About transliteration of Bulgarian into the Latin alphabet (romanization), see romanization of Bulgarian. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Romanization of Bulgarian is the Transliteration of text in the Bulgarian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	и /i/		у /u/
Mid	е /ɛ/	ъ /ɤ/	о /ɔ/
Low		а /a/

Bulgarian's six vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: front, central and back. All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the tense vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages In Phonology, tenseness is a particular Vowel or Consonant quality that is phonemically contrastive in many languages including English The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, and the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approach each other with a tendency to merge, above all as low (open and open-mid) vowels are raised and shift towards the high (close and close-mid) ones. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as The open-mid vowels make a class of Vowel sounds used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A close-mid vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned two-thirds However, the coalescence is not always complete. The vowels are often distinguished in emphatic or deliberately distinct pronunciation, and reduction is strongest in colloquial speech. Besides that, some linguists distinguish two degrees of reduction, as they have found that a clearer distinction tends to be maintained in the syllable immediately preceding the stressed one. The complete merger of the pair /a/ - /ɤ/ is regarded as most common, while the status of /ɔ/ vs /u/ is less clear. A coalescence of /ɛ/ and /i/ is not allowed in formal speech and is regarded as a provincial (East Bulgarian) dialect feature; instead, unstressed /ɛ/ is both raised and centralized, approaching ъ /ɤ/. In descriptions of Phonetics and Phonology, the manner and place of articulation of a speech sound may be specified relative to some point of ^[4] The /ɤ/ vowel itself is absent in other Slavic languages (except for allophonic realizations). In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme.

Semivowels

The Bulgarian language possesses one semivowel: /j/, being equivalent to y in English like in yes. Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels It is expressed graphically with the letter й, as in най /naj/ ("most"), тролей /trɔlɛj/ ("trolleybus"), except when it precedes /a/ or /u/, in which case the combination of two phonemes is expressed with a single letter, respectively я or ю: (e. g. ютия /jutija/ "(flat) iron").

The semivowel /j/ does not occur after consonants. Thus, after a consonant, я, ю, and ьо signify its palatalisation rather than a semivowel: бял /bʲal/ "white", плюя /plʲuja/ "I spit", льос /lʲɔs/.

Consonants

Bulgarian has a total of 33 consonant phonemes (see table below). The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Three additional phonemes can also be found ([xʲ], [ʣ] and [ʣʲ]), but only in foreign proper names such as Хюстън /xʲustɤn/ ("Houston"), Дзержински /dzɛrʒinski/ ("Dzerzhinsky"), and Ядзя /jaʣʲa/, the Polish name "Jadzia". "A proper name a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about" writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic They are, however, normally not considered part of the phonetic inventory of the Bulgarian language. According to the criterion of sonority, the Bulgarian consonants may be divided into 16 pairs (voiced<>voiceless). The only consonant without a counterpart is the voiceless velar fricative /x/. The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the The contrast 'voiced vs. voiceless' is neutralized in word-final position, where all obstruents are pronounced as voiceless (as in most Slavic languages); this neutralization is, however, not reflected in the spelling. Final obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Polish The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages

Hard and palatalized consonants

The Bulgarian consonants б /b/, в /v/, г /g/, д /d/, з /z/, к /k/, л /l/, м /m/, н /n/, п /p/, р /r/, с /s/, т /t/, ф /f/, ц /ʦ/ can denote both a normal, "hard" pronunciation, as well as a "soft", palatalized one. The hard and the palatalized consonants are considered separate phonemes in Bulgarian. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU The consonants ж /ʒ/, ш /ʃ/, ч /ʧ/ and дж /ʤ/ do not have palatalized variants, which is probably connected with the fact that they have arisen historically through palatalization in Common Slavonic. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged These consonants may still be somewhat palatalized in some speakers' pronunciation, but as a rule this is not the case.

The softness of the palatalized consonants is always indicated in writing in Bulgarian. A consonant is palatalized if:

• it is followed by я / ʲa/, ю / ʲu/, or ьо / ʲɔ/. (Note: ь occurs only before о in Bulgarian)

(When я and ю aren't preceded by a consonant, they signal that the vowels /a/ and /u/ are preceded by the semivowel /j/. For /jɔ/, Bulgarian uses "йо", as in Ню Йорк, "New York". )

Even though palatalized consonants are phonemes in Bulgarian, they may in some cases be positionally conditioned, hence redundant. In Eastern Bulgarian dialects, consonants are always allophonically palatalized before the vowels /i/ and /ɛ/. This is not the case in Standard Bulgarian, but that form of the language does have similar allophonic alternations. Thus, к /k/, г /g/ and х /x/ tend to be palatalized before /i/ and /ɛ/, and the realization of the phoneme л /l/ varies along the same principles: one of its allophones, involving a raising of the back of the tongue and a lowering of its middle part (thus similar or, according to some scholars, identical to a velarized lateral), occurs in all positions, except before the vowels /i/ and /ɛ/, where a more "clear" version with a slight raising of the middle part of the tongue occurs. The Velarized Alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be Pharyngealized, also known as dark l is a type of Consonantal sound The latter pre-front realization is traditionally (and incorrectly) called "soft l", even though it is not palatalized (and thus isn’t identical to the /lʲ/ signalled by the letters ьо, я and ю). In some Western Bulgarian dialects, this allophonic variation does not exist.

Furthermore, in the speech of young people, especially in the capital, the more common and arguably velarized allophone of /l/ is often realized as a labiovelar approximant [w]. The term labiovelar is ambiguous It may mean labial-velar (a Consonant made at two places of articulation, one at the lips and the other at the soft Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants ^[5] The phenomenon was first registered in the 1970s and isn't connected to original dialects. Similar developments, termed L-vocalization, have occurred in many languages, including Polish, Serbo-Croatian and certain dialects of English such as Cockney and AAVE. In linguistics l-vocalization is a process by which an /l/ sound is replaced by a Vowel or Semivowel sound Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular,

Palatalization

During the palatalization of most hard consonants (the bilabial, labiodental and alveolar ones), the middle part of the tongue is lifted towards the palatum, resulting in the formation of a second articulatory centre whereby the specific palatal "clang" of the soft consonants is achieved. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process The articulation of alveolars /l/, /n/ and /r/, however, usually does not follow that rule; the palatal clang is achieved by moving the place of articulation further back towards the palatum so that /ʎ/, /ɲ/ and /rʲ/ are actually alveopalatal (postalvelolar) consonants. Soft /g/ and /k/ (/gʲ/ and /kʲ/, respectively) are articulated not on the velum but on the palatum and are considered palatal consonants. Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth

Table

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental & Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	hard	/m/		/n/
	soft	/mʲ/				/ɲ/
Plosive	hard	/p/   /b/		/t/   /d/			/k/   /g/
	soft	/pʲ/   /bʲ/		/tʲ/   /dʲ/			/kʲ/   /gʲ/
Affricate	hard			/ts/	/tʃ/  /dʒ/
	soft			/tsʲ/
Fricative	hard		/f/   /v/	/s/   /z/	/ʃ/   /ʒ/		/x/
	soft		/fʲ/   /vʲ/	/sʲ/   /zʲ/
Trill	hard			/r/
	soft			/rʲ/
Approximant	soft					/j/
Lateral	hard			/l/
	soft					/ʎ/

Word stress

Bulgarian word stress is dynamic. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word Stressed syllables are louder and longer than unstressed ones. Stress, like Russian and other East Slavic languages, is also unpredictable rather than fixed as in French, Latin or the West Slavic ones, i. e. it may fall on any syllable of a polysyllabic word and its position may vary in inflection and derivation, for example, мъж /mɤʃ/ ("man"), мъжът /mɤˈʒɤt/ ("the man"). Bulgarian stress is also distinctive: for example, в'ълна /ˈvɤlna/ ("wool") and вълн'а /vɤl'na/ ("wave") are only differentiated by stress. Stress usually isn't signified in written text (one notable exception being the single dative female pronoun ѝ ("to her", to differentiate it from simple "и", meaning "and"), which should always be stressed in writing. It may, however, be indicated in cases with minimal pairs like the above, where disambiguation is needed, or in order to signify the dialectal deviation from the standard language pronunciation. In Phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of Words or phrases in a particular Language, which differ in only one phonological element such as a Phone In such cases, stress is signified by placing an grave accent on the vowel of the stressed syllable. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Usually an accent is put in Bulgarian-language books and dictionaries and, an accent is sometimes used to distinguish words that are written the same, but stressed on a different syllable.

Grammar

Main article: Bulgarian grammar

The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in 10 different types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. Bulgarian grammar is the Grammar of the Bulgarian language. The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that also is one of the members The difference is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs. Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections. Verbs and adverbs form the group of the verb or the verbal group.

Nominal morphology

Nouns and adjectives have the categories grammatical gender, number, case (only vocative) and definiteness in Bulgarian. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc Adjectives and adjectival pronouns agree with nouns in number and gender. Pronouns have gender and number and retain (as in nearly all Indo-European languages) a more significant part of the case system.

Nominal inflection

Gender

There are three grammatical genders in Bulgarian: masculine, feminine and neuter. The gender of the noun can largely be determined according to its ending. The vast majority of Bulgarian nouns ending in a consonant ("zero ending") are masculine (for example, град {grad} "city", син {sin} "son", мъж {məzh} "man"). Feminine nouns include almost all nouns that have the endings –а/–я (-a/-ya) (жена {zhena} "woman", дъщеря {dəshterya} "daughter", улица {ulitsa} "street"), a large group of nouns with zero ending expressing quality, degree or an abstraction, including all nouns ending on –ост/–ест (мъдрост {mədrost} "wisdom", низост {nizost} "vileness", прелест {prelest} "loveliness", болест {bolest} "sickness", любов {lyubov} "love"), and another, much smaller group of irregular nouns with zero ending which define tangible objects or concepts (кръв {krəv} "blood", кост {kost} "bone", вечер {vecher} "evening", нoщ (nosht), "night"). Nouns ending in –е, –о are almost exclusively neuter (дете {dete} “child”, езеро {ezero} "lake"). The same regards a limited number of loan words ending in –и, –у, and –ю (цунами "tsunami", табу {tabu} "taboo", меню {menyu} "menu"). The plural forms of the nouns do not express their gender clearly, although the ending –и (-i) is more likely to be used with a masculine or feminine noun (факти {fakti} "facts", болести {bolesti} "sicknesses"), while one in –а/–я belongs more often to a neuter noun (езера {ezera} "lakes"). Also, plural ending –ове (-ove) occurs only in masculine nouns. The Bulgarian language has many different ways of expressing the plurality of a noun. For example the word клон {klon} (branch) has two ways to be plural. The first one is клони {kloni}, where it defines many branches of a tree or a bush. But it may take -ове and may become клонове {klonove}, where the word means many branches of a bank, or a factory or in its industry meaning. There are many irregular formations of plurals. In addition to its being an exception to its grammatical gender, the masculine word чичо {chicho} (uncle) generates its plural form irregularly - it becomes чичовци (chichovtsi) and not чичи or чичове {chichi or chichove}.

Number

Two numbers are distinguished in Bulgarian — singular and plural. In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world A variety of plural suffixes is used, and the choice between them is partly determined by their ending in singular, partly influenced by gender and partly impredictible due to the commonness of exceptions, irregular declension and alternative plural forms. Words ending in –а/–я (which are usually feminine) generally have the plural ending –и, upon dropping of the singular ending. Of nouns ending in a consonant, the feminine ones also use –и, whereas the masculine ones usually have –и for polysyllables and –ове for monosyllables (however, exceptions are especially common in this group). Nouns ending in –о/–е (most of which are neuter) use the suffixes –а, –я (both of which require the dropping of the singular endings) and –та.

With cardinal numbers and related words such as няколко ("several"), masculine nouns use a separate count form in –а/–я, which stems from the proto-Slavonic dual: двама/трима ученика (two/three students) versus тези ученици (these students); cf. This article describes cardinal numbers in mathematics For cardinals in linguistics see Names of numbers in English. Dual is a Grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and Plural. feminine две/три/тези жени (two/three/these women) and neuter две/три/тези деца (two/three/these children). However, a recently developed language norm requires that count forms should only be used with masculine nouns that do not denote persons. Thus, двама/трима ученици is perceived as more correct than двама/трима ученика, while the distinction is retained in cases such as два/три молива (two/three pencils) versus тези моливи (these pencils).

Case

The complex Slavic case system has practically disappeared in Bulgarian, which instead uses prepositional and other syntactic constructions. Cases exist only in the personal pronouns (as they do in most or all Indo-European languages), with nominative, accusative, dative and vocative forms. Personal pronouns are Pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common Nouns. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc Vestiges are present in the masculine personal interrogative pronoun кой ("who") and in a number of phraseological units and sayings. The major exception are vocative forms, which are still in use for masculine (with the endings -e, -o and -ю) and feminine nouns (-[ь/й]o and -e) in the singular. The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc However, there is a tendency to avoid them in many personal names, as the use of feminine name forms in -[ь/й]o^[6] and of the potential vocative forms of foreign names has come to be considered rude or rustic. Thus, "Иване" means "Hey, Ivan", while the corresponding feminine forms "Елено" ("Hey, Elena"), "Маргарито" ("Hey, Margarita") are today seen as rude^[6] or, at best, unceremonious, and declining foreign names as in *"Джоне" ("hey, John") or *"Саймъне" ("hey, Simon") could only be considered humorous. Interestingly, the "ban" on constructing vocative forms for foreign names does not apply to names from Classical Antiquity, with the source languages having the vocative case as well: cf "Цезаре" ("Oh Caesar"), "Перикле" ("Oh Pericles"), Зевсе ("Oh Zeus") and even "Афродито" ("Oh Aphrodite"). Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean Pericles (also spelled Perikles) (c 495 – 429 BC Greek:, meaning "surrounded by glory" was a prominent and influential Statesman, orator Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology

Case remnants

See also: Bulgarian grammar - Case remnants

Some key words do retain their cases, which today are no longer considered nominative, accusative and dative, but rather as being subject, direct object and indirect object parts of speech:

• All personal pronouns - eg. Bulgarian grammar is the Grammar of the Bulgarian language. The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that also is one of the members The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive According to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle, every sentence can be divided in two main constituents, one being the subject of the sentence and the An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. masculine singular:
  • toy (he) - nègo (him) - nèmu (to him - archaic)^[7]

• The masculine interrogative pronoun koy (who) and all of its derivatives - these, however, are not declined for all masculine nouns, but only when they refer to men:
  • koy (who) - kogò (whom) - komù (to whom - very rarely used). ^[8]
    • the words nyakoy (someone) and nikoy (no one) follow the same pattern as koy;
    • vseki (everyone) and droug (someone else) are similar (-igo; -imu), but extremely rare
  • the relative clauses koyto (who/that), kogoto (whom/that) and komuto (to whom/that) - again, only declined when referring to men - i. A relative clause is a Subordinate clause that modifies a Noun. e.
    • chovekat, s kogoto govorya - the man that I'm talking to
    • stolat, na koyto sedya - the chair that I'm sitting on

Definiteness (article)

In modern Bulgarian, definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun, much like in the Scandinavian languages or Romanian (indefinite: човек, "person"; definite: човекът, "the person") or to the first nominal constituent of definite noun phrases (indefinite: добър човек, "a good person"; definite: добрият човек, "the good person"). The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance There are four singular definite articles. Again, the choice between them is largely determined by the noun's ending in the singular. ^[9] Nouns that end in a consonant and are masculine use –ът/–ят, when they are grammatical subjects, and –а/–я elsewhere (all four endings are normally pronounced [ɤ]). According to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle, every sentence can be divided in two main constituents, one being the subject of the sentence and the Nouns that end in a consonant and are feminine, as well as nouns that end in –а/–я (most of which are feminine, too) use –та. Nouns that end in –е/–о use –то.

The plural definite article is –те for all nouns except for those, whose plural form ends in –а/–я; these get –тa instead. When postfixed to adjectives the definite articles are –ят/–я for masculine gender (again, with the longer form being reserved for grammatical subjects), –та for feminine gender, –то for neuter gender, and –те for plural.

Adjective and numeral inflection

Both groups agree in gender and number with the noun they are appended to. They may also take the definite article as explained above.

Pronouns

Pronouns may vary in gender, number, definiteness and are the only parts of speech that have retained case inflexions. Three cases are exhibited by some groups of pronouns, nominative, accusative and dative, although dative and accusative are sometimes substituted by nominative constructions: Аз ми се струва ("It seems to I") instead of На мен ми се струва ("It seems to me"), Той го няма тук (lit. "It doesn't have he here"="He's not here") instead of Него го няма (lit "It doesn't have him here"). This substitution is considered ungrammatical, although sometimes used in spoken Bulgarian nowadays. The distinguishable types of pronouns include the following: personal, relative, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinitive, summative and possessive.

Verbal morphology and grammar

According to some accounts, the Bulgarian verb can take up to 3,000 (sic) distinct forms, as it varies in person, number, voice, aspect, mood, tense and even gender.

Finite verbal forms

Finite verbal forms are simple or compound and agree with subjects in person (first, second and third) and number (singular, plural) in Bulgarian. In addition to that, past compound forms using participles vary in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and voice (active and passive) as well as aspect (perfective/aorist and imperfective).

Aspect

Bulgarian verbs express lexical aspect: perfective verbs signify the completion of the action of the verb and form past aorist tenses; imperfective ones are neutral with regard to it and form past imperfect tenses. The aktionsart (ʔakˈʦi̯oːnsˌʔaɐ̯t plural aktionsarten) or lexical aspect of a verb is a part of the way in which that verb is structured in relation to Most Bulgarian verbs can be grouped in perfective-imperfective pairs (imperfective<>perfective: идвам<>дойда "come", пристигам<>пристигна “arrive”). Perfective verbs can be usually formed from imperfective ones by suffixation or prefixation, but the resultant verb often deviates in meaning from the original. In the pair examples above, aspect is stem-specific and therefore there is no difference in meaning.

In Bulgarian, there is also grammatical aspect. In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state Three grammatical aspects are distinguishable: neutral, perfect and pluperfect. The neutral aspect comprises the three simple tenses and the future tense. The pluperfect aspect is manifest in tenses that use double or triple auxiliary "be" participles like the past pluperfect subjunctive. Perfect tenses use a single auxiliary "be".

Mood

See also: Bulgarian grammar

The traditional interpretation is that in addition to the four moods (наклонения, naklonenia) shared by most other European languages - indicative (изявително, izyavitelno), imperative (повелително, povelitelno), subjunctive (подчинително, podchinitelno) and conditional (условно, uslovno) - in Bulgarian there is one more to describe a generalistic category of unwitnessed events - the inferential (преизказно, preízkazno) mood. Bulgarian grammar is the Grammar of the Bulgarian language. The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that also is one of the members Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. The imperative mood is a Grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in Conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. This view has been challenged in recent years. Admirative and dubitative mood forms, temporally distinct from the inferential, and optative mood forms, temporally but not grammatically distinguishable from the subjunctive, have been identified, bringing the total to eight.

Tense

There are three grammatically distinctive positions in time — present, past and future — which combine with aspect and mood to produce a number of formations. Normally, in grammar books these formations are viewed as separate tenses — i. e. "past imperfect tense" would mean that the verb is in past tense, in the imperfective aspect, and in the indicative mood (since no other mood is shown). There are more than 40 different tenses across Bulgarian's two aspects and five (or eight) moods.

In the indicative mood, there are three simple tenses:

• Present tense is a temporally unmarked simple form made up of the verbal stem of and a complex suffix composed of the vowel /e/, /i/ or /a/ and the person/number ending (пристигам, pristigam, "I arrive/I am arriving"); only imperfective verbs can stand in the present indicative tense independently;

• Past imperfect tense is a simple verb form used to express an action which is contemporaneous or subordinate to other past actions; it is made up of an imperfective or a perfective verbal stem and the person/number ending (пристигаx, pristigah; пристигнеx, pristigneh, "I was arriving");

• Past aorist tense is a simple form used to express a temporarily independent, specific past action; it is made up of a perfective or an imperfective verbal stem and the person/number ending (пристигнах, pristignah, "I arrived", четох, chetoh, "I read");

In the indicative there are also the following compound tenses:

• Future tense is a compound form made of the particle ще (shte) and present tense (ще уча, shte ucha, "I will study"); negation is expressed by the construction няма да (nyama da) and present tense (няма да уча, nyama da ucha, or the old-fashined form "не ще уча", "ne shte ucha" - "I will not study");

• Past future tense is a compound form used to express an action which was to be completed in the past but was future as regards another past action; it is made up of the past imperfect tense of the verb ща (shta) "will, want", the particle да (da) "to" and the present tense of the verb (щях да уча, shtyah da ucha, "I was going to study");

• Present perfect tense is a compound form used to express an action which was completed in the past but is relevant for or related to the present; it is made up of the present tense of the verb съм (sum) "be" and the past participle (съм учил, sum uchil, "I have studied");

• Past perfect tense is a compound form used to express an action which was completed in the past and is relative to another past action; it is made up of the past tense of the verb съм (sum) "be" and the past participle (бях учил, byah uchil, "I had studied");

• Future perfect tense is a compound form used to express an action which is to take place in the future before another future action; it is made up of the future tense of the verb съм (sum) "be" and the past participle (ще съм учил, shte sum uchil, "I will have studied");

• Past future perfect tense is a compound form used to express a past action which is future with respect to a past action which itself is prior to another past action; it is made up of the past imperfect of ща (shta) "will, want", the particle да (da) "to", the present tense of the verb съм (sum) "be" (am) and the past participle of the verb (щях да съм учил, shtyah da sum uchil, "I would have studied").

The four perfect tenses above can all vary in aspect depending on the aspect of the main-verb participle; they are in fact pairs of imperfective and perfective tenses. Verbs in tenses using past participles also vary in voice and gender.

There is only one simple tense in the imperative mood - the present - and there are simple forms only for the second person using the suffixes -и/-й (-i, -y/i) for singular and -ете/-йте (-ete, -yte) for plural; e. The imperative mood is a Grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests g. , уча (ucha) "to study": уч (uch) и (i), sg. , учете (uchete), pl. ; играя (igraya) "to play": играй (igray), играйте (igrayte). There are compound imperative forms for all persons and numbers in the present compound imperative (да играе, da igrae), the present perfect compound imperative (да е играл, da e igral) and the rarely used present pluperfect compound imperative (да е бил играл, da e bil igral).

The conditional mood consists of five compound tenses, most of which are not grammatically distinguishable. The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in Conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set The present, future and past conditional use a special past form of the stem би- (bi - "be") and the past participle (бих учил, bih uchil, "I would study"). The past future conditional and the past future perfect conditional coincide in form with the respective indicative tenses.

The subjunctive mood is rarely documented as a separate verb form in Bulgarian, (being, morphologically, a sub-instance of the quasi-infinitive construction with the particle да (da) "to" and a normal finite verb form), but nevertheless it is used regularly. In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages In Grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages The most common form, often mistaken for the present tense, is the present subjunctive ([пo-добре] да отидa, [po-dobre] da otida, "I had better go"). The difference between the present indicative and the present subjunctive tense is that the subjunctive can be formed by both perfective and imperfective verbs. It has completely replaced the infinitive and the supine from complex expressions (see below). It is also employed to express opinion about possible future events. The past perfect subjunctive ([пo-добре] да бях отишъл, [po-dobre] da byah otishul, "I had better gone") refers to possible events in the past, which did not take place, and the present pluperfect subjunctive (да съм бил отишъл, da sum bil otishul), which may be used about both past and future events arousing feelings of incontinence, suspicion, etc. and is impossible to translate in English. This last variety of the subjunctive in Bulgarian is sometimes also called the dubitative mood. Dubitative mood is a Grammatical mood found in some languages that indicates that the statement is dubious doubtful or uncertain

The inferential mood has five pure tenses. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Two of them are simple - past aorist inferential and past imperfect inferential - and are formed by the past participles of perfective and imperfective verbs, respectively. There are also three compound tenses - past future inferential, past future perfect inferential and past perfect inferential. All these tenses' forms are gender-specific in the singular. There are also conditional and compound-imperative crossovers. The existence of inferential forms has been attributed to Turkish influences by most Bulgarian linguists. Morphologically, they are derived from the perfect tenses. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

Non-finite verbal forms

The proto-Slavonic infinitive and supine have been replaced by subjunctive tenses (e. In Grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages In Grammar a supine is a form of Verbal noun used in some languages g. искам да уча, "I want to study").

Bulgarian has the following participles:

• Present active participle (сегашно деятелно причастие) is formed from imperfective stems with the addition of the suffixes –ащ/–ещ/–ящ (четящ, "reading") and is used only attributively;
• Present passive participle (сегашно страдателно причастие) is formed by the addition of the suffixes -им/аем/уем (четим, "that can be read, readable");
• Past active aorist participle (минало свършено деятелно причастие) is formed by the addition of the suffix –л– to perfective stems (чел, "[have] read");
• Past active imperfect participle (минало несвършено деятелно причастие) is formed by the addition of the suffixes –ел/–ал/–ял to imperfective stems (четял, "[have been] reading");
• Past passive aorist participle' (минало свършено страдателно причастие) is formed from aorist/perfective stems with the addition of the suffixes -н/–т (прочетен, "read"; убит, "killed"); it is used predicatively and attributively;
• Past passive imperfect participle' (минало несвършено страдателно причастие) is formed from imperfective stems with the addition of the suffix –н (прочитан, "[been] read"); убивaн, [been] being killed); it is used predicatively and attributively;
• Adverbial participle (деепричастие) is usually formed from imperfective present stems with the suffix –(е)йки (четейки, "while reading"), relates an action contemporaneous with and subordinate to the main verb and is originally a Western Bulgarian form. In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite Adverbal participles are built out of a Verb (mostly with a Suffix) and in most cases they play the role of the Sentence element called Adverbial A more rarely used form is the one using the aorist stem, which implies purpose and is a more recent invention (убиейки, "by killing", as opposed to убивайки, "while killing").

The participles are inflected by gender, number, and definiteness, and are coordinated with the subject when forming compound tenses (see tenses above). When used in attributive role the inflection attributes are coordinated with the noun that is being attributed.

Adverbs

The most productive way to form adverbs is to derive them from the neuter singular form of the corresponding adjective (бързо (fast), силно (hard), странно (strange), although adjectives ending in -ки use the masculine singular form, also in -ки, instead: юнашки (heroically), мъжки (bravely, like a man), майсторски (skilfully). In Linguistics, productivity is the degree to which Native speakers use a particular grammatical process especially in Word formation. The same pattern is used to form adverbs from the (adjective-like) ordinal numerals, e. g. първо (firstly), второ (secondly), трето (thirdly), and in some cases from (adjective-like) cardinal numerals, e. g. двойно (twice as/double), тройно (three times as), петорно (five times as).

The remaining adverbs are formed in ways that are no longer productive in the language. A small number are original (not derived from other words), for example: тук (here), там (there), вътре (inside), вън (outside), много (very/much) etc. The rest are mostly fossilized declined forms, such as:

• archaic unchangeable locative forms of some adjectives, e. g. добре (well), зле (badly), твърде (too, rather), and nouns горе (up), утре (tomorrow), лете (in the summer);
• archaic unchangeable instrumental forms of some adjectives, e. g. тихом (quietly), скришом (furtively), слепешком (blindly), and nouns, e. g. денем (during the day), нощем (during the night), редом (one next to the other), духом (spiritually), цифром (in figures), словом (with words). The same pattern has been used with verbs: тичешком (while running), лежешком (while lying), стоешком (while standing).
• archaic unchangeable accusative forms of some nouns: днес (today), сутрин (in the morning), зимъс (in winter);
• archaic unchangeable genitive forms of some nouns: довечера (tonight), снощи (last night), вчера (yesterday);
• homonymous and etymologically identical to the feminine singular form of the corresponding adjective used with the definite article: здравата (hard), слепешката (gropingly); the same pattern has been applied to some verbs, e. g. тичешката (while running), лежешката (while lying), стоешката (while standing).
• derived from cardinal numerals by means of a non-productive suffix: веднъж (once), дваж (twice), триж (thrice);

All the adverbs are immutable. Verb forms, however, vary in aspect, mood, tense, person, number and sometimes gender and voice.

Lexis

Main article: Bulgarian lexis

Most of the word-stock of modern Bulgarian consists of derivations of some 2,000 words inherited from proto-Slavonic through the mediation of Old and Middle Bulgarian. Native lexical items Around three-quarters of the word-stock in the standard academy dictionaries of Bulgarian consists of native lexical items Thus, the native lexical terms in Bulgarian account for 70% to 75% of the lexicon.

The remaining 25% to 30% are loanwords from a number of languages, as well as derivations of such words. The languages which have contributed most to Bulgarian are Latin and Greek (mostly international terminology), and to a lesser extent French and Russian. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The numerous loanwords from Turkish (and, via Turkish, from Arabic and Persian) which were adopted into Bulgarian during the long period of Ottoman rule have mostly been substituted with native terms. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Syntax

Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. Clitic doubling, or pronominal reduplication, in Linguistics, is a phenomenon by which Clitic Pronouns appear in Verb phrases together For example, the following constructions are common in colloquial Bulgarian:

Аз (го) дадох подаръка на Мария.

(lit. "I gave it the present to Maria. ")

Аз (ѝ го) дадох подаръка на Мария.

(lit. "I gave her it the present to Maria. ")

The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the spoken language in the case of inversion signalling information structure (in writing, clitic doubling may be skipped in such instances, with a somewhat bookish effect):

Подаръка (ѝ) го дадох на Мария.

(lit. "The present [to her] it I-gave to Maria. ")

На Мария ѝ (го) дадох подаръка.

(lit. "To Maria to her [it] I-gave the present. ")

Sometimes, the doubling signals syntactic relations, thus:

Петър и Иван ги изядоха вълците.

(lit. "Petar and Ivan them ate the wolves. ")

Transl. : "Petar and Ivan were eaten by the wolves".

This is contrasted with:

Петър и Иван изядоха вълците.

(lit. "Petar and Ivan ate the wolves")

Transl. : "Petar and Ivan ate the wolves".

In this case, clitic doubling can be a colloquial alternative of the more formal or bookish passive voice, which would be constructed as follows:

Петър и Иван бяха изядени от вълците.

(lit. "Petar and Ivan were eaten from the wolves. ")

Clitic doubling is also fully obligatory, both in the spoken and in the written norm, in clauses including several special expressions that use the short accusative and dative pronouns, like играе ми се (I feel like playing), студено ми е (I am cold), боли ме ръката (my arm hurts):

На мен ми се спи, а на Иван му се играе.

(lit. "To me to me it-feels-like-sleeping, and to Ivan to him it-feels-like-playing")

Transl. : "I feel like sleeping, and Ivan feels like playing. "

На нас ни е студено, а на вас ви е топло.

(lit. "To us to us it-is cold, and to you-plur. to you-plur. it-is warm"

Transl. : "We are cold, and you are warm. "

Иван го боли гърлото, а мене ме боли главата.

(lit. Ivan him aches the throat, and me me aches the head)

Transl. : Ivan has sore throat, and I have a headache.

Except the above examples, clitic doubling is considered inappropriate in a formal context. Bulgarian grammars usually do not treat this phenomenon extensively.

Dialects

See also: Yat in Bulgarian

The language is mainly split into two broad dialect areas, based on the split in pronunciation of the широко е (shiroko e) "wide e" sound which, until 1945, was represented by the letter yat (Ѣ). italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly This split, which occurred some time in the middle ages, led to the development of Bulgaria's:

• Western Dialects (informally called твърд говор/tvurd govor - "hard speech")
  • the Wide-E is pronounced "e". eg. млеко (mlekò) - milk, хлеб (hleb) - bread.

• Eastern Dialects (informally called мек говор/mek govor - "soft speech")
  • the wide-e is pronounced "ya" if it is under stress and the next syllable does not contain front vowels (e or i) - eg. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward мляко (mlyàko), хляб (hlyab), and "e" otherwise - eg. млекар (mlekàr) - milkman, хлебар (hlebàr) - baker. This rule obtains in most Eastern dialects, although some have "ya", or a special "open e" sound, in all positions. ^[10]

The official written language (post-1945, after the letter yat was removed) is based on the eastern pronunciation of the Wide-E. However, it did not incorporate the general umlaut of all synchronic or even historic "ya" sounds into "e" before front vowels - eg. поляна (polyana) vs полени (poleni) "meadow - meadows" or even жаба (zhaba) vs жеби (zhebi) "frog - frogs", even though it co-occurs with the yat alternation in almost all Eastern dialects that have it (except a few dialects along the yat border, eg. in the Pleven region). Pleven (Плевен; historically known as Plevne in Turkish and Plevna in English) is the seventh most populous city in Bulgaria ^[11]

More examples of the yat umlaut in the literary language are:

• mlyàko (milk) [n. ] → mlekàr (milkman); mlèchen (milky), etc.
• syàdam (sit) [vb. ] → sedàlka (seat); sedàlishte (seat, eg. of government), etc.
• svyat (holy) [adj. ] → svetètz (saint); svetìlishte (sanctuary), etc.

With the 1945 orthographic reform, some grammatical constructions were also made subject to the split in spelling, such as:

• The third person plural pronoun and its derivatives. The original pronoun before 1945 was тѣ (tě) – "they", and all its derivatives took this as the root. After the orthographic change, the pronoun and all its derivatives were given an equal share of soft and hard spellings:
  • "they" – те (te) → "them" – тях (tyah);
  • "their(s)" – tehen (masc. ); tyahna (fem. ); tyahno (neut. ); tehni (plur. )
• adjectives received the same treatment as тѢ :
  • "whole" - tsyal → "the whole. . . ": tseliyat (masc. ); tsyalata (fem. ); tsyaloto (neut. ); tselite (plur. )

Sometimes, with the changes, words began to be spelt as other words with different meanings, eg. :

• свѣт / svět "holy" became свят/svyat, spelt and pronounced the same as свят "world"
• тѣ (tě) – "they" became те / te, the same as the second person direct object pronoun те – "you".

In spite of the literary norm regarding the yat vowel, many people living in Western Bulgaria, including the capital Sofia, will fail to observe its rules. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality While the norm requires the realizations vidyal vs videli, some natives of Western Bulgaria will preserve their local dialect pronunciation with "e" for all instances of "yat" (e. g. videl, videli). Others, attempting to adhere to the norm, will actually use the "ya" sound even in cases where the standard language has "e" (e. g. vidyal, vidyali). The latter hypercorrection is called свръхякане ("svrahyakane"). Hypercorrection is a Linguistic phenomenon which may take any of the following forms an elaborate prescriptively based correction of common

Other features

Questions

Questions in Bulgarian which do not use a question word (such as who? what? etc) are formed with the particle li after the verb; a subject is not necessary, as the verbal conjugation suggests who is performing the action:

• idvash - you are coming; idvash li? - are you coming?

While the particle li generally goes after the verb, it can go after a noun or adjective if a contrast is needed:

• idvash li s nas? - are you coming with us?;
• s nas li idvash? - are you coming with us (or going with them)?

A verb is not always necessary, eg. when presenting a choice:

• toy li? - "him?"; zhultiyat li? - "the yellow one?"^[12]

Significant verbs

Sum

The verb съм (sum) - "to be" is also used as an auxiliary for forming the perfect tense, the passive and the conditional:

• past tense - udaril sum - I have hit
• passive - udaren sum - I have been hit
• past passive - byah udaren - I was hit
• conditional - bih udaril - I would hit

Shte

The impersonal verb ще (shte) (lit. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning The perfect aspect is variously considered either an aspect or tense which calls a listener's attention to the consequences generated by an action rather than the In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in Conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set "it wants")^[13] is used to for forming the (positive) future tense:

• otivam - I am going
• shte otivam - I will be going

The negative future is formed with the invariable construction няма да (nyama da - see "nyama" below) ^[14] :

• nyama da otivam - I will not be going

The past tense of this verb – щях (shtyah) – is conjugated to form the past conditional ("would have" - again, with "da", since it is irrealis):

• shtyah da otida - I would have gone; shteshe da otidesh - you would have gone

Ima and Nyama

The verbs имам (imam) (to have) and нямам (nyamam) (to not have) -

• the third person singular of these two can be used impersonally to mean "there is/there are" or "there isn't/aren't any. Irrealis moods are the main set of Grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened as the speaker is talking . . " ^[15], eg. -
  • ima vreme (there is still time - compare Spanish "hay");
  • nyama nikoy (there is no one there).
• The impersonal form няма (nyama) is used in the negative future - see shte, above.
  • nyama used on its own can mean simply "I won't" - a simple refusal to a suggestion or instruction.

Diminutives and augmentatives

Diminutive

See also: Diminutive#Bulgarian

Usually done by adding "-che", "-tse" or "-(ch)ka". A diminutive is a formation of a Word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning smallness of the object or quality named encapsulation intimacy or endearment The gender of the word is thus changed, usually to the neuter:

• kolà (car) → kolìchka (pram/baby's buggy)
• kotka/kote (cat) → kotentze (kitten)

Affectionate Form

Sometimes proper nouns and words referring to freinds or family members can have a diminutive ending added to show affection. These constructions are all referred to as "na galeno" (lit. "caressing" form):

• maika (mother) → maichitze; tatko (father) → tatentze

Such words can be used both from parent to child, and vice-versa, as can -

• batko (big brother) → batentze; priyatel (friend) → priyatelche.

Personal names are shortened and made neuter:

• Georgi → Gosho/Gotse, Mihail → Misho, Angel → Gele/Acho, Ivan → Vanko
• Anna → Ani, Irina → Reni

There is an interesting trend (which is comparatively modern, although it might well have deeper, dormant roots) where the feminine ending "-ka" and the definite article suffix "-ta" ("the") are added to male names – note that this is affectionate and not at all insulting (in fact, the endings are not even really considered as being "feminine"):

• Ivan → Vànkata, Acho → Àchkata.

The female equivalent would be to add the neuter ending "-to" to the diminutive form:

• Nadia → Nadeto, Sonia → Soncheto

Augmentative

This is to present words to sound larger - usually by adding "-shte":

• chovek (person) → choveshishte (huge person) (note the root change k→ch)

Some words only exist in an augmentative form - eg.

• zrelishte "(awesome) spectacle" (from the old Slavic root "to see")
• svlachishte "landslide" - from svlicham "to take down"

Conjunctions

"But"

In Bulgarian, there are several conjunctions all translating into English as "but", all used in distinct situations (the examples given are by no means exclusive, and there is overlapping between some uses of the words):

• но (no) - the most common word. Must be followed by a complete clause (ie. cannot be followed by a single word):
  • iskam, no ne moga - "I want to, but I can't"; toy otiva, no tya - ne - "he is going, but she isn't".
• ама (ama) - change of verb; contrasts facts; subject remains unchanged:
  • kazah go, ama sgreshih - I said it, but I was wrong
  • the common phrase da, ama ne ≈ "yes, but not really"
    • can represent surprise: ama toy spi! - "he's asleep!"
• a (a) - change of subject (can usually also be translated into English as "although", "while" or even "and"); presents opinion:
  • az rabotya, a toy blee - "I'm working, while he's up in the clouds"
  • pusha, a ne tryabva - I smoke, but/though it's bad
• ами (ami) - change of object; expresses a choice ~"but rather" (almost identical to Spanish "sino"):
  • ne tova, ami onova - not this one, but that one ("a" can also be used here)
  • ne gleday, ami stavay! - don't just stare (at me) - move!
    • as a question word, can mean "what about. . . ?"
    • as an exclamation, can mean "I don't believe you"/"that's ridiculous"
• ала (ala) - almost identical to some uses of а/ama, but archaic and poetic (often used in children's stories as, like a, has a moral/ominous feel to it)
• обаче (obache) - almost identical to но (~"however")

As far as the overlapping is concerned, sometimes two of the above words can be synonymous, but in other cases they provide a slight change in meaning, eg: while ". . . no ne tryabva" and ". . . a ne tryabva" both mean ". . . but one mustn't", the first sounds more like a statement of fact, while the second feels more like a judgement.

Particularities

Bulgarian has several unique features which set it apart (although some are present in its neighbouring languages, to different degrees).

Particles

Vocative particles

Bulgarian has several abstract particles which are used to strengthen a statement. These have no precise translation in English. ^[16] The particles are strictly informal and can even be considered rude by some people and in some situations. They are mostly used at the end of questions or instructions.

• бе (be) - the most common particle. It can be used to strengthen a statement or, sometimes, to indicate derision of an opinion, aided by the tone of voice. (Originally purely masculine, it can now be used towards both men and women. )
  • kazhi mi, be - tell me (insistence); taka li, be? - is that so? (derisive).
• де (de) - expresses urgency, sometimes pleading.
  • stavay, de! - come on, get up!
• ма (ma) (feminine only) - similar to be, but rude, exclusively indicates derision.
• бре (bre) - like be, but archaic. Although informal, can sometimes be heard being used by older people.

Intentional particles

These express intent or desire, perhaps even pleading. They can be seen as a sort of cohortative side to the language. The cohortative mood (also known as Intentional; "cohortative subjunctive " is also synonymous with "hortatory subjunctive" is a Grammatical (Since they can be used by themselves, they could even be considered as verbs in their own right. ) They are also highly informal.

• хайде (haide) - "come on", "let's"
  • eg. haide, po-burzo - "faster!"
• я (ya) - "let me" - exclusively when asking somene else for something. It can even be used on its own as a request or instruction (depending on the tone used), indicating that the speaker wants to partake in or try whatever the listener is doing.
  • ya da vidya - let me see; ya? or ya! - "let me. . . /give me. . . "

They can be combined with the vocative particles for greater effect, eg. ya da vidya, be (let me see), or even exclusively in combinations with them, with no other elements, eg. haide, de! (come on!)

Other

• The commonly-cited phenomenon of Bulgarian people shaking their head for "yes" and nodding for "no" is true but, with the influence of Western culture, ever rarer, and almost non-existent among the younger generation. (It should be noted, however, that the shaking and nodding are not identical to the Western gestures. The "nod" for no is actually an upward movement of the head rather than a downward one, while the shaking of the head for yes is not completely horizontal, but also has a slight "wavy" aspect to it. )

• нали (nalì) is a universal affirmative tag, like "isn't it"/"won't you", etc (it is invariable, like French n'est-ce pas). It can be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, and does not always require a verb:
  • idvash, nali? - you are coming, aren't you?; nali iskaha? - didn't they want to?; nali onzi? - that one, right?;
  • it can express quite complex thoughts - nali nyamashe? - "I thought you weren't going to!" or "I thought there weren't any!" (depending on context - from nyama, which presents general negation/lacking, see "nyama", above).

• нима (nimà) - presents disbelief ~"don't tell me that. . . " - eg. nima iskash?! - don't tell me you want to! It is slightly archaic, but still in use. Can be used on its own as an interjection - nima!

• An inward ц (ts) (similar to the English "tisk") means "no" (informal). An interjection is a Part of speech that usually has no connection with the rest of the sentence and simply expresses Emotion on the part of the speaker

Common expressions

• Здравей (zdravéi) — Hello
• Здрасти (zdrásti) — Hi ^[17]
• Добро утро (dobró útro) — Good morning
• Добър ден (dóbər dén) — Good day
• Добър вечер (dóbər vécher) — Good evening
• Лека нощ (léka nósht) — Good night
• Довиждане (dovízhdane) — Good-bye
• Кой си ти? (kói si ti) [informal, masculine] — Who are you?
• Коя си ти? (kоiá si ti) [informal, feminine] — Who are you?

The neuter for this question - Кое си ти? (koé si ti) is very rarely used only in some special cases - when one is asked to identify him/herself with an inanimate object - as in a zodiac or game, or when one addresses a child (дете), which is neuter gender in Bulgarian; however, the latter is an old use, which implies diminutive, that can be heard mostly from some senior citizens and is replaced nowadays by the masculine or feminine gender questions when addressing boys and girls respectively.

• Кой сте Вие? (kói ste víe) [formal, masculine] — Who are you? (The formal expression uses a plural verb but a singular pronoun, which allows speakers to distinguish the two grammatical forms. Moreover, the formal singular pronoun denoting "you" - Вие is always capitalized in writing to distinguish it from the plural "you" - вие. )
• Как се казваш? (kak se kazvash) - What is your name?
• Коя сте Вие? (kоiá ste víe) [formal, feminine] — Who are you?
• Кои сте вие? (kоí ste víe) [plural form] - Who are you?
• Как си? (kák si) [informal] — How are you?
• Как сте? (kák sté) [formal, and also plural form] - How are you?
• Да (dá) - Yes
• Не (né) - No
• Може би (mózhe bí) - Maybe
• Какво правиш? (kakvó právish) [informal] — What are you doing?
• Какво правите? (kakvó právite) [formal, and also plural form] - What are you doing?
• Добре съм (dobré səm) — I’m fine
• Всичко [най-]хубаво (vsíchko [nai-]húbavo) — All the best
• Поздрави (pózdravi) — Regards
• Благодаря (blagodaryə́) [formal and informal] — Thank you
• Моля (mólia) — Please
• Моля (mólia) — You're welcome
• Извинете! (izvinéte) [formal] — Excuse me!
• Извинявай! (izviniávai) [informal] — Sorry!
• Обичам те! (obícham te) - I love you!
• Колко е часът? (kólko e chasə́t) — What’s the time?
• Говорите ли…? (govórite li…) — Do you speak…?

…английски (anglíski) — English

…български (bə́lgarski) — Bulgarian

…немски (némski) — German

…Полски (polski) — Polish

…руски (ruski) — Russian

…холандски (holándski) — Dutch

…гръцки (grə́tski) — Greek

…италиански (italiánski) — Italian

…испански (ispánski) — Spanish

…френски (frénski) — French

…японски (iapónski) — Japanese

…китайски (kitáiski) — Chinese

…корейски (koréiski) — Korean

• Ще се видим скоро (shté sé vídim skóro) - We'll see each other soon
• Ще се видим утре (shté sé vídim útre) - We'll see each other tomorrow

Also, some very frequent expressions have been borrowed from other languages. Most of them are somewhat informal.

• Мерси (mersí) - Thank you; from French (although this word is probably even more common than native "Благодаря", it is inappropriate in very official or solemn contexts)
• Чао (cháo) - Bye; from Italian (the informal counterpart of native "Довиждане")
• Cупep (súper) - Super; (from English, colloquial; note - "Super" remains the same regardless of quantity or gender, although an even more colloquial adjective суперски (súperski) does decline as usual)
• Aло (álo) - Hallo on the phone; from French (unlike the above, this word is stylistically neutral). Merci is a brand of German Chocolate manufactured by the German company August Storck KG. The word ciao (pronounced "chaow" /tʃao/ is an informal Italian verbal salutation or Greeting, meaning either " goodbye "
• Здраве да е! (zdràve da e - lit. "may there (at least) be health") - used when things have not gone as well as the speaker might have hoped.

See also

• Macedonian language
• Romanization of Bulgarian
• Slavic language (Greece)
• Torlakian dialect
• Swadesh list of Bulgarian words
• Bulgarian name

Notes

References

• Comrie, Bernard and Corbett, Greville G. (1993) The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge ISBN 0-415-04755-2
• International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Бояджиев и др. (1998) Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език. Том 1. Фонетика
• Жобов, Владимир (2004) Звуковете в българския език
• Кръстев, Боримир (1992) Граматика за всички
• Пашов, Петър (1999) Българска граматика

External links

Study Bulgarian

• Bulgarian Language Online Course from easybulgarian.com
• Basic Bulgarian exercises and a free online resource; a forum to talk to other learners of Bulgarian

Linguistic reports

• Ethnologue report for Bulgarian
• Bulgarian at Omniglot

Dictionaries

• Bulgarian-English-Bulgarian Online dictionary from SA Dictionary
• Online Dual English-Bulgarian dictionary, [1]
• Online automatic translation between English, French, Spanish and Bulgarian
• Bulgarian Dictionary: from Webster’s Dictionary
• Bulgarian bilingual dictionaries
• Small English-Bulgarian audio dictionary

Other:

• Free learn the language booklet FREE PDF Booklet with Bulgarian words and phrases by Bulgaria Info-Online Magazine
• Bulgarian Phonetic keyboard layout for Windows Vista

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