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For other uses, see Bulbul (disambiguation).
Bulbuls
Brown-eared Bulbul, Microscelis amaurotis
Brown-eared Bulbul, Microscelis amaurotis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Family: Pycnonotidae
Genera

See text. The Brown-eared Bulbul ( Microscelis amaurotis) is a medium-sized Bulbul which is found from the Russian Far East (including Sakhalin) northeastern Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink

Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) are a family of medium-sized passerine songbirds. In Biological classification, family ( Latin SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink Many forest species are known as greenbuls. The greenbuls and bristlebills are a group of birds within the bulbul family Pycnonotidae, found only within Africa The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean There are about 130 species in around 24 genera. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic While some species are found in most habitats, overall African species are predominately found in rainforest whilst rainforest species are rare in Asia, instead preferring more open areas. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches

Bulbuls are short-necked slender passerines. The tails are long and the wings short and rounded. In almost all species the bill is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end. Anatomy Stegosaurus --> Beaks can vary significantly in size and shape from species to species They vary in length from 13 cm for the Tiny Greenbul to 29 cm in the Straw-headed Bulbul. UserPolbot. --> The Tiny Greenbul ( Phyllastrephus debilis) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Straw-headed Bulbul or Bulbul À Tête Jaune ( Pycnonotus zeylanicus) is a species Overall the sexes are alike, although the females tend to be slightly smaller. In a few species the differences are so great that they have been described as functionally different species. The soft plumage of some species is colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throat or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive brown to black plumage. Plumage refers both to the layer of Feathers that cover a Bird and the pattern colour and arrangement of those feathers Species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings. Some have very distinct crests. Bulbuls are highly vocal, with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly. Bird vocalization includes both Bird calls and bird songs In non-technical use bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear One author described the song of the Brown-eared Bulbul as "the most unattractive noises made by any bird". The Brown-eared Bulbul ( Microscelis amaurotis) is a medium-sized Bulbul which is found from the Russian Far East (including Sakhalin) northeastern [1]

Bulbuls eat a wide range of different foods, ranging from fruit to seeds, nectar, small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates. The majority of species are frugivorous and supplement their diet with some insects, whilst there is a significant minority of specialists, particularly in Africa. Open country species in particular are generalists. Bulbuls in the genus Cringer and bristlebills in the genus Bleda will join mixed-species feeding flocks. Cringer redirects here For Cringer the band see Cringer (band. This article is about the brother of Attila the Hun. For the Bulbul Genus, see Bleda (bird. A mixed-species feeding flock, mixed-species foraging flock or mixed hunting party is a flock of Birds of different Species that

The bulbuls are generally monogamous. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. One unusual exception is the Yellow-whiskered Greenbul which at least over part of its range appears to be polygamous and engage in a lekking system. UserPolbot. -->The Yellow-whiskered Greenbul or Yellow-whiskered Bulbul ( Andropadus latirostris) is Some species also have alloparenting arrangements, where non-breeders, usually the young from earlier clutches, help raise the young of a dominant breeding pair. In Biology and Sociology, alloparenting is where individuals other than the actual parents act in a parental role Up to five purple-pink eggs are laid in an open tree nests and incubated by the female. Incubation is the process by which Birds hatch their eggs, and to the development of the Embryo within the egg Incubation usually lasts between 11-14 days, and chicks fledge after 12-16 days. Fledge is the stage in a young Bird 's life when the feathers and wing muscles are sufficiently developed for flight

The Red-whiskered Bulbuls and Red-vented Bulbuls have been captured for the pet trade in great numbers and , has been widely introduced to tropical and subtropical areas, for example southern Florida, Fiji, Australia and Hawaii. The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a member of the Bulbul family The Red-vented Bulbul ( Pycnonotus cafer) is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is resident breeder in tropical southern Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Some species are regarded as crop pests, particularly in orchards.

In general bulbuls and greenbuls are resistant to human pressures on the environment and are tolerant of disturbed habitat. Around 13 species are considered threatened by human activities, mostly specialised forest species threatened by habitat loss. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc Habitat destruction is the process in which natural Habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species originally present

Contents

Etymology

The word bulbul may derive from Persian (بلبل), or from Turkish (bülbül), meaning nightingale. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Nightingale ( Luscinia megarhynchos) also known as Rufous and Common Nightingale, is a small Passerine Bird that was formerly [1]

Systematics

The traditional layout was to divide the bulbuls into 4 groups, named Pycnonotus, Phyllastrephus, Criniger, and Chlorocichla groups after characteristic genera (Delacour, 1943). However, more recent analyses demonstrated that this arrangement was probably based on erroneous interpretation of characters:

Comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b sequences found that five species of Phyllastrephus did not belong to the bulbuls, but to an enigmatic group of songbirds from Madagascar instead (Cibois et al. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. Cytochrome b/b6 is main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern , 2001; see below for the species in question). Similarly, sequence analysis of the nDNA RAG1 and RAG2 genes suggests that the genus Nicator is not a bulbul either (Beresford et al. Nuclear DNA, nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA is DNA contained within a nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. The recombination activating genes encode Enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of Immunoglobulin and T cell The recombination activating genes encode Enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of Immunoglobulin and T cell UserPolbot. --> Nicator is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family , 2005). That the previous arrangement had failed to take into account biogeography was indicated by the study of Pasquet et al. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. (2001) who demonstrated the genus Criniger must be divided into an African and an Asian (Alophoixus) lineage. Using analysis of one nDNA and 2 mtDNA sequences, Moyle & Marks (2006) found one largely Asian lineage and one African group of greenbuls and bristlebills; the Golden Greenbul seemes to be very distinct and form a group of its own. The greenbuls and bristlebills are a group of birds within the bulbul family Pycnonotidae, found only within Africa The bristlebills are a Genus of Passerine Birds belonging to the genus Bleda in the Bulbul family Pycnonotidae The Golden Greenbul ( Calyptocichla serina) is the only member of the Calyptocichla Genus of Greenbuls It is not closely related to any of Some taxa are not monophyletic, and more research is necessary to determine relationships within the larger genera. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor

Systematic list

Basal

Typical bulbuls

The Red-whiskered Bulbul belongs to the Asian Pycnonotus.
The Red-whiskered Bulbul belongs to the Asian Pycnonotus. The Golden Greenbul ( Calyptocichla serina) is the only member of the Calyptocichla Genus of Greenbuls It is not closely related to any of The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a member of the Bulbul family UserPolbot. --> Pycnonotus is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family
Collared Finchbill, Spizixos semitorques
Collared Finchbill, Spizixos semitorques
Black Bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Black Bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus

Typical greenbuls and allies

Incertae sedis

This might be allied to Calyptocichla or not be a bulbul at all. UserPolbot. --> Pycnonotus is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all The Black-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus atriceps is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is common in lowland forests and well-distributed UserPolbot. -->The Stripe-throated Bulbul ( Pycnonotus finlaysoni) is a species of Songbird in the The Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus, is a member of the Bulbul family UserPolbot. -->The Brown-breasted Bulbul ( Pycnonotus xanthorrhous) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Puff-backed Bulbul ( Pycnonotus eutilotus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Black-and-white Bulbul ( Pycnonotus melanoleucos) is a species of Songbird in the The Black-crested Bulbul, Pycnonotus melanicterus, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is resident breeder in tropical southern UserPolbot. -->The Grey-bellied Bulbul ( Pycnonotus cyaniventris) is a species of Songbird in the The Spectacled Bulbul or Lesser Brown Bulbul Pycnonotus erythropthalmos is a Bulbul. UserPolbot. -->The Straw-headed Bulbul or Bulbul À Tête Jaune ( Pycnonotus zeylanicus) is a species UserPolbot. -->The Red-eyed Bulbul ( Pycnonotus brunneus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Olive-winged Bulbul ( Pycnonotus plumosus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae This article is about the southeast Asian species for the Middle Eastern species also known by this name see White-spectacled Bulbul The Yellow-vented UserPolbot. -->The Black-fronted Bulbul ( Pycnonotus nigricans) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Himalayan Bulbul ( Pycnonotus leucogenys) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The Common Bulbul, Pycnonotus barbatus, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is a ubiquitous resident breeder throughout UserPolbot. -->The Striated Bulbul ( Pycnonotus striatus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Cream-striped Bulbul ( Pycnonotus leucogrammicus) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Spot-necked Bulbul ( Pycnonotus tympanistrigus) is a species of Songbird in the The Grey-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is endemic to the Western Ghats The Taiwan Bulbul or Styan's Bulbul Pycnonotus taivanus is an endemic species of Bulbul that lives in eastern and southern Taiwan. UserPolbot. -->The Scaly-breasted Bulbul ( Pycnonotus squamatus) is a species of Songbird in the The Light-vented Bulbul (also Chinese Bulbul) Pycnonotus sinensis, is a bird and a member of the Bulbul family The Cape Bulbul, Pycnonotus capensis, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is an endemic resident breeder in coastal bush In Taxonomy, a type species is the species that originally defined a genus. The White-Spectacled Bulbul also known as the Yellow-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos is a small bird a bit bigger than a Sparrow. The White-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus leucotis is a member of the Bulbul family The Red-vented Bulbul ( Pycnonotus cafer) is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is resident breeder in tropical southern UserPolbot. -->The Sooty-headed Bulbul ( Pycnonotus aurigaster) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Blue-wattled Bulbul ( Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Yellow-wattled Bulbul ( Pycnonotus urostictus) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Orange-spotted Bulbul ( Pycnonotus bimaculatus) is a species of Songbird in the The Yellow-throated Bulbul is a species of Bulbul endemic to southern peninsular India The Yellow-eared Bulbul, Pycnonotus penicillatus, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is an endemic resident breeder UserPolbot. -->The Flavescent Bulbul ( Pycnonotus flavescens) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The White-browed Bulbul, Pycnonotus luteolus, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is resident breeder in Sri Lanka UserPolbot. -->The Streak-eared Bulbul ( Pycnonotus blanfordi) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Cream-vented Bulbul ( Pycnonotus simplex) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. --> The Collared Finchbill ( Spizixos semitorques) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. --> Spizixos is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family UserPolbot. -->The Crested Finchbill ( Spizixos canifrons) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. --> The Collared Finchbill ( Spizixos semitorques) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Hairy-backed Bulbul ( Tricholestes criniger) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. --> The Hook-billed Bulbul ( Setornis criniger) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. --> Alophoixus is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family In Phylogenetics, a Taxon is polyphyletic ( Greek for "of many races" if the trait its members have in common evolved separately in different UserPolbot. -->The Finsch's Bulbul ( Alophoixus finschii) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The White-throated Bulbul ( Alophoixus flaveolus) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Puff-throated Bulbul ( Alophoixus pallidus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. --> The Ochraceous Bulbul ( Alophoixus ochraceus) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Grey-cheeked Bulbul ( Alophoixus bres) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Yellow-bellied Bulbul ( Alophoixus phaeocephalus) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. --> The Golden Bulbul ( Alophoixus affinis) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae Iole is a genus of birds in the Bulbul family UserPolbot. -->The Olive Bulbul ( Iole virescens) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Grey-eyed Bulbul ( Iole propinqua) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Buff-vented Bulbul ( Iole olivacea) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The Yellow-browed Bulbul, Iole indica, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is a resident breeder in the hills of Sri UserPolbot. --> Hemixos is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family UserPolbot. -->The Ashy Bulbul ( Hemixos flavala) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Chestnut Bulbul ( Hemixos castanonotus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The Black Bulbul ( Hypsipetes leucocephalus) is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is a resident breeder from Madagascar UserPolbot. --> Ixos is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all UserPolbot. -->The Streaked Bulbul ( Ixos malaccensis) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. --> The Sulphur-bellied Bulbul ( Ixos palawanensis) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Streak-breasted Bulbul or Bulbul De Siquijor ( Ixos siquijorensis) is a species of UserPolbot. --> The Yellowish Bulbul ( Ixos everetti) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Zamboanga Bulbul ( Ixos rufigularis) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Mountain Bulbul ( Hypsipetes mcclellandii) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. --> The Sunda Bulbul or Green-winged Bulbul ( Ixos virescens) is a species of Songbird The Brown-eared Bulbul ( Microscelis amaurotis) is a medium-sized Bulbul which is found from the Russian Far East (including Sakhalin) northeastern UserPolbot. --> Hypsipetes is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family UserPolbot. -->The Philippine Bulbul ( Ixos philippinus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Madagascar Bulbul ( Hypsipetes madagascariensis) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The Black Bulbul ( Hypsipetes leucocephalus) is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds It is a resident breeder from Madagascar The Seychelles Bulbul, Hypsipetes crassirostris, is a member of the Bulbul family of Passerine Birds The species is related to the UserPolbot. -->The Comoro Bulbul ( Hypsipetes parvirostris) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The Réunion Bulbul ( Hypsipetes borbonicus) also known as Olivaceous Bulbul is a Passerine endemic to Réunion. The Mauritius Bulbul ( Hypsipetes olivaceus) also known as Mauritius Black Bulbul, is a Passerine endemic to Mauritius. UserPolbot. -->The Nicobar Bulbul ( Hypsipetes nicobariensis) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The White-headed Bulbul ( Hypsipetes thompsoni) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae The greenbuls and bristlebills are a group of birds within the bulbul family Pycnonotidae, found only within Africa Phyllastrephus is a Songbird Genus in the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls Andropadus is a Genus of Greenbuls Songbirds in the bulbul family ( Pycnonotidae) In Phylogenetics, a Taxon is polyphyletic ( Greek for "of many races" if the trait its members have in common evolved separately in different UserPolbot. --> Criniger is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family UserPolbot. -->The Swamp Greenbul ( Thescelocichla leucopleura) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. --> Chlorocichla is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family UserPolbot. -->The Spotted Greenbul ( Ixonotus guttatus) is a species of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. --> Baeopogon is a genus of Songbird in the Pycnonotidae family The bristlebills are a Genus of Passerine Birds belonging to the genus Bleda in the Bulbul family Pycnonotidae UserPolbot. -->The Black-collared Bulbul ( Neolestes torquatus) is a species of Songbird in the UserPolbot. -->The Black-collared Bulbul ( Neolestes torquatus) is a species of Songbird in the The Golden Greenbul ( Calyptocichla serina) is the only member of the Calyptocichla Genus of Greenbuls It is not closely related to any of

Recently split from Pycnonotidae

The Long-billed Greenbul of Madagascar is now considered to be a Malagasy warbler.
The Long-billed Greenbul of Madagascar is now considered to be a Malagasy warbler. UserPolbot. --> The Long-billed Bernieria ( Bernieria madagascariensis) formerly known as Long-billed

Now in Malagasy warblers

Incertae sedis

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Fishpool et al (2005)

External links

Dictionary

bulbul

-noun

  1. Any of several passerine songbirds, of the family Pycnonotidae, native to Africa and parts of Asia
  2. (Persian poetry) The nightingale
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