Flag (Landesfarben) of Bukovina in Austria-Hungary

Bukovina within historic Moldavia

Bukovina in 1901

Bukovina (Romanian: Bucovina; Ukrainian: Буковина/Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати It is currently split between Romania and Ukraine. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Name

The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg Monarchy, which became Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries.

The official German name, die Bukowina, of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), was derived from the Polish form Bukowina, which in turn comes from the Slavic word for beech tree (бук [buk] in Ukrainian). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages For the babyfood see Beech-Nut. Beech ( Fagus) is a genus of ten Species of Deciduous Trees in the Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. ^[1] This was due to the fact that from 1775 until 1849, Bukovina was administered as an integral part of neighbouring Galicia, whose internal government was, by active Austrian policy, controlled by Polish bureaucrats and nobles (szlachta). Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Szlachta ( refers to the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 semi-federal semi-confederal Another German name for region, das Buchenland, is mostly used in poetry, and means "beech land", or "the land of beech trees".

During the Middle Ages, the region was the northwestern third of "Ţara de Sus" (Upper Country in Romanian) part of the Moldavian Principality, as opposed to "Ţara de Jos" (Lower Country). Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The region was the cradle of the Moldavian Principality, and remained its political center until 1574, when its capital was moved from Suceava to Iaşi. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: /su'ʧava/ Suczawa Сучава שאַץ / Shats) is the capital city of the Suceava County, Bukovina Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania.

Nowadays in Ukraine it is common to use the terms Chernivtsi Oblast and Bukovina interchangeably, since over 2/3 of Oblast (province) is Northern Bukovina. Chernivtsi Oblast (Чернівецька область translit Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division In Romania the term Northern Bucovina is synonymous to Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, and (Southern) Bucovina to Suceava County of Romania, although 10% of the Suceava County covers territory not included in historical Southern Bukovina. Suceava (su'ʧava is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the historical regions Moldova and Bukovina, with the capital city at Suceava

In English, an alternate form is The Bukovina, increasingly an archaism, which, however, is found in older literature.

History

Before the 14th century

During Stone age, Bukovina was populated by Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC), which was overrun, around 2000 BC, by the migration of Indo-Europeans. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The Cucuteni culture, better known in the countries of the former Soviet Union as Trypillian culture or Tripolie culture, is a late Neolithic A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area The 5th millennium BC saw the spread of Agriculture from the Near East throughout southern and central Europe The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC

Starting with the 2nd millennium BC, it was inhabited by the Dacian tribes, such as Costoboci and Carpians, for a period cohabitated also by the Celto-Germanic tribe of Bastarnae. The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area The Costoboci were a Dacian tribe which lived in the areas known today as Maramureş and south-western Ukraine. The Carpi or Carpians were a Dacian tribe that were originally located on the Eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in what is now Bacău County The Bastarnae were an important ancient people of uncertain but probably mixed Germanic-Celtic-Sarmatian ethnic origin who lived between the Danube and the Dnieper (Strabo Geography From approx. 70 BC to 44 BC, the region was incorporated in the Dacian polity of Burebista. Year 70 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome August — In Rome, Cicero prosecutes Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia.

When the Dacian Kingdom of Decebal, which included the territories just on the other side of the Carpathian Mountains from what is today Bukovina, fell to the Romans in 106, the area came under linguistic and cultural influence of the Roman Empire. Decebalus or "The Brave One" was a king of Dacia (originally named Diurpaneus &mdashruled the Dacians 87 – 106 and is famous for fighting three The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

In 3rd century (240s–270s) the region was plundered by the Goths, in the 4th century by the Huns (370s–380s), and in the 6th century (560s–570s) by the Avars. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan.

Beginning with the 6th century, Slavic populations entered the region and influenced the locals in respect to language and certain agricultural methods (e. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. g. burning the forests to increase the cultivated land).

In 797 the Avars, who settled in today's Hungary and collected regular tribute from the peasants all over south-eastern Europe, were defeated by Charlemagne. Events By Place Byzantine Empire July 17 — Irene orders her son Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI, captured and The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The low-land teritorry of the present-day Bukovina was included in a Vlach polity, which had its center at Dorohoi (approx. Dorohoi is a city in the Botoşani County, Romania, on the right bank of the Jijia River, which broadens into a lake on the north 20 km east of Bukovina), then at Siret (in the center of Bukovina). Siret is a town in Romania, Suceava County, 2 km close to the border with Ukraine, one of the main border passing points in the North of the country having The villages of the Campulung Valley formed a "republic" that preserved its autonomy even under the Principality of Moldavia. Câmpulung Moldovenesc (also spelled Cîmpulung Moldovenesc; Hosszúmező Довгопілля Dovhopillja) is a city located in Suceava County, Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians

Immediately to the north of Bukovina, in 12th to early 14th century was the East Slavic Principality of Halych-Volhynia, formely a part Kievan Rus (880–12th century), which expanded over parts of the region. The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia ( Ruthenian: sla Галицко-Волинскоє Королѣвство Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ or Galicia-Vladimir, was Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan See Interstate 880 for the American Freeway Events By Place Europe Oldest known mention of the city of The Vlach voivodes and the Slavic Princes were often allied in defending against the Tatars in 1240s–1340s, but were defeated. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups

Moldavian Principality

In the mid-14th century, the Moldavian state appeared, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Bukovina and neighboring regions were the nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of Suceava as its capital from 1388 (after Baia and Siret). Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: /su'ʧava/ Suczawa Сучава שאַץ / Shats) is the capital city of the Suceava County, Bukovina This is an article about a commune in Romania there is also a Baia or Baiae near Naples and Baia in Tulcea County Siret is a town in Romania, Suceava County, 2 km close to the border with Ukraine, one of the main border passing points in the North of the country having The name of Moldavia (Moldova) is derived from a river (Moldova River) flowing in Bukovina. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The Moldova River is a River of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia.

In the 15th century, Pokuttya, the region immediately to the north, became the subject of disputes between the Moldavian Principality and the Polish Kingdom, and in 1497 a batlle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland, known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the knights have perished". Pokuttya or Pokuttia (Покуття Pocuţia Pokucie is a historical area of Central Europe, between upper Prut and Cheremosh rivers in The Jagiellon Era 1385&ndash1569 was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke The Battle of the Cosmin Forest ( 1497) ( Romanian: bătălia de la Codrii Cosminului; Polish: bitwa pod Koźminem) was fought Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine Siret is a town in Romania, Suceava County, 2 km close to the border with Ukraine, one of the main border passing points in the North of the country having Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c 1433 - July 2, 1504) also known as Stephen the Great ( Romanian: Ştefan For other monarchs with similar names please see John of Poland.

In this period, the patronage of Stephen III of Moldavia and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries of Moldoviţa, Suceviţa, Putna, Humor, Voroneţ, Dragomirna, Arbore, and others. Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c 1433 - July 2, 1504) also known as Stephen the Great ( Romanian: Ştefan The Moldoviţa Monastery (Romanian Mânăstirea Moldoviţa is a Romanian Orthodox monastery situated in the town of Moldoviţa Suceava County, Moldavia Suceviţa is a commune in Suceava County, Romania. Suceviţa Monastery is located there Putna can refer to Putna Suceava - a commune in Suceava County, Romania the Putna Monastery Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement Voroneţ is a Monastery in Romania, located in the town of Gura Humorului, Moldavia. The Dragomirna Monastery was built during the first three decades of the 17th century 15 km from Suceava, in Mitocu Dragomirnei commune Arbore is a commune located in Suceava County, Romania. Church of Arbore Arbore is best known for its church dedicated to Saint With their renowned exterior frescoes, these monasteries remain some of the greatest cultural treasures of Romania; some of them are World Heritage Sites, part of the painted churches of northern Moldavia. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately Stephen also settled the first Ruthenians in Bukovina with the hope of having a loyal and more numerous population that would contribute with taxes. Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various In Suceava, in the 16th century, two percent of the population (i. Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: /su'ʧava/ Suczawa Сучава שאַץ / Shats) is the capital city of the Suceava County, Bukovina e. about 500–1000 people) was Ruthenian.

In 1538, the Moldavian Principality came under the control of the Ottoman Turks, but it remained autonomous and was governed as before by a native Voivod. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force For short periods of time (during wars), the Polish Kingdom occupied parts of northern Moldavia. However, the old border was re-established every time after, as for example on 14 October 1703 the Polish delegate Martin Chometowski acknowledges "Between us and Wallachia (i. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe e. Moldavia) God himself set Dniester as the border" (Inter nos et Valachiam ipse Deus flumine Tyras dislimitavit). The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe.

In the course of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, the Ottoman armies were defeated by the Russian Empire, that occupied the region during 15 December 1769 – September 1774, and previously during 14 September–October 1739. The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a decisive conflict that brought Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, and Crimea within the orbit of the Russian The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Bukovina was the reward the Habsburgs received for aiding (saving) the Ottomans in that war. Prince Grigore III Ghica of Moldavia protested and was prepared to take action to recover the territory, but was assassinated, and a Greek-Phanariot foreigner was put on the throne of Moldavia by the Ottomans. Grigore III Ghica was twice the Prince of Moldavia between 29 March 1764 - 3 February 1767 and September 1774 - 10 October Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Fener, Fanar or Phanar ( Greek Φανάρι) is a neighborhood midway up the Golden Horn, within the borough of Fatih in Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians

Austrian Empire

Ethnic map of the Austrian province of Bukowina

The Austrian Empire occupied Bukovina in October 1774. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it for a road between Galicia and Transylvania. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austrians giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, and remaining with 278 villages. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Bukovina was a closed military district (1775–1786), then the largest district, Kreis Czernowitz (after its capital Czernowitz) of the Austrian constituent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1787–1849), and, finally, on 4 March 1849, became a separate Austrian Kronland 'crown land' under a Landespräsident (not a Statthalter, as in other crown lands) and declared Herzogtum Bukowina (nominal duchy, as part of the official full style of the Austrian Emperors). Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1860 it was again amalgamated with Galicia, but reinstated as a separate province once again 26 February 1861, a status that would last until 1918. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[2]

In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the Landtag (diet). The Moldavian nobility had traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory. In 1867 it remained part of the Cisleithanian or Austrian territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. Cisleithania (Cisleithanien Předlitavsko was the name of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918

According to the 1775 Austrian census, the province had the total population of 86,000, made up mostly of Romanians (Moldovans), and up to 10,000 Slavs (Polish, Ruthenians and Hutzuls). During the 19th century the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of many immigrants such as Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, and Ukrainians (that time referred to as Ruthenians) from Galicia. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, By 1900 the Romanian population decreased to roughly 40% of Bukovina, with significant Ukrainian (including Hutzuls) (especially in villages in the northern half), German, Jewish, Polish (especially in towns), and Hungarian (several villages) minorities. Hutsuls (Гуцули singular Гуцул Romanian: Huţuli, singular Huţul, Hutsul dialect Hutsule, singular Hutsul; alternatively Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. To reflect this ethnicity shift, in 1843 the Ruthenian language was recognized, along with the Romanian language, as 'the language of the people and of the Church in Bukovina'^[3]

Late-19th to early-20th centuries

The 1871 and 1904 jubilees held at Putna Monastery, near the tomb of Ştefan cel Mare, have constituted tremendous moments for Romanian national identity in Bukovina. Ruthenian (also Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The Putna monastery ( Romanian: Mănăstirea Putna) is a Romanian Orthodox Monastery, one of the most important cultural religious and artistic Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c 1433 - July 2, 1504) also known as Stephen the Great ( Romanian: Ştefan Since gaining its independence, Romania envisioned to incorporate this historic province which, as a core of Moldavian Principality, was of a great historic significance to its history and contained many prominent monuments of its art and architecture. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians See also Timeline of Romanian history, Military history of Romania This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details The art of Romania describes the artists and artistic movements in Romania. [1]

Despite the influx of migrants encouraged under the Austrian rule, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group in the province until 1880, when Ruthenians (Ukrainians) outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. According to the 1880 census there were 239,690 Ruthenians and Hutzuls, or roughly 41. Hutsuls (Гуцули singular Гуцул Romanian: Huţuli, singular Huţul, Hutsul dialect Hutsule, singular Hutsul; alternatively 5% of the population of the region, while Romanians were second with 190,005 people or 33%, a ratio that remained unchanged until World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Ruthenian is an archaic name for Ukrainian, while the Hutsuls are nowadays considered as an ethnic group of Ukrainian stock (ethnically Vlach shepherds who acquired a Slavic (Ukrainian) language). Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Hutsuls (Гуцули singular Гуцул Romanian: Huţuli, singular Huţul, Hutsul dialect Hutsule, singular Hutsul; alternatively Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe

Under Austrian rule Bukovina remained ethnically mixed: predominantly Romanian in the south, Ukrainian (commonly referred to as Ruthenians in the Empire) in the north, with small numbers of Hungarian Székely, Slovak and Polish peasants, and Germans, Poles and Jews in the towns. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The 1910 census counted 800 198 people, of which: Ruthenian 38. 88%, Romanian 34. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni 38%, German 21. This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general 24%, Jews 12. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 86%, Polish 4. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. 55%, Hungarian 1. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. 31%, Slovak 0. } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is 08%, Slovene 0. Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki 02%, Italian 0. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging 02%, and a few Armenian, Croat, Gypsy, Serbian, and Turkish. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Romanians were still present in all settlements of the region, but their number decreased in the villages in the north. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Many of Bukovina's Germans, and a few Romanians, emigrated in 19th and 20th century to North America. [2] [3] [4]

In 1783, by an imperial decree Greek Orthodox eparchies in Bukovina and Dalmatia form an Archbishopric with seat in Czernowitz, later rased to the rank of Metropolitanate [5]. A decree is an order made by a Head of state or government and having the force of Law. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine Some friction appeared in time between the Serb archbishops, and the Romanians complaining that Old Slavonic is favored to Romanian, and that family names are being slavicized. Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance In spite of Romanian-Slav frictions over the influence in the local Orthodox clerical hierarchy, there was no Romanian-Ukrainian inter-ethnic tension, and both cultures developed in educational and public life. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Moreover, at the end of the 19th century, the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed Galicia and the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities. The Culture of Ukraine is a result of influence over millennia from the West and East with an assortment of strong culturally-identified Ethnic groups Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine,

In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand created a plan (that never came to pass) of United States of Greater Austria. Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of The United States of Greater Austria (Vereinigte Staaten von Groß-Österreich was an idea created by a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici's book „Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich“ [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. According to it, most of Bukovina (including Czernowitz) would form, with Transylvania, a Romanian state, while the north-western portion (Zastavna, Kozman, Waschkoutz, Wiznitz, Gura Putilei, and Seletin districts) would form with the bigger part of Galicia a Ukrainian state, both in a federation with 13 other states under the Austrian crown. Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, [6]

^[4]

Kingdom of Romania

In World War I, several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian armies, which resulted in the Russian army being driven out in 1917. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, both the local Romanian National Council and the Ukrainian National Council based in Galicia claimed the region. A Consitituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an Executive Committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. The Executive Committee called a General Congress of Bukovina for 15/28 November 1918, where 74 Romanians, 13 Ruthenians, 7 Germans, and 6 Poles were elected (this is the linguistic composition, and Jews were not recorded as a separate group). A popular enthusiasm sprang throughout the region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress. [7]^[5]

The Congress elected the Romanian Bukovinian politician Iancu Flondor as chairman, and voted for the union with the Kingdom of Romania, with the support of the Romanian, German, Jewish, and Polish representatives, and the opposition of the Ukrainian ones. Iancu Flondor ( August 3, 1865 &ndash October 19, 1924) was an Austro-Hungarian -born Romanian activist who advocated See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of the Principality of Moldavia, where the "gropniţele domneşti" (voivods' burial sites) are located, and "dreptul de libera hotarare de sine" (right of self-determination). Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians ^[6]

After an official request by Iancu Flondor, Romanian troops swiftly moved in to take over the territory, against Ukrainian protest. Iancu Flondor ( August 3, 1865 &ndash October 19, 1924) was an Austro-Hungarian -born Romanian activist who advocated ^[7] Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of northern Bukovina into the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, this attempt was defeated by the Polish and Romanian troops. The West Ukrainian National Republic (Західно-Українська Народна Республика Zakhidno-Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublyka or ЗУНР ZUNR Romanian control of the province was recognized internationally in the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new

During the interwar period Romanian authorities directed Rumanization policies at the Ukrainian population of the region. Romanianization or Rumanization is the term used to describe a number of ethnic assimilation policies implemented by the Romanian authorities during the 20th century Romanian language was introduced into ethnic minority schools in 1923, and by 1926 all Ukrainian schools in Bukovina were closed. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance

At the same time, the Ukrainian enrollment in the Cernăuţi University fell from 239 out of 1671, in 1914, to 155 out of 3,247, in 1933, while Romanian enrollment in the same period increased several times to 2,117 out of 3,247. The Chernivtsi University (current full name Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University) is the leading Ukrainian institution for higher education in Northern Bukovina ^[8] This was partly due to attempts to switch to mostly Romanian language, and partly to the fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious.

From 1928, as Romania tried to improve its relations with Soviet Union during 1928–1938, Ukrainian culture was given some limited means to redevelop, though the gains were sharply reversed in 1938. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

According to the 1930 Romanian census, Romanians made up almost 45% of the total population of Bukovina and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) 29. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni 2%. However, in the northern part of the region, which subsequently was ceded to the USSR following the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, Romanians made up only 32. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 On June 26 1940, Romania received an Ultimatum from the Soviet Union, demanding the evacuation of the Romanian military and administration from 6% of the population, while Ukrainians slightly outnumbered Romanians.

In 1940, when the region was occupied by the Soviet Union, Chernivtsi Oblast (2/3 of which is Northern Bukovina) had a population of circa 805,000, out of which 47. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Chernivtsi Oblast (Чернівецька область translit 5% were Ukrainians in 1940, and 28. 3% were Romanians, with Germans, Jews, Poles, Hungarians and Russians comprising the rest. Some Romanian intellectuals fled the region before the Soviet occupation. The prevailing Ukrainian population was a motivation for inclusion of the region into the Ukrainian SSR, but not into the newly-formed Moldavian SSR. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldovan: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă Whether the region would have been included in the Ukrainian SSR, if the commission presiding over the division had been led by someone else than the Ukrainian communist leader Nikita Khrushchev, remains a debate among scholars. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following

Preceding events and Second World War

Following the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanded from Romania the northern part of Bukovina, a region bordering Galicia (the latter annexed by the Soviet Union at 1939 Poland's partition in 1939). On June 26 1940, Romania received an Ultimatum from the Soviet Union, demanding the evacuation of the Romanian military and administration from Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied The Soviet demand for Bukovina surprised Nazi Germany, though it did not formally oppose it. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers In the first Soviet ultimatum addressed to the Romanian government, the partly Ukrainian populated northern Bukovina was "demanded" as a minor "reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union and Bassarabia's population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination of Bassarabia". Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian On 28 June 1940, the Romanian government evacuated Northern Bukovina, and the Red Army moved in, with the new Soviet-Romanian border being traced less than 20 kilometers north of Putna Monastery. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Putna monastery ( Romanian: Mănăstirea Putna) is a Romanian Orthodox Monastery, one of the most important cultural religious and artistic

In the course of the 1941 attack on the Soviet Union by the Axis forces, the Romanian Third Army led by General Petre Dumitrescu (operating in the north) and the Romanian Fourth Army (operating in the south) re-occupied Northern Bukovina, as well as Hertsa district, and Bassarabia, during June–July 1941. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Romanian Third Army was a field army that fought as part of the German Army Group B during World War II, in Ukraine, Crimea, and Petre Dumitrescu ( February 18, 1882 - January 15, 1950) was a Romanian General during World War II, who Hertsaivskyi Raion (Герцаївський район translit Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian However, then it continued the war, and occupied during 1941–1944 proper Soviet territories in the south of Ukrainian SSR — the Odessa Oblast, and parts of Mykolaiv and Vinnytsia oblasts. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Odessa Oblast, also written as Odesa Oblast (Одеська область translit Mykolaiv Oblast (Миколаївська область translit Vinnytsia Oblast (Вінницька область translit Vinnyts’ka oblast’; also referred to as Vinnychchyna - Вінниччина Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division

During 1940–1950, major demographic changes occurred in northern Bukovina. These demographic shifts are explained by several separate but concurrent phenomena:

1. fleeing of a part of the population to Romania (mainly, but not exclusively, ethnic Romanians)
2. repatriation of Germans, Hungarians and Poles
3. systematic repression, mass deportation and exterminations by the Soviet regime (again mainly, although not exclusively, directed against Romanians)
4. deportation of the Jewish population by the Romanian authorities to the Romanian and German run extermination camps. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become

In the first year of Soviet occupation, the population of the region decreased by more than 250,000. According to NKVD orders, tens of thousands of Romanian families were deported to Siberia during this period [8], with 12,191 people deported on 2 August 1940 (less than a month after the occupation) [9], and another 2,057 persons deported to Siberia in December 1940, together with their families [10]. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The largest action took place on 13 June 1941, when about 13,000 people were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [11]

Until the repatriation convention of 15 April 1941, NKVD troops killed hundreds of Romanian peasants of Northern Bukovina as they tried to cross the border into Romania in order to escape from Soviet authorities. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This culminated on 1 April 1941 with the Fântâna Albă massacre. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fântâna Albă massacre took place April 1, 1941, in Northern Bukovina when a large number of people (about 200 were killed by gunfire from Soviet

Almost the entire German population of northern Bukovina was forcebly resettled in 1940–1941 (Umsiedlung) to the Reichland, during 15 September – 15 November 1940. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. About 45,000 ethnic Germans had left Northern Bukovina by November 1940. ^[9] This figure, higher than the size of the German minority, included also a couple thousand Romanians, Ukrainian, etc. , posing as Germans to flee the Soviet rule.

In July 1941, the new Romanian military government counted at least 36,000 missing persons. After the war the Soviet government deported or killed about 41,000 Romanians. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni [12]

Almost the entire Jewish community of Northern Bukovina was destroyed by the deportations to the death camps (see Bogdanovka) over the Dniester River. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Bogdanovka was an Concentration camp for Jews that was established by the Romanian authorities during World War II as part of the Holocaust The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. Despite his promise that he would treat Jews from territories not occupied by the Soviets differently, Romanian leader Ion Antonescu ordered deportation of Jews also from Suceava county. "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: /su'ʧava/ Suczawa Сучава שאַץ / Shats) is the capital city of the Suceava County, Bukovina Consequently, in 1941 and 1942, 21,229 Jews from southern Bukovina were deported.

After the war

In 1944 the Red Army drove the Axis forces out and re-established the Soviet control over the territory. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Romania was forced to formally cede the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR by the 1947 Paris peace treaty. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Paris Peace Conference ( July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947 The territory became part of the Ukrainian SSR as Chernivtsi Oblast (province). The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Chernivtsi Oblast (Чернівецька область translit Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division After the war, the Soviet government deported or killed about 41,000 Romanians. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni As a result of killings and mass deportations, entire villages, mostly inhabited by Romanians, were abandoned (Albovat, Frunza, I. G. Duca, Buci — completely erased, Prisaca, Tanteni and Vicov — destroyed to a large extent). ^[10] Men of military age (and sometimes above) were conscripted into the Soviet Army. That did not protect them, however, from being arrested and deported for being "anti-Soviet elements".

As a reaction, partisan groups (composed of both Romanians and Ukrainians) began to operate against the Soviets in the woods around Cernăuţi, Crasna and Codrii Cosminului. Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine ^[11] In Crasna (in the former Storozhynets county) villagers attacked Soviet soldiers who were sent to "temporarily resettle" them, since they feared deportation. Storozhynets (Сторожинець translit Storozhynets’, see other names below is a Town located in the Chernivtsi Oblast This resulted in dead and wounded among the villagers, who had no firearms.

Spring 1945 saw the formation of transports of Polish repatriates who (voluntarily or by coercion) had decided to leave. Between March 1945 and July 1946, 10,490 inhabitants left northern Bukovina for Poland, including 8,140 Poles, 2,041 Jews and 309 of other nationalities.

Overall, between 1930 (last Romanian census) and 1959 (first Soviet census), the population of northern Bukovina decreased by 31,521 people. According to official data from those two censuses, the Romanian population had decreased by 75,752 people, and the Jewish population by 46,632, while the Ukrainian and Russian populations increased by 135,161 and 4,322 people, respectively.

After 1944, the human and economic connections between the northern (Soviet) and southern (Romanian) parts of Bukovina were severed. While the northern part is the nucleus of the Ukrainian Chernivtsi Oblast, the southern part is tightly integrated with Romanian historic regions. Chernivtsi Oblast (Чернівецька область translit

Population

Historical population

The ethnic composition of Bukovina changed dramatically after 1774, when the region was occupied by the Austrian Empire. The population of Bukovina increased steadily, primarily through immigration, which Austrian authorities encouraged in order to develop the economy. ^[12] In 1774 the Romanians constituted an overwhelming majority, roughly 64,000 (85%) of the 75,000 total population, while about 8,000 (10%) were Ruthenians/Ukrainians and 3,000 (4%) others. ^[13] By 1810 the Romanian share had fallen from 85% to 75% and in 1848 to only 55%. In the same period, the Ukrainian population rose from 8,000 in 1774 to 108,907 in 1848 and the Jewish population from 526 in 1774 to 11,600 in 1848. ^[13]

This dramatic change in Bukovina's ethnic composition changed the proportion of Romanians from an overwhelming absolute majority (more than 85% before 1774) to a relative majority (40. 5% in 1869) and then a minority (33. 4% in 1880).

According to the census data of Austria-Hungary, the population of Bukovina was:

Current population

Ethnic divisions in modern Bukovina with Ukrainians, Romanians and Russians areas depicted in light yellow, green, and red respectively. The Moldovans, counted separately in the Ukrainian census are included in this map as Romanians. Moldovans, or Moldavians (original name Moldoveni; Молдовень in the Moldovan Cyrillic script, used nowadays only in Transnistria The first Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on December 5, 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census

The present demographic situation in Bukovina hardly resembles the one of the times of the Austrian Empire. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The Northern (Ukrainian) and Southern (Romanian) parts became significantly dominated by their Ukrainian and Romanian majorities, respectively, with the representation of other ethnic groups being decreased significantly.

According to the Ukrainian Census (2001) data [13], the Ukrainians represent about 75% (689,100) of the population of Chernivtsi Oblast, which is the closest, although not an exact, approximation of the territory of the historic Northern Bukovina. The first Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on December 5, 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Chernivtsi Oblast (Чернівецька область translit The census also identified a fall in the Romanian and Moldovan populations to 12. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni 5% (114. 6 thousand) and 7. 3% (67. 2 thousand), respectively. Russians are the next largest ethnic group with 4. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries 1%, while Poles, Belarusians, and Jews comprise the rest 1. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 2%. The languages of the population closely reflect the ethnic composition, with over 90% within each of the major ethnic groups declaring their national language as the mother tongue (Ukrainian, Romanian, and Russian, respectively). Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

The fact that Romanians and Moldovans were presented as separate categories in the census results, has been criticized by the Romanian Community of Ukraine - Interregional Union, which complains that this old Soviet-era practice, results in the Romanian population being undercounted, as being divided between Romanians and Moldovans. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Moldovans, or Moldavians (original name Moldoveni; Молдовень in the Moldovan Cyrillic script, used nowadays only in Transnistria A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Moldovans, or Moldavians (original name Moldoveni; Молдовень in the Moldovan Cyrillic script, used nowadays only in Transnistria

A compact Romanian majority inhabits the southern part of Chernivtsi region, in Hertsa, Novoselitsa, Hlyboka, and Storozhinets raions (districts). The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Hertsaivskyi Raion (Герцаївський район translit Novoselytskyi Raion (Новоселицький район is a Raion (administrative district in Chernivtsi Oblast, ( province) in the west of Hlybotskyi Raion (Глибоцький район is an administrative district of Chernivtsi Oblast in western Ukraine. Storozhynetskyi Raion (Сторожинецький район is a Raion (administrative district in Chernivtsi Oblast, ( province) in the southwest For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი In Putyla and Vyzhnytsia raions Ukrainians Hutzuls form the majority. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Hutsuls (Гуцули singular Гуцул Romanian: Huţuli, singular Huţul, Hutsul dialect Hutsule, singular Hutsul; alternatively In the other five districts, and the city of Chernivtsi, non-Hutzul Ukrainians are in the majority. Chernivtsi (Чернівці See #Name section) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast ( province) in western Ukraine Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens

The southern, or Romanian Bukovina has a significant Romanian majority (97. 5%), largest minority group being the Ukrainians, who make up 1. 2% of the population (2002 census). The Romanian 2002 census was subject to a criticism of undercounting of ethnic minorities in Romania brought up by the Ukrainian communities inside and outside Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Cities and towns

Northern Bukovina

• Berehomet (Romanian: Berhomete pe Siret)
• Boyany (Romanian: Boian)
• Chernavka (Romanian: Cernauca)
• Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernăuţi, German:Czernowitz)
• Hlyboka (Romanian: Adâncata)
• Kitsman (Romanian: Cozmeni; German: Kotzman)
• Krasnoilsk (Romanian: Crasna)
• Luzhany (Romanian: Lujeni)
• Mikhalcha
• Nepolokivtsi (Romanian: Nepolocăuţi/Grigore-Ghica Vodă)
• Novoselytsia (Romanian: Suliţa-Târg/Suliţa Nouă/Nouă Suliţi)
• Putyla (Romanian: Putila)
• Sadhora (Romanian: Sădăgura; Polish: Sadagóra)
• Storozhynets (Romanian: Storojineţ)
• Vashkivtsi (Romanian: Văşcăuţi; German: Waschkautz)
• Vyzhnytsia (Romanian: Vijniţa; German: Wiznitz)
• Zastavna (Romanian: Zastavna)

Southern Bukovina

• Cajvana (Ukrainian: Кажване)
• Câmpulung Moldovenesc (Ukrainian: Кимпулунґ; historic Довгопілля)
• Frasin (Ukrainian: Фрасин)
• Gura Humorului (Ukrainian: Ґура-Гумора)
• Milişăuţi (Ukrainian: Милишівці)
• Rădăuţi (Ukrainian: Радівці; German: Radautz)
• Siret (Ukrainian: Сирет)
• Solca (Ukrainian: Солька)
• Suceava (Ukrainian: Сучава; historic Сочава)
• Vatra Dornei (Ukrainian: Ватра Дорни)
• Vicovu de Sus (Ukrainian: Верхнє Викове)

See also

• Moldavian Principality
• Galicia (Central Europe)
• Székelys of Bukovina

Footnotes

References

• edited by O. Derhachov (1996). Українська державність у ХХ столітті. (Ukrainian statehood of the twentieth century) (in Ukrainian). Politychna Dumka.  
• [14] (original version, in German - use English and French versions with caution)
• WorldStatesmen (under Ukraine)
• Dumitru Covălciuc. Românii nord-bucovineni în exilul totalitarismului sovietic
• Victor Bârsan "Masacrul inocenţilor", Bucuresti, 1993, pp. 18–19
• Ştefan Purici. Represiunile sovietice. . . P. 255–258;
• Vasile Ilica. Fântâna Albă: O mărturie de sânge (istorie, amintiri, mărturii). - Oradea: Editura Imprimeriei de Vest, 1999.
• Marian Olaru. Consideraţii preliminare despre demografie si geopolitica pe teritoriul Bucovinei. Analele Bucovinei. Tomul VIII. Partea I. Bucuresti: Editura Academiei Române, 2001
• Ţara fagilor: Almanah cultural-literar al românilor nord-bucovineni. Cernăuţi-Târgu-Mureş, 1994
• Aniţa Nandris-Cudla. Amintiri din viaţă. 20 de ani în Siberia. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2006 (second edition), (in Romanian) ISBN 973-50-1159-X
• The Bukovina Society of the Americas
• United States of Greater Austria
• United States of Greater Austria

External links

• (Romanian) Traditions, History and Monasteries from Bucovina
• (Romanian) Life in the old Bukovina - photos
• (German) Books and news about Chernivtsi and Bukovina
• (English) Bukovina, in Encyclopædia Britannica
• (English) Bukovina, in Encyclopædia Britannica
• (English) Bukovina Society of the Americas
• (Romanian) Suceava Press - Bukovina press review
• (English)/(Romanian) The Metropolitanate of Moldavia and Bukovina (Romanian Orthodox Church)
• (English)/(Ukrainian) Ukrainian Census
• (Romanian) Soviet Ultimatum Notes (University of Bucharest site)
• (Romanian) Romanian Bucovina's Association for Tourism
• (English)/(Ukrainian) Chernivtsy city sport and tourism
• (English) Ukrainians in Bukovina (map)
• (Romanian) detailed article about WWII and aftermath
• (English) Short movie about the romanian culture in Bukovina
• (English) http://radautz-jewisheritage.org
• (Czech) Present and past of a lovely small Czech village Bukovina u Ciste
• Bukovina in UkrStor.com (the web library of historical documents & publicism about Malorussia/Ukraine)

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