| True Toads | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Monte Verde Toad (Bufo periglenes)
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Species | ||||||||||||
|
See text. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Bufonidae, or true toads, are a family of Anurans the only family exclusively known as toads Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti ( December 4, 1735 - February 17, 1805) was an Austrian naturalist. |
Bufo is a large genus of about 150 species of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic A toad can refer to a number of Species of Amphibians in the order Anura. Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Bufonidae, or true toads, are a family of Anurans the only family exclusively known as toads Bufo is a Latin word for toad. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
Contents |
Description
This is a truly cosmopolitan genus, able to live under adverse conditions, and occurring around the world except in the Arctic and Antarctic, Australia (with the exception of the introduced Cane Toad), and New Guinea and neighbouring islands. In Biogeography, a Biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known
True toads have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which makes them poor jumpers. As with all members of the family Bufonidae, they lack a tail and teeth, and they have horizontal pupils. Bufonidae, or true toads, are a family of Anurans the only family exclusively known as toads The pupil is the hole that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the Eye. Their dry skin is thick and warty.
Behind their eyes, Bufo species have a wartlike structure, the parotoid glands. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain A wart (also known as verruca) is generally a small rough Tumor, typically on hands and feet but often other locations that can resemble a Cauliflower For one of the human salivary glands see Parotid gland. The parotoid gland is an external skin Gland on the back neck and shoulder of Toads These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary handling of toads is not dangerous, and does not cause warts in contradiction to folk beliefs. The venom of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin; the venom of the Sonoran Desert Toad, Bufo alvarius, is a potent hallucinogen containing 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin. Bufotoxins are a family of toxic substances found in the Parotoid glands skin and venom of many Toads ( Genus Bufo) other amphibians and other The Colorado River Toad or Bufo alvarius, also known as the Sonoran Desert Toad, is a Psychoactive toad found in the Southwestern United The general group of pharmacological agents commonly known as hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories Psychedelics, Dissociatives 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine is a very powerful psychedelic Tryptamine. Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine) is a Tryptamine related to the Neurotransmitter Serotonin. The venom's psychoactive effects are said to have been known to Precolumbian Native Americans. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.
Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The adult males of many species show a dark throat.
Two species are found in the British Isles: the Common Toad (Bufo bufo), and the Natterjack Toad, (Bufo calamita). The Common Toad ( Bufo bufo) or European Toad is widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Ireland and some Mediterranean The Natterjack Toad ( Epidalea calamita, formerly Bufo calamita) is a Toad native to sandy and heathland areas of Northern Europe The former is found almost everywhere. The Natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange/red warts, green eyes & a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.
Psychoactive properties
There are several species of Bufo toads which produce venom that has psychoactive properties. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain The venom of one species (Bufo alvarius) contains both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin, while several others contain only bufotenin. The Colorado River Toad or Bufo alvarius, also known as the Sonoran Desert Toad, is a Psychoactive toad found in the Southwestern United 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine is a very powerful psychedelic Tryptamine. Bufotenin (also known as bufotenine) is a Tryptamine related to the Neurotransmitter Serotonin.
Groups
Species in this genus can be quite different, which has led to a recent recommendation in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History to split the genus, a recommendation that has been rejected (in part) by many taxonomists (see Pauly et al. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most , 2004, Evolution 58: 2517–2535). Instead, the relationships between the different species are formalized by categorizing them into subgenera, such as Anaxyrus and Rhinella. Other taxonomists recognize various informal species groups, such as:
Species
Bufo is a large group, and it is usually divided into several subgenera. Frost et. al. removed in 2006 most of the species of former "Bufo" to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors.
The Rhinella is composed of the former Rhamphophryne and Chaunus genera combined, and is placed in its own separate genus. Rhinella ( Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo (treated by some as a distinct genus containing 71 species Some herpetologists disagree and maintain these species in Bufo. Here the Rhinella are omitted to be treated in a separate page. Rhinella ( Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo (treated by some as a distinct genus containing 71 species
Subgenus Anaxyrus
Contains 22 species - see separate page. Anaxyrus is a subgenus of True toads genus Bufo, native to North and Central America.
Subgenus Bufo
Composed of 12 species. Found in Temperate Eurasia and Japan south to North Africa, the Middle East, northeastern Myanmar and northern Vietnam.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) | |
| Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908 | Central Formosa Toad, Bankor Toad |
| Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) | Common Toad, Common European Toad |
| Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 | Chusan Island Toad, Asiatic Toad |
| Bufo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838 | Japanese Toad |
| Bufo kabischi Herrmann and Kühnel, 1997 | |
| Bufo minshanicus Stejneger, 1926 | Gansu Toad, Minshan Toad |
| Bufo tibetanus Zarevskij, 1926 | Tibetan Toad |
| Bufo torrenticola Matsui, 1976 | Honshu Toad, Japanese Stream Toad |
| Bufo tuberculatus Zarevskij, 1926 | Qinghai Lake Toad, Round-warted Toad |
| Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) | Caucasian Toad |
| Bufo wolongensis Herrmann & Kühnel, 1997 |
Group "Bufo"
An assemblage of 25 species which remained outside the main groups. UserPolbot. --> Bufo aspinius is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo bankorensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family The Common Toad ( Bufo bufo) or European Toad is widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Ireland and some Mediterranean The Asiatic toad, or Bufo gargarizans, is a species of Toad found in East Asia. UserPolbot. --> The Japanese Common Toad ( Bufo japonicus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo kabischi is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo minshanicus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Tibetan Toad ( Bufo tibetanus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Japanese Stream Toad ( Bufo torrenticola) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo tuberculatus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Caucasian Toad ( Bufo verrucosissimus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo wolongensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Frost et. al. denoted the species in this group as polyphyletic by placing "Bufo" in quotation marks. Presumably, as these taxa are studied they will be allocated to one or another of the existing groups.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 | Ejia Toad, Ailao Toad |
| Bufo arabicus Heyden, 1827 | Arabian Toad |
| Bufo atukoralei Bogert & Senanayake, 1966 | Yala Toad, Atukorale's Dwarf Toad |
| Bufo beddomii Günther, 1876 | Beddome's Toad |
| Bufo brevirostris Rao, 1937 | Kempholey Toad, Short-nosed Toad, Rao's Pale Brown Toad |
| Bufo cryptotympanicus Liu & Hu, 1962 | Earless Toad |
| Bufo dhufarensis Parker, 1931 | Oman Toad - very similar to Bufo scorteccii |
| Bufo dodsoni Boulenger, 1895 | Dodson's Toad |
| Bufo hololius Günther, 1876 | Malabar Toad, Gûnther's Toad |
| Bufo kotagamai Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994 | Kotagama's Dwarf Toad |
| Bufo koynayensis Soman, 1963 | Humbali Village Toad, Koyna Toad, Chrome-yellow Toad |
| Bufo mauritanicus Schlegel, 1841 | Berber Toad, Pantherine Toad, Moroccan Toad |
| Bufo olivaceus Blanford, 1874 | Olive Toad, Baluchistan Coastal Toad, Makran Toad |
| Bufo pageoti Bourret, 1937 | Tonkin Toad |
| Bufo parietalis (Boulenger, 1882) | Indian Toad, Ridged Toad, Timber Forest Toad |
| Bufo pentoni Anderson, 1893 | Shaata Gardens Toad, Penton's Toad |
| Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799 | Ferguson’s Toad |
| Bufo scorteccii Balletto & Cherchi, 1970 | Scortecci’s Toad |
| Bufo silentvalleyensis Pillai, 1981 | Silent Valley Toad, South Indian Hill Toad |
| Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931 | Stejneger's Toad, Korean Toad, Water Toad |
| Bufo stomaticus Lütken, 1864 | Assam Toad, Indus Valley Toad, Marbled Toad |
| Bufo stuarti Smith, 1929 | Stuart’s Toad |
| Bufo sumatranus Peters, 1871 | Sumatra Toad |
| Bufo tihamicus Balletto & Cherchi, 1973 | Balletto's Toad |
| Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo, 1909 | Pulo Weh Toad |
Subgenus Nannophryne
Four species. UserPolbot. -->The Ailao Toad ( Bufo ailaoanus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Arabian Toad ( Bufo arabicus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo atukoralei is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Beddome's Toad ( Bufo beddomii) is a species of Toad found in the Western Ghats of India. UserPolbot. -->The Short-nosed Toad ( Bufo brevirostris) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo cryptotympanicus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Dhofar Toad ( Bufo dhufarensis) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo dodsoni is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Bufo hololius is a rare species of Toad found in the Western Ghats. UserPolbot. --> Bufo kotagamai is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo koynayensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Berber Toad, Mauritanian Toad, Crapaud De Maurétanie, Crapaud Pantherin, or UserPolbot. --> Bufo olivaceus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo pageoti is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family The Ridged Toad, Bufo parietalis is a species of Toad found in the Western Ghats of India. UserPolbot. --> Bufo pentoni is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Ferguson's toad Bufo scaber is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo scorteccii is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Bufo silentvalleyensis is a species of Toad endemic to southern India The Korean water toad, Bufo stejnegeri, also sometimes known as the Korean toad or water toad, is a species of Toad found in Bufo stomaticus is a species of Toad endemic to Pakistan SimpleBufo stomaticus Bufo stuarti is a species of Toad found in Southeast Asia. Known only from northern Myanmar and northeastern India The Sumatra Toad, Bufo sumatranus is a species of Toad endemic to Indonesia. UserPolbot. --> Bufo tihamicus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo valhallae is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et. al. , 2006. Smith and Chiszar, 2006 implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. Found in South America.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo apolobambica De la Riva, Ninon Ríos, and Aparicio, 2005 | |
| Bufo cophotis Boulenger, 1900 | Paramo Toad |
| Bufo corynetes Duellman and Ochoa-M. UserPolbot. --> Chaunus cophotis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Chaunus corynetes is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family , 1991 | Abra Malaga Toad |
| Bufo variegata (Günther, 1870) | Eden Harbour Toad |
Subgenus Olletis
Contains 33 species. Frost et. al. moved these members to a separate genus in 2006, first to Cranopsis and then to Olletis. Some herpetologists are retaining the use of Bufo at this time (e. g. , following Pauly et al. , 2004) as the valid name for this group of toads.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo alvarius Girard in Baird, 1859 | Sonoran Desert Toad |
| Bufo aucoinae O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004 | |
| Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 | Bocourt's Toad |
| Bufo campbelli Mendelson, 1994 | Campbell's Forest Toad |
| Bufo canaliferus Cope, 1877 | Dwarf Toad |
| Bufo cavifrons Firschein, 1950 | Mountain Toad |
| Bufo coccifer Cope, 1866 | Southern Roundgland Toad |
| Bufo coniferus Cope, 1862 | Evergreen Toad |
| Bufo cristatus Wiegmann, 1833 | Large-crested Toad |
| Bufo cycladen Lynch & Smith, 1966 | Northern Roundgland Toad |
| Bufo fastidiosus (Cope, 1875) | Pico Blanco Toad |
| Bufo gemmifer Taylor, 1940 | Jeweled Toad |
| Bufo holdridgei Taylor, 1952 | Holdridge's Toad |
| Bufo ibarrai Stuart, 1954 | Jalapa Toad |
| Bufo intermedius Günther, 1858 | Gunther's Tropical Toad |
| Bufo leucomyos McCranie & Wilson, 2000 | |
| Bufo luetkenii Boulenger, 1891 | Yellow Toad |
| Bufo macrocristatus Firschein & Smith, 1957 | Large-crested Toad |
| Bufo marmoreus Wiegmann, 1833 | Marbled Toad |
| Bufo mazatlanensis Taylor, 1940 | Sinaloa Toad |
| Bufo melanochlorus Cope, 1877 | Dark Green Toad |
| Bufo nebulifer Girard, 1854 | Gulf Coast Toad |
| Bufo occidentalis Camerano, 1879 | Pine Toad |
| Bufo periglenes Savage, 1967 | Monte Verde Golden Toad |
| Bufo peripatetes Savage, 1972 | Almirante Trail Toad |
| Bufo perplexus Taylor, 1943 | Confusing Toad |
| Bufo pisinnus Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 | |
| Bufo porteri Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 | |
| Bufo signifer Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 | |
| Bufo spiculatus Mendelson, 1997 | |
| Bufo tacanensis Smith, 1952 | Volcan Tacana Toad |
| Bufo tutelarius Mendelson, 1997 | |
| Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 |
Subgenus Peltophryne
Contains 11 species. The Colorado River Toad or Bufo alvarius, also known as the Sonoran Desert Toad, is a Psychoactive toad found in the Southwestern United UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis aucoinae is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis bocourti is a synonym for Bufo bocourti, which is a species of Toad UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis campbelli is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis canaliferus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Mountain Toad ( Bufo cavifrons) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis coccifer is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis coniferus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Large-crested toad ( Bufo cristatus) is a species of Toad endemic to Mexico. The Pico Blanco Toad ( Bufo fastidiosus) is a species of Toad from Panama and Costa Rica. UserPolbot. -->The Jeweled Toad or Sapo Joya ( Bufo gemmifer) is a species of Toad in the Holdridge's Toad ( Bufo holdridgei) was a species of Toad endemic to Costa Rica. UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis ibarrai is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo intermedius is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis leucomyos is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis luetkenii is one of several former names for Bufo luetkenii, a species of UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis macrocristatus is one of several former names for Bufo macrocristatus, UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis marmoreus is one of several former names for Bufo marmoreus, a species UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis mazatlanensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis melanochlorus is one of several former names for Bufo melanochlorus, a UserPolbot. --> Bufo nebulifer is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Pine Toad ( Bufo occidentalis) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family The golden toad WikipediaNaming conventions (fauna --> ( Bufo periglenes) was a small shiny bright True The Almirante Trail Toad ( Bufo peripatetes) is a species of Toad endemic to Panama. UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis perplexus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo pisinnus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis porteri is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo signifer is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis spiculatus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis tacanensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Cranopsis tutelarius is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Distributed in the Greater Antilles.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo cataulaciceps Schwartz, 1959 | Schwartz's Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo empusus (Cope, 1862) | Cope's Caribbean Toad, Cuban Toad |
| Bufo fluviaticus Schwartz, 1972 | Dominican Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo fractus Schwartz, 1972 | |
| Bufo fustiger Schwartz, 1960 | |
| Bufo guentheri Cochran, 1941 | Gunther's Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo gundlachi Ruibal, 1959 | Gundlach's Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) | Lowland Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo longinasus Stejneger, 1905 | Stejneger's Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo peltocephalus Tschudi, 1838 | Tschudi's Caribbean Toad |
| Bufo taladai Schwartz, 1960 | Cuban Caribbean Toad |
Subgenus Phrynoidis
Two species. UserPolbot. -->The Cuban Pine Toad or Sapito De Las Sabanas Arenosas ( Bufo cataulaciceps) is a species UserPolbot. -->The Cuban Small-eared Toad, Guasabalo, or Sapo De Concha ( Bufo empusus) is The Dominican caribbean toad or hispaniolan crestless toad ( Bufo fluviaticus) is a species of Toad endemic to the Dominican Republic. UserPolbot. -->The Eastern Crested Toad ( Bufo fractus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. -->The Western Giant Toad ( Bufo fustiger) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo guentheri is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Cuban High-crested Toad or Saptito Matraca ( Bufo gundlachi) is a species of The Puerto Rican Crested Toad or simply Puerto Rican Toad ( Bufo lemur) is a species of Toad found only in Puerto Rico. UserPolbot. -->The Cuban Long-nosed Toad ( Bufo longinasus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo peltocephalus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Cuban Spotted Toad ( Bufo taladai) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et. al. , 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 | Malayan Giant Toad |
| Bufo juxtasper Inger, 1964 | Giant River Toad |
Subgenus Poyntonophrynus
Ten species. The Asian Giant Toad ( Bufo asper) sometimes referred to as the River Toad, is a large Toad native to Southeast Asia. UserPolbot. --> Bufo juxtasper is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Frost et. al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo beiranus Loveridge, 1932 | Beira's Toad |
| Bufo damaranus Mertens, 1954 | |
| Bufo dombensis Bocage, 1895 | Dombe Toad |
| Bufo fenoulheti Hewitt & Methuen, 1912 | Transvaal Dwarf Toad |
| Bufo grandisonae Poynton & Haacke, 1993 | Mossamedes Toad, Grandison's Toad |
| Bufo hoeschi Ahl, 1934 | Okahandja Toad, Hoesch's Toad |
| Bufo kavangensis Poynton & Broadley, 1988 | Khwai River Toad, Kavanga Toad |
| Bufo lughensis Loveridge, 1932 | Lugh Toad |
| Bufo parkeri Loveridge, 1932 | Parker's Toad |
| Bufo vertebralis Smith, 1848 | African Dwarf Toad, Pygmy Toad |
Subgenus Pseudepidalea
15 species. UserPolbot. -->The Beira Toad ( Bufo beiranus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo damaranus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Dombe Toad ( Bufo dombensis) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo fenoulheti is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo grandisonae is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo hoeschi is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo kavangensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo lughensis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo parkeri is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo vertebralis is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Frost et. al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus. It is the Bufo viridis group of previous authors.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo balearica Boettger, 1880 | |
| Bufo boulengeri Lataste, 1879 | |
| Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972 | Tiznit Toad |
| Bufo latastii Boulenger, 1882 | Ladakh Toad, Lataste's Toad |
| Bufo luristanicus Schmidt, 1952 | |
| Bufo oblongus Nikolskii, 1896 | Danatea Toad, Middle Asiatic Toad |
| Bufo pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898 | |
| Bufo pseudoraddei Mertens, 1971 | Swat Green Toad |
| Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 | Tengger Desert Toad, Radde's Toad |
| Bufo surdus Boulenger, 1891 | Pakistan Toad, Iranian Toad |
| Bufo turanensis Hemmer, Schmidtler & Böhme, 1978 | |
| Bufo variabilis Pallas, 1769 | |
| Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 | European Green Toad |
| Bufo zamdaensis Fei, Ye, and Huang in Fei, Ye, Huang & Chen, 1999 | |
| Bufo zugmayeri Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1973 |
Subgenus Rhaebo
Eight species. UserPolbot. -->The Brongersma's Toad or Crapaud De Brongersma ( Bufo brongersmai) is a species of UserPolbot. --> Bufo latastii is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo luristanicus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo oblongus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo pewzowi is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family The Mongolian toad, also known as the piebald toad or Siberian sand toad, is a species of Toad found in East Asia. UserPolbot. -->The Iranian Earless Toad, Iranian Toad, or Pakistan Toad ( Bufo surdus) is The European green toad Bufo viridis is a toad found in Mainland Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et. al. , 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo anderssoni Melin, 1941 | Andersson's Toad |
| Bufo blombergi Myers & Funkhouser, 1951 | Colombian Giant Toad, Blomberg's Toad |
| Bufo caeruleostictus Günther, 1859 | |
| Bufo glaberrimus Günther, 1869 | Cundinamarca Toad |
| Bufo guttatus Schneider, 1799 | Spotted Toad, Smooth-sided Toad |
| Bufo haematiticus Cope, 1862 | Truando Toad |
| Bufo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913 | Choco Toad |
| Bufo nasicus Werner, 1903 | Werner's Toad |
Subgenus Vandijkophrynus
Five species. UserPolbot. --> Bufo anderssoni is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Sapo Gigante De Blomberg ( Bufo blombergi) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae UserPolbot. --> Bufo caeruleostictus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo glaberrimus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Sapo Dorado ( Bufo guttatus, also known as Rhaebo guttatus) is a species of Toad UserPolbot. --> Bufo haematiticus is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. --> Bufo hypomelas is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Sapo Narigudo ( Bufo nasicus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family It is the former Bufo angusticeps group of Tandy and Keith, 1972. This group was placed by Frost et. al. in a separate genus.
| Binomial Name and Author | Common Name |
|---|---|
| Bufo amatolicus Hewitt, 1925 | Amatola Toad |
| Bufo angusticeps Smith, 1848 | Sand Toad, Common Cape Toad |
| Bufo gariepensis Smith, 1848 | Karroo Toad, Gariep Toad |
| Bufo inyangae Poynton, 1963 | Inyanga Toad |
| Bufo robinsoni Branch & Braacke, 1996 | Paradise Toad |
References
- Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae. UserPolbot. -->The Amatola Toad ( Bufo amatolicus) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Sand Toad ( Bufo angusticeps) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Karoo Toad ( Bufo gariepensis) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Inyanga Toad ( Bufo inyangae) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family UserPolbot. -->The Paradise Toad ( Bufo robinsoni) is a species of Toad in the Bufonidae family Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
- Pauly, G. B. , D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
- Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.
- Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
- Blair (ed. ), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic