Saddle and accessories of the Buffalo Soldier.

Buffalo Soldiers is a nickname originally applied to the members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army by the Native American tribes they fought. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. It was formed on September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The term eventually encompassed these units:

• U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment
• U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment
• 24th Infantry Regiment
• 25th Infantry Regiment
• 27th Cavalry Regiment^[1]
• 28th Cavalry Regiment^[2][1][3]

Although several African-American regiments were raised during the Civil War to fight alongside the Union Army (including the famous 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and the many United States Colored Troops Regiments), the "Buffalo Soldiers" were established by Congress as the first peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Army. The 9th Cavalry Regiment is a Cavalry regiment of the United States Army. History The 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the Buffalo Soldier regiments was organized on 1 November 1869 from the 38th and 41st Infantry Regiments History The first unit to carry this designation was formed June 27, 1812 and disbanded March 3, 1815. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an Infantry Regiment that fought in the American Civil War, was one of the first official black The United States Colored Troops ( USCT) were regiments of the United States Army during the American Civil War that were composed of African-American The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities.

On September 6, 2005, Mark Matthews, who was the oldest living Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mark Matthews ( August 7, 1894 &ndash September 6, 2005) was an American veteran of the Second World War and a He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War ^[4]

Buffalo soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment, 1890

Origins of the name

Sources disagree on how the nickname "buffalo soldiers" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in 1867, the actual Cheyenne translation being "Wild Buffalo. Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly " However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against the Comanche tribe. Benjamin Henry Grierson (July 8 1826 &ndash August 31 1911 was a music teacher and then a career officer in the United States Army. The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Grierson's assertions. There is some controversy as to where the name originated. Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fierce fighting ability of the 10th cavalry. ^[5] Other sources assert that Native Americans called the black cavalry troops "buffalo soldiers" because of their dark curly hair, which resembled a buffalo's coat. ^[6] Still other sources point to a combination of both legends. ^[7] The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all African-American soldiers. ^[8] It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry, units whose bravery earned them an honored place in U. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. S. history.

Their service

Buffalo Soldier in the 9th Cavalry. 1890

During the American Civil War, the U. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South S. government formed regiments known as the United States Colored Troops, composed of black soldiers led by white officers. After the war the Congress reorganized the Army and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations 9th and 10th U. S. Cavalry, and four regiments of black infantry, designated the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st Infantry Regiments (Colored). The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on The 38th' and 41st were reorganized as the 25th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, in November 1869. Jackson Barracks is a military base in New Orleans Louisiana. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters at Fort Clark, Texas, in April 1869. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. All of these units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by white officers such as Benjamin Grierson and Ranald S. Mackenzie and, occasionally, black officers such as Henry O. Flipper. Benjamin Henry Grierson (July 8 1826 &ndash August 31 1911 was a music teacher and then a career officer in the United States Army. Ranald Slidell Mackenzie ( July 27, 1840 &ndash January 19, 1889) was a career United States Army officer and general in the Henry Ossian Flipper ( March 21, 1856 &ndash May 3, 1940) was an American soldier and the first Black American Cadet

From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States(Apache Wars) and Great Plains regions. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. In addition to the military campaigns, the "Buffalo Soldiers" served a variety of roles along the frontier from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail.

Buffalo Soldier Memorial of El Paso, in Fort Bliss, depicting CPL John Ross, I Troop, 9th Cavalry, during an encounter in the Guadalupe Mountains during the Indian Wars

After the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the Spanish-American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill), where five more Medals of Honor were earned. Fort Bliss is a United States Army Military installation of approximately -- the second largest in the Army behind the adjacent White Sands Missile The Guadalupe Mountains are a Mountain range located in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. The Battle of San Juan Hill ( July 1, 1898) was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the Spanish-American War. They took part in the 1916 Punitive Expedition into Mexico and in the Philippine-American War. The Punitive Expedition (officially known in the United States as the Mexican Expedition) was a Military operation conducted by the United States The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.

Buffalo Soldier Monument at F. E. Warren Air Force Base near Cheyenne, Wyoming

. Francis E Warren Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located two miles (3 km west of the Central business district of Cheyenne, in Cheyenne ( /ʃaɪˈæn/ or /ʃaɪˈɛn/) is the capital of the U

A lesser known action was the 9th Cavalry's participation in the fabled Johnson County War, an 1892 land war in Johnson County, Wyoming between small farmers and large, wealthy ranchers. The Johnson County War also known as the War on Powder River or Wyoming Civil War, was a Range war which took place in Johnson County Wyoming Johnson County is a County located in the north central of the U It culminated in a lengthy shootout between local farmers, a band of hired killers, and a sheriff's posse. Posse comitatus refers to the Common law authority wielded by the County Sheriff to conscript any able-bodied male eighteen or older to assist The 6th Cavalry was ordered in by President of the United States to quell the violence and capture the band of hired killers. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Soon after, however, the 9th Cavalry was specifically called on to replace the 6th. The 6th Cavalry was swaying under the local political and social pressures and were unable to keep the peace in the tense environment.

The buffalo soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska and moved the men to the rail town of Suggs, Wyoming, creating "Camp Bettens" despite a racist and hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in gun battles with locals. Nevertheless, the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area. ^[9][10]

Another little known contribution of the buffalo soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California's Sierra Nevada (U.S.) as some of the first national park rangers. The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution In 1899, buffalo soldiers from Company H, 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served in Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park and General Grant (Kings Canyon) National Parks. Sequoia National Park is a National park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia California, in the United States of America. This article is about Kings Canyon National Park USA For Kings Canyon Australia see Kings Canyon (Northern Territory. ^[11]

U. S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, but until 1899 the soldiers serving were white. Beginning in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African-American regiments served during the summer months in the second and third oldest national parks in the United States (Sequoia and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before the National Park Service was created (1916), they were "park rangers" before the term was coined. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation

Buffalo Soldier Monument on Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

One particular buffalo soldier stands out in history: Captain Charles Young who served with Troop "I", 9th Cavalry Regiment in Sequoia National Park during the summer of 1903. Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Charles Young ( March 12, 1864 - January 8, 1922) was the third African American graduate of West Point, first black U Charles Young was the third African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, At the time of his death, he was the highest ranking African American in the U. S. military. He made history in Sequoia National Park in 1903 by becoming Acting Military Superintendent of Sequoia & General Grant National Parks. Charles Young was also the first African-American superintendent of a national park. During Young's tenure in the park, he named a giant sequoia for Booker T. Washington. Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5 1856 &ndash November 14 1915 was an American educator orator author and leader of the African-American community Recently, another giant sequoia in Giant Forest was named in Captain Young's honor. Some of Young's descendants were in attendance at the ceremony. ^[12]

Other Park Contributions

In 1903, 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the top of Mt. Whitney, the highest mountain in the contiguous United States. Mount Whitney is the highest summit in the Contiguous United States with an elevation of. They also built the first wagon road into Sequoia's Giant Forest, the most famous grove of Giant Sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park. Giant Forest, famed for its Giant Sequoia trees is within Sequoia National Park.

In 1904, 9th Cavalrymen in Yosemite built an arboretum on the South Fork of the Merced in the southern section of Yosemite National Park. This arboretum had pathways, benches, and some plants were identified in both English and Latin. Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the national park system.

In the Sierra Nevada, the buffalo soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle, slim rations, racism, and absence from family and friends. As military stewards, the African-American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing, poaching, timber thieves, and forest fires. Yosemite Park Ranger Shelton Johnson researched and interpreted the history in an attempt to recover and celebrate the contributions of the buffalo soldiers of the Sierra Nevada. ^[13]

In total, 23 "Buffalo Soldiers" received the Medal of Honor, the highest of any United States military unit. ^[4]

Systemic prejudice

The "Buffalo Soldiers" were often confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U. S. Army. Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence. Buffalo Soldiers were attacked in racial disturbances in:

• Rio Grande City, Texas in 1899^[14]
• Brownsville, Texas in 1906^[15]
• Houston, Texas in 1917^[16][17]

The "Buffalo Soldiers" did not participate as organized units during World War I but experienced non-commissioned officers were provided to other segregated black units for combat service — such as the 317th Engineer Battalion. Rio Grande City is a city in Starr County, Texas, United States. Brownsville is a city in and the County seat of Cameron County, Texas, United States. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer) also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an Armed force

Early in the 20th century the "Buffalo Soldiers" found themselves being used more as laborers and service troops rather than active combat units. During World War II the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were disbanded and the soldiers were moved into service-oriented units. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including One of the infantry regiments, the 24th Infantry Regiment, served in combat in the Pacific theater. History The 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the Buffalo Soldier regiments was organized on 1 November 1869 from the 38th and 41st Infantry Regiments The Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO was the World War II military activity in the Pacific Ocean and the countries bordering it a geographic scope Another was the 92nd Infantry Division aka the Buffalo Soldiers Division, which served in combat during the Italian Campaign in the Mediterranean theater. The 92nd Infantry Division ( Colored) was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. The Italian Campaign of World War II was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war. The African Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of World War II encompasses naval land and air campaigns between Allied and Axis forces Another was the U.S. 93rd Infantry Division — including the 25th Infantry Regiment — which served in the Pacific Theater of Operations. The 93rd Infantry Division was a "colored" segregated unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. The Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO was the World War II military activity in the Pacific Ocean and the countries bordering it a geographic scope ^[18]

Despite some official resistance and administrative barriers, black airmen were trained and played a part in the air war in Europe, gaining a reputation for skill and bravery. (See Tuskegee Airmen. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ) In early 1945, after the Battle of the Bulge, American forces in Europe experienced a shortage of combat troops. The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains The embargo on using black soldiers in combat units was relaxed. The American Military History says:

"Faced with a shortage of infantry replacements during the enemy's counteroffensive, General Eisenhower offered Negro soldiers in service units an opportunity to volunteer for duty with the infantry. More than 4,500 responded, many taking reductions in grade in order to meet specified requirements. The 6th Army Group formed these men into provisional companies, while the 12th Army Group employed them as an additional platoon in existing rifle companies. The excellent record established by these volunteers, particularly those serving as platoons, presaged major postwar changes in the traditional approach to employing Negro troops. "

Korean War and integration

The 24th Infantry Regiment saw combat during the Korean War and was the last segregated regiment to engage in combat. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The 24th was deactivated in 1951 and its soldiers were integrated into other units in Korea. On December 12, 1951 the last Buffalo soldier units, the 27th Cavalry and the 28th (Horse) Cavalry were disbanded. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The 28th Cavalry was inactivated at Assi-Okba, Algeria, in April of 1944 in North Africa and marked the end of the regiment. ^[2]

There are monuments to the Buffalo soldiers in Kansas at Fort Leavenworth and Junction City. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast ^[19] Then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell was guest speaker for the unveiling of the Fort Leavenworth monument in July 1992. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast

Controversy

In recent years, the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by the United States Army in the Indian Wars has led to modern critical reappraisal of the regiment by cultural historians as being mere shock troops or accessories to the alleged forcefully-expansionist ideals of the U. Shock troops or assault troops are Infantry formations and their supporting units intended to lead an attack S. government at the expense of the Native Americans. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. ^[20][21] This is seen as a far cry from the historical cultural upholding of the Buffalo Soldiers as being a rare exception to the discriminatory socioeconomic environment. Their service can be taken both ways.

Cultural references

Music

• The song "Buffalo Soldier", co-written by Bob Marley and King Sporty, first appeared on the 1983 album Confrontation. " Buffalo Soldier " is a Reggae song co-written by Bob Marley and Noel G Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley OM (February 6 1945 – May 11 1981 was a Jamaican Musician, Singer-songwriter and Rastafarian King Sporty (born Noel G Williams Port Antonio 1943 Jamaica) is a Jamaican DJ, Reggae Musician, and Record producer for Major releases Michael Jackson's Thriller, the highest-selling album of all time as well as the best-selling album of 1983 and 1984 was released An album or record album is a collection of related audio or Music tracks distributed to the public Confrontation is a Roots reggae album by Bob Marley & the Wailers, released posthumously in May 1983 two years after Marley's death Many Jamaicans, especially Rastafarians like Marley, identified with the "Buffalo Soldiers" as an example of prominent black men who performed with courage, honor and distinction in a field that was dominated by whites, and persevered despite endemic racism and prejudice. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament

Films

• The 1960 western film, Sergeant Rutledge, starring Woody Strode, tells the story of the trial of a 19th century black Army non-commissioned officer falsely accused of rape and murder. The year 1960 in film involved some significant events Events April 20 - for the first time since coming home from military Sergeant Rutledge is a 1960 film directed by John Ford, with Woody Strode in the title role Woodrow Wilson Woolwine Strode (born July 25, 1914, Los Angeles California; died December 31, 1994) was a decathlete and One of the characters narrates the history of the term "buffalo soldier".

• On November 22, 1968, an episode of the television series The High Chaparral titled "The Buffalo Soldiers", starring Yaphet Kotto, paid tribute to the soldier's patriotic spirit. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The High Chaparral is a Western -themed television series which aired on NBC from 1967 to 1971 Prince Yaphet Frederick Kotto (born November 15, 1937) is an American Actor, known for numerous film roles and his starring role in the

• The 1970 television movie, Carter's Army (also known as the Black Brigade), starring Stephen Boyd, Rosey Grier, and Richard Pryor, depicted a black unit during World War II, led by a white officer. The year 1970 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1970. Stephen Boyd ( July 4, 1931 &ndash June 2, 1977) born William Millar, was an Irish -born actor from Glengormley Roosevelt "Rosey" Grier (born July 14, 1932 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African American actor Christian minister Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor III ( December 1, 1940 &ndash December 10, 2005) was an American Comedian, Actor

• The 1979 television movie, Buffalo Soldiers, starring Stan Shaw and John Beck, depicted African-American cavalry soldiers and their actions in the West during the Indian Wars of the late 19th century. The year 1979 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1979. Stan Shaw (born July 14, 1952 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actor John Beck (born 28 January 1943 in Chicago, Illinois, United States) is an American actor The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

• The 1997 television movie, Buffalo Soldiers, starring Danny Glover, drew attention to their role in the military history of the United States. The year 1997 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1997. Danny Lebern Glover (born July 22 1946 is an American Actor, Film director, and Political activist. The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries

• The 2001 film, Buffalo Soldiers, attracted some attention. The year 2001 in film involved some significant events (For more about non-English films check sources in those languages Based on a 1993 novel of the same name by Robert O'Connor, the plot depicted (white) American soldiers stationed in Germany during the Cold War who sold goods on the black market. The year 1993 in literature involved some significant events and new books Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

• The 2006 History Channel special "Honor Deferred" describe members of the Buffalo soldiers in WWII Italy. The year 2006 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2006.

• The upcoming film Miracle at St. Anna directed by Spike Lee, scheduled for 2008, will chronicle the Buffalo Soldiers who served in the invasion of Italy. Miracle at St Anna is a 2008 War film directed by Spike Lee and written by James McBride, based on McBride's novel of the same name Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20 1957 is an Emmy Award -winning and Academy Award -nominated American Film director, Buffalo Soldiers is a Nickname originally applied to the members of the U Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest It is based on the novel of the same name by James McBride. James McBride may mean James McBride (footballer, early Liverpool F

Books

• In the novel The Sum of All Fears, by Tom Clancy, the 10th Cavalry Regiment is reactivated as an Armored Cavalry Regiment. The Sum of All Fears is the best-selling thriller novel by Tom Clancy, and part of the Jack Ryan series Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines It is deployed to Israel to serve both as a training center for the Israel Defense Forces and to show the commitment of the United States to guarantee the security of Israel following a general peace treaty in the Middle East. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit The 10th Cavalry Regiment also appears in his novel Executive Orders, where it fights in an attempted invasion of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait by a new Islamic state formed by the union of Iran and Iraq. Executive Orders is a political and military thriller novel by Tom Clancy. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi

See also

Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish American War.

• Black Seminoles (Cimarrones)
• "Colonel" Charles Long
• List of African American Medal of Honor recipients
• Military history of African Americans
• Tuskegee Airmen
• United States Colored Troops
• 1st Louisiana Native Guard
• 2nd Cavalry Division
• 92nd Infantry Division
• 93rd Infantry Division
• 366th Infantry Regiment
• 761st Tank Battalion
• 784th Tank Battalion

References

External links

• 9th Memorial Cavalry Living History group - 9th US Cavalry
• National Association of Buffalo Soldiers & Troopers Motorcycle Clubs (Regarding the organization of the Buffalo Soldiers & Troopers Motorcycle Clubs (NABSTMC))
• Buffalo Soldiers History
• African Americans in the U.S. Army
• General Order #143 - May 27, 1863 (regarding the organization of African American troops)
• Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill
• Buffalo Soldier Monument - Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
• American RadioWorks documentary: Korea, The Unfinished War Interviews (transcripts and audio) with black soldiers from Korea, including the 24th infantry
• Buffalo Soldier National Museum
• Photograph Gallery of Buffalo Soldiers On the Eve of War (World War II)
• History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish-American War, and other items of interest, by Edward Augustus Johnston, published 1899, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• The 25th Infantry Regiment
• BuffaloSoldier.net
• U.S. Army 10th Cavalry history
• U.S. Army 25th Infantry history
• Buffalo Soldiers from the Handbook of Texas Online
• shadowsoldier.wilderness.net, a website devoted to remembering the contributions of the buffalo soldiers of the Sierra Nevada, by Park Ranger Shelton Johnson, Yosemite National Park
• the Warriors Project, an ongoing research program of the University of Texas at El Paso, Arizona State University and the National Park Service's DSCESU program