| "Vegetarian Cuisine" | |
|---|---|
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 齋菜 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 斋菜 |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji: | 精進料理 |
Buddhist cuisine is a kind of East Asian cuisine which is followed by some believers of Buddhism. are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking culinary art kitchen" ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook" is a specific set Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices It is a type of vegetarian cuisine.
Vegetarian cuisine is known aszhāi cài (zhāi means "purification" or "discipline", cai means "cuisine" or "vegetable") in China, and shōjin ryōri (shōjin means "devotion", ryōri means "cuisine") in Japan, and by many other names in other countries. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
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Buddhism and vegetarianism
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Buddhism, along with Jainism, recognizes that even eating vegetables could contribute to the indirect killing of living beings as animal life is destroyed as farmers plough land. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in The History of Chinese cuisine in China can be traced back to the Chinese Stone age, where the cultivation of Rice and the production of Anhui cuisine ( is one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. Cantonese ( Yue) cuisine comes from Guangdong Province in Southern China, or specifically from Guangzhou (Canton Fujian cuisine (Chinese 闽菜 POJ: Ban chhai or 福建菜 POJ: Hok-kian chhai is derived from the native Cooking style of the province of Hunan cuisine, sometimes called Xiang cuisine ( consists of the cuisines of the Xiang River region Dongting Lake and western Hunan Province Jiangsu cuisine (Simplified Chinese 苏菜 or 江苏菜 Traditional Chinese 江蘇菜 is one the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. Shandong cuisine ( more commonly known as Lu cuisine ( is one the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. Szechuan cuisine, Szechwan cuisine, or Sichuan cuisine ( is a style of Chinese cuisine originating in Sichuan Province of southwestern Zhejiang cuisine (Chinese 浙菜 or 浙江菜 is one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. Beijing cuisine ( is a Cooking style in Beijing, China. It is also formally known as Mandarin cuisine. Chinese imperial cuisine (Chinese 御膳 or 宫廷菜 is derived from a variety of cooking styles of the regions in China mainly Shandong cuisine and Jiangsu cuisine Chinese aristocrat cuisine (Chinese 官府菜 traces its origin to the Ming and Qing dynasties when the Imperial officials stationed in Beijing brought Liaoning cuisine (Chinese 辽菜 or 辽宁菜 is derived from the native cooking styles of the Liaoning region in China, and it is the most famous Northeastern Tianjin cuisine (津菜 or 天津菜 is derived from the native cooking styles of the Tianjin region in China, and it is heavily influenced by Beijing cuisine Chiuchow cuisine, Teochew cuisine or Chaozhou cuisine or Chaoshan cuisine ( originates from Chaoshan, a region of China in the Hubei cuisine (Chinese 鄂[[wikt 菜|菜]] or 湖北[[wikt 菜|菜]] is derived from the native cooking styles of the Hubei province of China Jiangxi cuisine (Chinese 赣菜 or 江西菜 is derived from the native cooking styles of the Jiangxi province of southern China. Hakka cuisine is the cooking style of the Hakka people who are primarily found in southeastern China ( Guangdong and Fujian) but also may be found in Shanxi cuisine (Chinese 晋菜 or 山西菜 is derived from the native cooking styles of the Shanxi region in China and it is famed for Noodles, its fried The cuisine of Hong Kong is Cantonese cuisine with extensive influences from parts of non-Cantonese-speaking China (especially Chaozhou, Dongjiang, Huaiyang cuisine ( is one of the major traditions of the Cuisine of China. Chinese Islamic cuisine (清真菜 or 回族菜 is the cuisine of the Hui (ethnic Chinese Muslims and other Muslims living in China. Northeastern Chinese cuisine (东北菜 Pinyin: dōngběi cài is a style of Chinese cuisine in Northeastern China. Guizhou cuisine (Chinese 黔[[wikt 菜|菜]] or 贵州[[wikt 菜|菜]] is derived from the native cooking styles of the Guizhou region in China Shaanxi cuisine (Chinese 秦菜 or 陕西菜 is derived from the native cooking styles of northwestern China. Shanghai cuisine (上海菜 also known as Hu cai (滬菜 Pinyin: hù cài is a popular style of Chinese cuisine. The Cuisine of Xinjiang (新疆菜 is the food of the Uyghurs ( Uyghur Yemekliri) known for cooking fiery lamb Kebabs and homemade Macanese cuisine is unique to Macau, China and which consists of a blend of southern Chinese and Portuguese cuisines with significant influences Henan cuisine (Chinese 豫菜 or 河南菜 is derived from the native cooking styles of the Henan region in China Yunnan cuisine ( 滇[[wikt 菜|菜]] Pinyin: Diāncài or 云南[[wikt 菜|菜]] pinyin Yúnnán cài is an amalgam of Han Chinese and American Chinese cuisine refers to the style of food served by certain Chinese Restaurants in the United States. The Burmese Chinese or Chinese Burmese are a group of Overseas Chinese born or raised in Burma (Myanmar Canadian Chinese cuisine or Can/Chinese is a popular style of cooking exclusive to take-out and dine-in eateries found across Canada. Caribbean Chinese cuisine is a popular style of food resulting from a fusion of Chinese and West Indian cuisines. Chifa is a term used in Peru to refer to a style of food produced by the fusion of Creole Limean food with Chinese food brought by Chinese There are many types of foods in the Philippines because of inhabitants residing in the country Indian Chinese cuisine is the adaptation of Chinese Seasoning and Cooking techniques to Indian tastes Indonesian Chinese cuisine is characterized by the mixture of Chinese with local Indonesian style. Japanese Chinese cuisine is a unique style of Chinese cuisine served by Chinese restaurants in Japan. Korean Chinese cuisine ( Korean: Junghwa yori; hangul 중화요리 hanja 中華料理 is derived from traditional Chinese cuisine but has been strongly Malaysian cuisine reflects the multi-racial aspects of Malaysia. Peranakan or Nonya cuisine combines Chinese, Malay and other influences into a unique blend The cuisine of Singapore is often viewed by people as a prime example of the ethnic diversity of the Culture of Singapore. Cuisines in Taiwan ( POJ: Tâi-oân liāu-lí have several variations The Thai Chinese are an Overseas Chinese community who live in Thailand. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Jainism consequently considers death by starvation as the ultimate practice of non violence, while Buddhism considers extreme self-mortification to be undesirable for attaining enlightenment. In general the Middle Way or Middle Path ( madhyamā-pratipad; ṭṭipadā) is the Buddhist practice of non-extremism
Both Mahayana and Theravada theology generally hold that meat eating in and of itself does not constitute a violation of the Five Precepts which prohibit one from directly harming life. Pali/Sanskrit term for monks and nuns means one who seek alms. However, when monks and nuns who follow the Theravada feed themselves by alms, they must eat whatever leftover foods which are given to them including meat. Exception to this alms rule is when monks and nuns have seen, heard or known that animal(s) have been specifically killed to feed the alm seeker or guest, in which case, consumption of such meat would be karmically negative. This is also followed by lay Buddhists; and is known as the consumption of the 'triply-clean meat' (三净肉 sanjingrou). On the other hand, when lay communities specifically purchase meat for consumption of monks and nuns, permissibility of meat eating differ among different Buddhist sects. Theravada Pali Canon records instances of Buddha eating meat which were specifically purchased for Buddha. This act was deliberately performed by the Buddha to demonstrate that if need be, a Buddhist can bend the rules in times of emergency or inconvenience. Obstinately observing vegetarianism or Buddhist rules in times when you cannot, conflicts with Mahayana philosophy because obstinacy or attachment for anything, is considered to be 'stubbornness' (执著 zhizhuo) which will become an obstacle to nirvana or enlightenment. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea However even then, if one undertakes a vow to be a Buddhist vegetarian, one is expected to follow this vow until it is humanly impossible to continue one's vegetarian diet. In Buddhism, the views on Vegetarianism vary from school to school
Acceptance of authenticity of the Pali Suttas differ within Mahayana sects and Mahayana sutras do not record Buddha eating meat. While no Mahayana sects consider Pali sutras to be inauthentic, Chinese Buddhist sects tend to consider this particular part of writing in Pali suttas to be false. Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times Japanese Buddhist sects generally accept that Buddha ate meat[1].
Still, both Mahayana and Theravada Buddhists consider that one may practice vegetarianism as part of cultivating Bodhisattvas's paramita. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta Theravada Buddhism Theravada Buddhism 's teachings on the paramitas can be found in late canonical books and post-canonical commentaries Since Mahayana Buddhists recognise the consumption of meat to be cruel and devoid of compassion, many Mahayana Buddhists are vegetarians. Numbers of Mahayana sutra record Buddha praising the virtue of avoiding meat. However, Tibetan Buddhism believes that tantric practice makes vegetarianism unnecessary. Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as Tantric Buddhism, Tantrayāna, Mantrayana, Mantranaya, Secret Mantra, Esoteric Buddhism and All Japanese Kamakura sects of Buddhism (Zen, Nichiren, Jodo) have relaxed Mahayana vinaya, and as a consequence, do not practice vegetarianism but rather pescetarianism. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Nichiren (日蓮 ( February 16, 1222 &ndash October 13, 1282) born, later, and finally Nichiren, was a Buddhist also known as Jodo Buddhism is a branch of Pure Land Buddhism derived from the teachings of the Japanese ex- Tendai monk Hōnen. The Vinaya (a word in Pāli as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning 'leading out' 'education' 'discipline' is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist Pescetarianism is a dietary choice in which a person known as a pescetarian, eats any combination of Vegetables, Fruit, Nuts, Chinese Buddhism and part of Korean Buddhism strictly adhere to vegetarianism.
Buddhism and other food considerations
East Asian "Buddhist" cuisine differ from Western vegetarian cuisine in one aspect, that is avoidance of killing plant life. Buddhist vinaya for monks and nuns prohibit harming of plant. The Vinaya (a word in Pāli as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning 'leading out' 'education' 'discipline' is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist Therefore, strictly speaking, no root vegetables (such as potatoes, carrots or onion) are to be used as this will result in death of vegetables. Instead, vegetables such as beans or fruits are used. However, this stricter version of diet is often practiced only on special occasion. Some Mahayana Buddhists in China and Vietnam specifically avoid eating strong-smelling plants, traditionally garlic, Allium chinense, asafoetida, shallot, and Allium victorialis (victory onion or mountain leek), and refer to these as 五荤 'Five Acrid And Strong Smelling Vegetables' or 五辛 'Five Spices' as they tend to excite senses. Mahayana ( Sanskrit: mahāyāna, Devanagari: महायान 'Great Vehicle' is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. Allium chinense (ラッキョウ Rakkyō in Japanese Simplified Chinese: 辣韭 Traditional Chinese: 辣韭 Syn Asafoetida ( Ferula assafoetida) alternative spelling asafetida, æsəˈfɛtɪdə (also known as devil's dung, stinking gum, asant The term shallot is used to describe two different Allium species of plant This is based on teachings found in the Brahma Net Sutra, the Surangama Sutra and the Lankavatara Sutra (chapter 8). The Brahmajala Sutra (meaning "The Discourse on the Net of Brahma" is the spurious Sanskrit title of a text of the Chinese Mahayana Buddhist canon called Fanwang The Śūraṃgama-sūtra, usually spelled Shurangama Sutra or Surangama Sutra in English is a Mahayana Sutra and one of the main The Laṇkāvatāra Sutra ( Chinese: 楞伽經 is a Sutra of Mahayana Buddhism. In modern times this rule is often interpreted to include other vegetables of the onion genus, as well as coriander. Allium is the Onion Genus, with about 1250 Species, making it one of the largest plant genera in the world A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum) also commonly called cilantro, is an annual Herb in the family Apiaceae.
The food that a strict Buddhist takes, even if he/she is not a vegetarian is also specific. For many Chinese Buddhists, beef and the consumption of large animals and exotic species is avoided. Then there would be the aforementioned sanjingrou rule. One restriction on food that is not known to many is the abstinence from eating animal innards and organs. This is known as 下水 (xiashui), and is a Chinese term and is not to be confused with the Japanese term gesui (sewage).
Alcohol and/or other drugs are also avoided by many Buddhists because of their effects on the mind and "mindfulness". It is part of the Five Precepts which dictate that one is not to consume "addictive materials". The definition of "addictive" depends on each individual but most Buddhists consider alcohol and contraband drugs to be addictive. Stricter Buddhists consider tobacco to be addictive as well.
Common sources for Buddhist foods
Buddhist vegetarian chefs have become extremely creative in imitating meat using prepared wheat gluten, also known as "seitan" or "wheat meat", soy (such as tofu or tempeh), agar, and other plant products. Wheat gluten, also called seitan ( wheat meat, gluten meat, or simply gluten, is a Food made from the Gluten of Tofu, also (the Japanese Romaji spelling doufu (the Chinese Pinyin spelling often used in Chinese recipes or bean curd (the literal Tempeh, or tempe in Javanese, is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds Soybeans into a cake form Agar or agar agar is a Gelatinous substance derived from Seaweed. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Some of their recipes are the oldest and most-refined meat analogues in the world. A meat analogue, also called a meat substitute, mock meat, faux meat, imitation meat, or soymeat, approximates the aesthetic qualities Soy and wheat gluten are very versatile materials, because they can be manufactured into various shapes and textures, and they absorb flavourings (including, but not limited to, meat-like flavourings), whilst having very little flavour of their own. With the proper seasonings, they can mimic various kinds of meat quite closely. Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving
Some of these Buddhist vegetarian chefs are in the many monasteries which serve wu hun and mock-meat (also known as 'meat analogues') dishes to the monks and visitors (including non-Buddhists who often stay for a few hours or days, to Buddhists who are not monks, but staying overnight for anywhere up to weeks or months). This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Many Buddhist restaurants also serve vegetarian, vegan, non-alcoholic, and/or wu hun dishes. Some Buddhists eat vegetarian only once per week or month, or on special occasions such as annual visits to an ancestor's grave. To cater to this type of customer, as well as full-time vegetarians, the menu of a Buddhist vegetarian restaurant usually shows no difference from a typical Chinese or far-Eastern restaurant, except that in recipes originally made to contain meat, a chicken flavoured soy or wheat gluten might be served instead (e. g. "General Tso's chicken" made with flavoured wheat gluten). General Tso's chicken is a sweet and spicy Deep-fried Chicken dish that is popularly served in American and Canadian Chinese
See also
- Buddha's delight
- Buddhist ethics
- Buddhist vegetarianism
- Cultural elements of Buddhism
- Vegetarianism and religion
Notes
- ^ Powers, John. Buddha's delight, often transliterated as Luóhàn zhāi, lo han jai, or lo hon jai, is a vegetarian The foundation of Buddhist ethics for laypeople is the Pancasila: no killing stealing lying sexual misconduct or intoxicants In Buddhism, the views on Vegetarianism vary from school to school The cultural elements of Buddhism vary by region and include Buddhist Festivals and Observances Vesak Vegetarianism and religion are strongly linked in a number of religions that originated in ancient India ( Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism) Going forth: Buddhist vision of vinaya - book review <Internet>. Retrieved on 16 July 2007. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
External links
- Shabkar.org: Vegetarianism as a way of life for Buddhists
- Shojin Ryori: Vegetarian Cooking
- Tantras on Buddhist food
- Sutras on vegetarianism
- Return To The Middle Kingdom: Chinese Vegetarian Eating in East Asia
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