Buchnera (proteobacteria)

Buchnera aphidicola

Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Buchnera
Species:	B. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have The Proteobacteria are a major group ( Phylum) of Bacteria. They include a wide variety of Pathogens such as Escherichia, Gammaproteobacteria is a class of several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria such as the Enterobacteriaceae ( Escherichia coli) The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia aphidicola

Binomial name

Buchnera aphidicola

Buchnera aphidicola a member of the Proteobacteria, is the primary endosymbiont of aphids (A. The Proteobacteria are a major group ( Phylum) of Bacteria. They include a wide variety of Pathogens such as Escherichia, An endosymbiont is any Organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism i pisum). It is believed that Buchnera was once a free living gram negative ancestor similar to a modern Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli. Gram-negative bacteria are those Bacteria that do not retain Crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia Buchnera are 3 µm in diameter and have some of the key characteristics of their Enterobacteriaceae relatives such as a gram-negative cell wall. However, unlike most other gram-negative bacteria, Buchnera lack the genes to produce lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for their outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) are large Molecules consisting of a Lipid and a Polysaccharide joined by a Covalent bond; they are found The long association with aphids and the limitation of crossover events due to strictly vertical transmission has seen the deletion of genes required for anaerobic respiration, the synthesis of amino-sugars, fatty acids, phospholipids, and complex carbohydrates. See also Fermentation (biochemistry Anaerobic respiration (anaerobiosis refers to the Oxidation of molecules in the absence of Oxygen to produce In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Phospholipids are a class of Lipids and are a major component of all Biological membranes All phospholipids contain a Diglyceride, a Phosphate Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most This has resulted not only in one of the smallest known genomes of any living organism, it is also one of the most genetically stable. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby

The symbiotic relationship with aphids began between 200 million and 150 million years ago, and has persisted through maternal transmission and co-speciation. Aphids have developed bacteriocyte cells to house Buchnera. A bacteriocyte ( Greek for bacteria cell) also called a mycetocyte, is a specialized Adipocyte found in some Insect groups such as It is estimated that a mature aphid may carry 5. 6 × 10⁶ Buchnera individuals. Buchnera have lost regulatory factors allowing continuous overproduction of tryptophan and other amino acids. Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W) is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an Essential amino acid in the Human diet In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Each bacteriocyte contains multiple vesicles, symbiosomes derived from the plasma membrane. A vesicle is a small bubble of liquid within a cell A more formal definition in Cell biology, would be that a vesicle is a relatively small intracellular membrane-enclosed The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer

Buchnera was first named by Paul Baumann and his graduate student, and the first molecular characterization of a symbiotic bacterium was carried out by Baumann, using Buchnera. The initial studies on Buchnera later led to studies on symbionts of many groups of insects, pursued by numerous investigators, including Paul and Linda Baumann, Nancy Moran, Serap Aksoy, Roy Gross, who together investigated symbionts of aphids, tsetse flies, ants, leafhoppers, mealybugs, whiteflies, psyllids and others.

References

Pérez-Brocal V, Gil R, Ramos S, Lamelas A, Postigo M, Michelena J, Silva F, Moya A, Latorre A (2006). "A small microbial genome: the end of a long symbiotic relationship?". Science 314 (5797): 312–3. doi:10.1126/science.1130441. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17038625.
Douglas, A E (1998). "Nutritional interactions in insect-microbial symbioses: Aphids and their symbiotic bacteria Buchnera". Annual Review of Entomology 43: 17–38. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 00664170.

External links

Buchnera Genome Projects (from Genomes OnLine Database)

Comparative Analysis of Buchnera Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)

The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy The Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG is a genome browsing and annotation system developed by the DOE- Joint Genome Institute.

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