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Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Braunschweig-Lüneburg, also English: Brunswick-Lunenburg) was a historical ducal state during the period from the late middle ages through the late Early Modern era within the north-westeran demenses of the venerable Holy Roman Empire (Which consisted essentially most of modern Germany, and which included parts of Italy, parts of the Low Countries, Switzerland, Hungary and Austria). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A duchy is a territory fief, or domain ruled by a Duke or Duchess. The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

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As the name implies, the main cities of this feudal state were Brunswick and Lüneburg through much of the late middle ages. Braunschweig, known as Brunswiek in Low German, is a city of 245810 people (as of 31 December 2007 located in Lower Saxony, Germany. Lüneburg, also known as Lueneburg and Lunenburg in English, is a City in Lower Saxony, Germany. Eventually Hanover, currently the capital of the federal state (or colloquially, Bundesländer) of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), grew into a city that economically dominated the region and later dukes made it their main administrative seat while keeping the family seat in the historic demense, hence giving one reason of the change to the title when the family ascended to the more recent and more prestigious "Elector" dignity. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second

As a latter day development, the eventual Electorate of Hanover was initially called the Elector of Brunswick-Lunenberg when the Holy Roman Emperor appointed Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenberg an elector in 1696 (two years before his death) in a somewhat controversial move to increase the number of protestant electors—thereby offending the entrenched interests of the extant prince-electors who would no longer be so few—but with most matters in Europe during the times, it was part of the several-centuries-long running religious unrest and outright warfare (See Thirty years' war) triggered by the zealous advocates on either side of the protestant reformation and counter-reformation that masked dynastic ambitions of grasping noblemen feathering their own interests. Ernest Augustus ( German: Ernst August; Latin: Ernestus Augustus; 20 November 1629 – 23 January 1698 The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the

After a bit over a decade, the matter of the disputed electorate was settled upon the heir, and the new duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (ascended as duke 23 January 1698), George Louis I was able to style himself the elector of Hanover (or as is called by some using a family-seat engendered root, the "Elector of Calenberg") from 1708. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless It was not just happenstance but similar religious driven politics that brought about the circumstance that he was also been put into line of succession for the British crown by the Settlement Act of 1701— which was written to ensure a protestant succession to the thrones of Scotland and England in a day when anti-catholic sentiment ran high in much of Europe and through most of the island of Great Britain. The Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England, originally filed in 1700 and passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English throne See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands In the event, George I succeeded his second cousin Queen Anne of Great Britain — the last reigning member of the House of Stuart, and subsequently formed a personal union from 1 August of 1714 between that crown and the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (electorate of Hanover) which would last until well after the end of the Napoleonic wars more than a century later—including even through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of a new successor kingdom. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions In that manner, the "Electorate of Hanover" (the core duchy) was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the peace conferences (Congress of Vienna) settling the future shape of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions

Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

The state emerged from the inheritance of the first Saxon state of Henry the Lion in the late 12th century. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony Henry was deposed by the Emperor as Duke of Saxony, but retained various Lower Saxon lands which were inherited by his children as the Duchies of Brunswick and Lüneburg.

The first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg was Otto the Child, who reigned from 1235 on. Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 &ndash 9 June 1252) was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death After 1267 the duchy was split into two partial states, the lines of Lüneburg and of Wolfenbüttel (which later became a multitude of partial states), but all of them were ruled by the Welf dynasty and maintained close relations—not infrequently by the practice of marrying cousins—a practice far more common than one might think, even among the peasantry of the Holy Roman Empire, for the salic inheritance laws in effect, encouraged the practice to retain control of lands and benefits. Lüneburg, also known as Lueneburg and Lunenburg in English, is a City in Lower Saxony, Germany. See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages The centres of power moved in the meantime from Brunswick and Lüneburg to Celle and Wolfenbüttel. Celle (ˈtsɛlə is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

While there is a total of about a dozen subdivisions that existed, some of them were only dynastic and were not recognised as states of the Empire, which at one time had over 1500 such legally recognized entities. In the List of Reichstag participants (1792), the following four subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg had recognized representation:

By 1705, outside of the Hanovarian dynasty ruling England, only two Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg survived, one ruling Calenberg, Celle, and other possessions, and the other ruling Wolfenbüttel. The Holy Roman Empire was one of the strangest political structures in the world Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. The Principality of Grubenhagen was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. Lüneburg-Celle was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. Brunswick (Braunschweig was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

From Lüneburg to Hanover

Main article: History of Hanover

One of the dynastic lines was the that of the dukes of Lüneburg-Celle, who in 1635 acquired Calenberg for a junior member of the family who set up residence in the city of Hanover. Hanover (Hannover is a territory that was at various times a principality within the Holy Roman Empire, an Electorate within the same an independent Kingdom Lüneburg-Celle was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen His sons inherited Celle in 1648 and thereafter shared it and Calenberg between themselves; a closely related branch of the family ruled separately in Wolfenbüttel. The territories of Calenberg and Celle were made an Electorate by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1692 in expectation of the imminent inheritance of Celle by the Duke of Calenberg, though the actual dynastic union of the territories did not occur until 1705 under his son George I, and the Electorate was not officially approved by the Imperial Diet until 1708. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

The resulting state was known under many different names (Brunswick-Lüneburg, Calenberg, Calenberg-Celle, Electorate of Hanover); its ruler was often known as the "Elector of Hanover". The Electorate of Hanover (or more formally the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Kurfürstentum Hannover Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg became the ninth Electorate Coincidentally, in 1701 the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg found himself in the line of succession for the British crown later confirmed in 1707, by the Act of Union, and inherited that creating a personal union of the two crowns in 20 October 1714. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

History of the relationship to the British crown

The first Hanoverian King of England, George I of Great Britain was the reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg), and had finally been made an official and recognized prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1708. The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl His possessions were enlarged in 1706 from the dynastic division of Calenberg branch of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg when it was merged with Lüneburg-Celle branch to form the state of Hanover. Subsequently, George I took the name as Elector of Hanover. In 1700 and 1701, when the English Parliament had addressed the question of an orderly succession, with a particular religious bias toward a protestant ruler, from the childless ruling Roman Catholic Queen Anne (house of Stuart), it passed the Act of Settlement 1701 which put Duke George I, Elector of Hanover's mother, Sophia of Hanover and Grand-daughter of James I, into the line of succession after Anne of Great Britain. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of The Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England, originally filed in 1700 and passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English throne Electress Sophia of Hanover (born Sophia Countess Palatine of Simmern; 14 October 1630 – 8 June 1714) was the youngest daughter Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of Sophia actually predeceased Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her heir was George I, who became king of Great Britain when his second cousin Anne died in August of 1714. As an interesting footnote, the consort of his cousin Queen Anne was the Duke of Cumberland, who's heirs later inherited the successor state, the Kingdom of Hanover in 1837, when the personal union could not continue under salic law via Queen Victoria (see below history). Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

His posterity, George II of Great Britain and George III of Great Britain retained the position of elector until the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806, least Napoleon install enough puppets as electors to achieve his election as the Holy Roman Emperor. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. As one key belligerent to the war, the British king George III, contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the Electorate of Hanover until the peace conferences at the wars end. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich After the fall of Napoleon, George III regained his lands plus lands from Prussia as King of Hanover, whilst giving up some other smaller scattered territories. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian The day of small pocket states in Europe had closed. Thereafter, consolidation of larger blocks of territory in part drove European politics, and the modern states of Germany, Italy, and Belgium emerged.

After the Congress of Vienna

After the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Calenberg-Celle and its possessions were added to by the Congress of Vienna ending the Napoleonic war being born anew under the name of Kingdom of Hanover (including Brunswick-Lüneburg). The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Kingdom of Hanover was ruled as personal union by the British crown from its creation under George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until At that point, the crown of Hanover went to Williams younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by his first cousin, Queen Victoria. Ernest Augustus I King of Hanover ( 5 June 1771 &ndash 18 November 1851) also (1799-1851 the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Subsequently, the province was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common George V (George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus 27 May 1819 &ndash 12 June 1878) was the last King of Hanover The Austro-Prussian Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state

Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Main article: Duchy of Brunswick

The Wolfenbüttel line retained its independence, except for the period from 1807 to 1813, when both it and Hanover were merged into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia. Brunswick (Braunschweig was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Kingdom of Westphalia was a historical state that existed from 1807 - 1813 in parts of present-day Germany. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 turned it into an independent country under the name Duchy of Brunswick. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Brunswick (Braunschweig was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established The Duchy of Brunswick remained independent and joined first the North German Confederation and in 1871 then the German Empire. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification


Today both polities are part of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg 1235-1428

See also

For later rulers see:

See further:

External links

Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 &ndash 9 June 1252) was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death Albert (Latin Albertus, German Albrecht; 1236 &ndash 1279 called the Tall (Latin Longus) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg John of Lüneburg (c 1242 &ndash 13 December 1277) was a German duke Albert (Latin Albertus, German Albrecht; 1236 &ndash 1279 called the Tall (Latin Longus) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Henry (1267 – 7 September 1322, Salzderhelden Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Admirable (Latin Henricus Mirabilis) was William (c 1270 – 30 September 1292, Brunswick) Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, briefly ruled part of the duchy Albert (Latin Albertus; c 1268 &ndash 22 September 1318) called the Fat ( pinguis) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Otto ( 1292 - 30 August 1344) Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Mild, ruled over the Brunswick part of the duchy Magnus (died 1369 called the Pious (Latin Pius) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Magnus (c 1328 &ndash 1373 Leveste) called Magnus with the Necklace (Latin Magnus Torquatus) or Magnus II, was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Frederick (circa 1357 – 5 June 1400, Kleinenglis) Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was ruler of the Principality of Brunswick from Bernard (born between 1358 and 1364 died 11 June 1434, Celle) Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled over several principalities of Brunswick-Lüneburg Henry (Latin Henricus, died 3 December 1416) Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called Henry the Mild, was prince of Lüneburg Lüneburg-Celle was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. The Electorate of Hanover (or more formally the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Kurfürstentum Hannover Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg became the ninth Electorate Brunswick (Braunschweig was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established The Principality of Grubenhagen was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. The principality of Göttingen was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire with Göttingen as its capital Brunswick-Bevern is an extinct German Dynasty. It is a branch of the Younger House of Brunswick a branch of the House of Welf. The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British
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