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Brown Bear

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: U. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre Ursus is a Genus in the family Ursidae ( Bears that includes the widely distributed Brown bears the Polar bear, and arctos
Binomial name
Ursus arctos
Linnaeus, 1758
Ursus arctos range map.
Ursus arctos range map. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is an omnivorous mammal of the order carnivora, distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. It weighs between 100–700 kg (220-1,500 pounds) and its larger populations match the Polar bear as the largest extant land carnivores. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas While the brown bear's range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a least concern species with a total population of approximately 200,000. Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category Its principal range countries are Russia, the United States (especially Alaska), and Canada. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

The species primarily feeds on vegetable matter, including roots and fungi. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Fish are a primary source of meat, and it will also kill small mammals on land. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Larger mammals, such as deer, are taken only occasionally. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Adult brown bears face no serious competition from other predators and can match wolf packs and large felines, often driving them off their kills.

It is sometimes referred to as the bruin, from Middle English, based on the name of the bear in History of Reynard the Fox, translated by William Caxton, from Middle Dutch bruun or bruyn.

Contents

Description

A Eurasian Brown Bear running. Brown bears can be fast runners despite their size, capable of speeds of up to 56 km/h (35 mph)
A Eurasian Brown Bear running. The Eurasian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos arctos) is a Subspecies of the Brown bear ( Ursus arctos) and found across northern Eurasia. Brown bears can be fast runners despite their size, capable of speeds of up to 56 km/h (35 mph)

Brown bears have furry coats in shades of blonde, brown, black, or a combination of those colors. The longer outer guard hairs of the brown bear are often tipped with white or silver, giving a "grizzled" appearance. Their tail is 4-5 inches long. [2] Like all bears, brown bears are plantigrades and can stand up on their hind legs for extended periods of time. In Mammals, plantigrade locomotion means walking with the podials and Metatarsals flat on the ground Brown bears have a large hump of muscle over their shoulders which distinguishes them from other species. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the [3] Brown bears are very powerful, even if considered pound for pound; a large specimen can break a neck or spine of a fully grown buffalo with a single blow. The forearms end in massive paws with claws up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length which are mainly used for digging. Brown bear claws are not retractable, and have relatively blunt points. Their heads are large and round with a concave facial profile, a characteristic used to distinguish them from other bears. Males are 38-50% larger than females. [2] The normal range of physical dimensions for a brown bear is a head-and-body length of 1. 7 to 2. 8 m (5. 6 to 9. 2 feet) and a shoulder height 90 to 150 cm (35 to 60 inches). The smallest subspecies is the Eurasian Brown Bear with mature females weighing as little as 90 kg (200 lb). The Eurasian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos arctos) is a Subspecies of the Brown bear ( Ursus arctos) and found across northern Eurasia. [4] Barely larger, Grizzly Bears from the Yukon region (which are a third smaller than most grizzlies) can weigh as little as 100 kg (220 lb) in the spring[5] and the Syrian Brown Bear, with mature females weighing as little as 150 kg (331 lb). The Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis, also known as the Silvertip Bear, is a Subspecies of Brown bear (Ursus arctos that lives Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. The Syrian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos syriacus) is the smallest Subspecies of Brown Bear. The largest subspecies of the brown bear are the Kodiak bear, Siberian Brown Bear, and the bears from coastal Russia and Alaska. The Kodiak bear ( Ursus arctos middendorffi) also known as the Alaskan brown bear, is a large subspecies of Brown Bear that occupies the islands of The Siberian brown bear (Ursus arctos collaris is a subspecies of Brown bear (Ursus arctos found in most of Siberia and in northern Mongolia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent It is not unusual for large male Kodiak Bears to stand over 3 m (10 feet) while on their hind legs and to weigh about 680 kg (1,500 lb). The largest wild Kodiak bear on record weighed over 1,100 kilograms (2,500 pounds). [2]. Bears raised in zoos are often heavier than wild bears because of regular feeding and limited movement. In zoos, bears may weigh up to 900 kilograms (2,000 pounds), one example being "Goliath" from New Jersey's Space Farms Zoo and Museum. Space Farms Zoo and Museum is a combination of a natural environment for animals and a historical museum located at 218 Route 519, in Sussex in Sussex County Size seems related to food availability, with subspecies distinctions being more related to nutrition rather than geographical location. [6] In spite of their size, some brown bears have been clocked at speeds in excess of 56 km/h (35 mph).

Distribution and habitat

Brown Bear at Brooks Falls
Brown Bear at Brooks Falls

There are about 200,000 brown bears in the world. The largest populations are in Russia, with 120,000, the United States with 32,500, and Canada with 21,750. 95% of the brown bear population in the United States is in Alaska, though in the West they are repopulating slowly but steadily along the Rockies and plains. Although many hold on to the belief that some brown bears may be present in Mexico and the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, both are almost certainly extinct. The last Mexican brown bear was shot in 1960. In Europe, there are 14,000 brown bears in ten separate fragmented populations, from Spain in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Scandinavia in the north to Romania and Bulgaria in the south. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian They are extinct in the British Isles, extremely threatened in France and Spain, and in trouble over most of Central Europe. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The brown bear is Finland's national animal. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Carpathian brown bear population is the largest in Europe outside Russia, estimated at 4,500 to 5,000 bears.

Brown bears were once native to Asia, the Atlas Mountains in Africa, Europe and North America,[7] but are now extinct in some areas and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. The Atlas Mountains ( Kabyle: Idurar n leṭles جبال الأطلس) is a Mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2400 In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. They prefer semi-open country, usually in mountainous areas.

Brown bears live in Alaska, east through the Yukon and Northwest Territories, south through British Columbia and through the western half of Alberta. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Isolated populations exist in northwestern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana, and northwestern Wyoming. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States.

The population of brown bears in the Pyrenees mountain range between France and Spain is so low, estimated at fourteen to eighteen with a shortage of females, that bears, mostly female, from Slovenia were released in the spring of 2006 to alleviate the imbalance and preserve the species' presence in the area, despite protests from French farmers. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west

In Arctic areas, the potential habitat of the brown bear is increasing. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. The warming of that region has allowed the species to move farther and farther north into what was once exclusively the domain of the polar bear. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas In non-Arctic areas, habitat loss is blamed as the leading cause of endangerment, followed by hunting.

North American brown bears seem to prefer open landscapes, whereas in Eurasia they inhabit mostly dense forests. It is thought that the Eurasian bears which colonized America were tundra adapted, something indicated by brown bears in the Chukotka Peninsula on the Asian side of Bering Strait, which are the only Asian brown bears to live year-round in lowland tundra like their American cousins. The Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotski Peninsula or Chukotsk Peninsula ( Russian: Чукотский полуостров at about 66° N 172° W is the northeastern [8]

Brown bear in prehistory

North America

The brown bear has existed in North America since at least the most recent ice age, though it is thought that the larger, taller, and stronger giant short-faced bear or bulldog bear was the dominant carnivore at the time. Arctodus simus, also known as the giant short-faced bear is an extinct species of Bear. The giant short-faced bear was a tall, thin animal adapted to eating large mammals, whereas the grizzly or brown bear has teeth appropriate for its omnivorous diet. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary The brown bear also shared North America with the American lion and Smilodon, carnivorous competitors. The American lion (Panthera leo atrox also known as the North American lion, American Cave lion,or Panthera is an Extinct Smilodon (ˈsmаɪləˌdɒn sometimes called saber-toothed tiger, is an extinct Genus of large machairodontine Saber-toothed The modern grizzly can eat plants, insects, carrion, and small and large animals. The American lion, Smilodon, and giant short-faced bear had a more limited range of food, making them vulnerable to starvation as the supply of available large mammals decreased, possibly due to hunting by humans.

The time of the Arctodus extinction is about the same as that of the long-horned Bison and other megafauna. Arctodus simus, also known as the giant short-faced bear is an extinct species of Bear. The Steppe Bison or steppe wisent ( Bison priscus) was a Bison found on Steppes throughout Europe, Central Asia, Megafauna are species of large Animals ( Greek μεγας large + modern Latin fauna animal Both of these animals were replaced by Eurasian immigrants, specifically the Brown Bear and American Bison. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. Since this was also about the same time as the Clovis tool kit hunting culture appeared in North America, with culturally advanced humans entering the Americas from Asia, the implication is that the brown bear was better adapted to human competition than the megafauna, presumably due to a long term coexistence in the Old World with people.

The extinction of ice-age herbivorous megafauna resulted in the extinction of the sabertooth, American lion, and giant short-faced bear, leaving the brown bear as the major large predator in North America, with the gray wolf, the jaguar in the south, the American black bear, and cougar also competing for large prey. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of The American Black Bear ( Ursus americanus) is the most common Bear Species native to North America. The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family The origin of human presence in America is widely accepted to have occurred across the Bering Land Bridge with the largest known immigration being that of the Paleo Indians at about the last ice age, bringing with them the Clovis point and advanced hunting techniques (see: Migration to the New World). The Bering land bridge was a Land bridge roughly 1000 miles (1600 km north to south at its greatest extent which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia Paleo-Indians or Paleo-Americans were the ancient peoples of the Americas who were present at the end of the last Ice Age. Clovis points are the diagnostic Projectile point associated with the North American Clovis culture. There are several popular models of migration to the New World proposed by the anthropological community When the last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago, brown bears from farther south in North America slowly expanded their range northward and back up into Alaska. Today there are three genetically distinct grizzly bear clades in North America: the Alaskan-Yukon Grizzly, the Alberta-Saskatchewan lineage, and those found in the Washington-Idaho-Montana-Wyoming area. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276

Eurasia

In Europe, the brown bear shared its habitat with other predators such as the Cave lion, Cave hyena and the larger, closely related Cave bear, which the brown bear ultimately outlasted. The cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea also known as the European or Eurasian cave lion, is an Extinct Subspecies of Lion The Cave Hyena ( Crocuta crocuta spelaea) is an extinct Subspecies of Spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta) native to Eurasia, ranging The Cave Bear ( Ursus spelaeus) was a Species of Bear which lived in Europe during the Pleistocene and became extinct at The cave bear was hunted by Neanderthals who may have had a religion relating to this bear, the Cave Bear Cult, but the Neanderthal population was too small for their consumption of cave bear to result in the species' extinction, and the cave bear outlasted the Neanderthals by 18,000 years, becoming extinct about 10,000 years ago. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from The cave bear and brown bear diets were similar, and the two species probably lived in the same area at the same time. Why the cave bear died out is not known.

Behavior

The brown bear is primarily nocturnal and, in the summer, puts on up to 180 kg (400 pounds) of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes very lethargic. As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Although they are not full hibernators, and can be woken easily, both sexes like to den in a protected spot such as a cave, crevice, or hollow log during the winter months. For the ability of certain operating systems see Hibernate (OS feature Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter Brown bear are mostly solitary, although they may gather in large numbers at major food sources and form social hierarchies based on age and size. [9]

Reproduction

Female Cantabrian brown bear and cubs. With kind permission of Fapas (Conservation NGO - Foundation for the Protection of Wild Animals)
Female Cantabrian brown bear and cubs. The Cantabrian brown bear s are a group of Eurasian brown bears ( Ursus actos arctos) living in the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain. With kind permission of Fapas (Conservation NGO - Foundation for the Protection of Wild Animals)

The mating season takes place from late May through early July. Being serially monogamous, brown bears will remain with the same mate from several days to a couple of weeks. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. Females become sexually mature between the age of 5 and 7 years, while males will usually not mate until a few years later when they are large and strong enough to successfully compete with other males for mating rights. Through the process of delayed implantation, a female's fertilized egg will divide and float free within the uterus for six months. Embryonic diapause or Delayed implantation is a reproductive strategy used by close to 100 different Mammals in seven different orders. During winter dormancy, the fetus will attach itself to the uterine wall and the cubs will be born after an eight-week period while the mother sleeps. Should the mother not gain enough weight to survive through the winter, the embryo will not implant and be reabsorbed into the body. The average litter number is between one and four, with two being the most common number, though there have been cases of bears with five cubs, though it is not unusual for females to adopt strange cubs. The size of a litter depends on a number of factors such as the age of the mother, geographic location and food supply. Older females tend to give birth to larger litters. The cubs are blind, toothless, hairless and weigh less than 1 pound at birth. They feed on their mother’s milk until spring and as late as early summer depending on climate conditions. The cubs, which will weigh from 15 to 20 pounds at this time, will have developed enough to follow her and begin to forage for solid food. Cubs will remain with their mother from two to four years, during which time they will learn survival techniques such as which foods have the highest nutritional values and where to attain them, how to hunt, how to fish, how to defend themselves and where to den. The cubs learn by following and imitating their mother’s actions during the period they are with her. [10] Brown bears practice infanticide. In Animals infanticide involves the Killing of young Offspring by a mature animal of its own Species, and is studied in Zoology [11] An adult male bear will kill the cubs of another bear to make the female sexually receptive. Cubs will flee up a tree when they sight a strange male bear.

Dietary habits

Brown bear feeding on salmon
Brown bear feeding on salmon

They are omnivores and feed on a variety of plant products, including berries, roots, and sprouts, fungi as well as meat products such as fish, insects, and small mammals. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. Shoots are new plant growth they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds leaves A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Despite their reputation, most brown bears are not particularly carnivorous as they derive up to 90% of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. [2] Their jaw structure has evolved to fit their dietary habits. Their diet varies enormously throughout their differing ranges. For example, bears in Yellowstone eat an enormous number of moths during the summer, sometimes as many as 40,000 in a day,[3] and may derive up to a third of their food energy from these insects. A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. [4] Locally, in areas of Russia and Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, and the nutrition and abundance of this food accounts for the enormous size of the bears from these areas. Brown bears also occasionally prey on deer (Odocoeilus spp. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. ; Dama spp. Dama ( داما) is a village in southern Syria, in As Suwaydā' Governorate. , Capreolus spp. The European Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) is a Deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions ), Red Deer (Cervus elaphus or American elk), Moose (Alces alces), Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and Bison (Bison bison spp. The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. This is an article about an animal For other uses see Bison (disambiguation. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. , Bison bonasus). The wisent (ˈviːzənt or European bison ( Bison bonasus) is a Bison Species and the heaviest surviving land animal in Europe When brown bears attack these animals, they tend to choose the young ones since they are much easier to catch. When hunting, the brown bear uses its sharp canine teeth for neck-biting its prey. They also feed on carrion and will use their size to intimidate other predators such as wolves, cougars, black bears and tigers from their kills. Carrion (from the Latin caro, meaning meat refers to the carcass of a dead animal The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus

Interspecific predatory relationships

Brown bears will often use their large size to intimidate wolves from their kills. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora In Yellowstone National Park, brown bears pirate wolf kills so often that Yellowstone’s Wolf Project Director Doug Smith once wrote: "It’s not a matter of if the bears will come calling after a kill, but when. " Though conflict over carcasses is common, the two predators will on some rare occasions tolerate each other on the same kill. Both species will prey on each others cubs, given the opportunity. [12]

Reconstruction of a brown bear confronting a wolf pack by Olaus Murie, from The Wolves of Mount McKinley, Ch. 6, Grizzly Bears,[1] by Adolph Murie (1944)
Reconstruction of a brown bear confronting a wolf pack by Olaus Murie, from The Wolves of Mount McKinley, Ch. Olaus Murie ( March 1, 1889 &ndash October 21, 1963) called the "father of modern elk management" was a naturalist author and wildlife 6, Grizzly Bears,[1] by Adolph Murie (1944)

Adult bears are generally immune from predatory attacks from anything other than another bear, however, in the Russian Far East brown bears, along with smaller Asiatic black bears constitute 5-8% of the diet of Siberian tigers. Adolph Murie (1899-1974 the first scientist to study wolves in their natural habitat was a naturalist author and wildlife biologist who pioneered field research on wolves bears and Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i The Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) also known as the Amur tiger, Manchurian tiger, or Ussuri tiger, is a rare Subspecies [13] In particular, the brown bear's input is estimated as 1-1,5%. [14] However, for the tiger, even bears of the same size are a force to be reckoned with when confronted head on. Scientists also report incidents when tigers were killed and eaten by brown bears. There is an opinion that the brown bear/tiger conflict can eliminate the weakest animals from both populations. [14] Some bears emerging from hibernation will seek out tigers in order to steal their kills. Tigers will usually stand their ground and defend their kills, unless the bear is a large male. [15]

Brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. Due to their smaller size, American black bears are at a competitive disadvantage over brown bears in open, non-forested areas. The American Black Bear ( Ursus americanus) is the most common Bear Species native to North America. Although displacement of black bears by brown bears has been documented, actual interspecific killing of black bears by brown bears has only occasionally been reported. The diurnal black bear's habit of living in heavily forested areas as opposed to the largely nocturnal brown bear's preference for open spaces usually ensures that the two species avoid confrontations in areas where they are sympatric. [16] There has been a recent increase in interactions between brown bears and polar bears, theorized to be caused by global warming. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Brown bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears. Brown bears tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses[17], and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens. [18] Giant Panda cubs have also been reportedly eaten by brown bears. The Giant Panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca, "black-and-white cat-foot" is a Mammal classified in the Bear family ( Ursidae) native to [2]

Habituation to human areas

Front paw imprint.
Front paw imprint.

Bears become attracted to human created food sources such as garbage dumps, litter bins, and dumpsters; and venture into human dwellings or barns in search of food as humans encroach into bear habitat. In the U. S. , bears sometimes kill and eat farm animals. When bears come to associate human activity with a "food reward", a bear is likely to continue to become emboldened and the likeliness of human-bear encounters increases, as they may return to the same location despite relocation. The saying, "a fed bear is a dead bear," has come into use to popularize the idea that allowing bears to scavenge human garbage, such as trash cans and campers' backpacks, pet food, or other food sources that draw the bear into contact with humans can result in a bear's death.

Relocation has been used to separate the bear from the human environment, but it does not address the problem bear's newly learned humans-as-food-source behavior. Nor does it address the environmental situations which created the human habituated bear. "Placing a bear in habitat used by other bears may lead to competition and social conflict, and result in the injury or death of the less dominant bear. "[19]

Yellowstone National Park, an enormous reserve located in the Western United States, contains prime habitat for the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), but due to the enormous number of visitors, human-bear encounters are common. The scenic beauty of the area has led to an influx of people moving into the area. In addition, because there are so many bear relocations to the same remote areas of Yellowstone, and because male bears tend to dominate the center of the relocation zone, female bears tend to be pushed to the boundaries of the region and beyond. The result is that a large proportion of repeat offenders, bears that are killed for public safety, are females. This creates a further depressive effect on an already endangered species. The grizzly bear is officially described as threatened in the U. S. Though the problem is most significant with regard to grizzlies, these issues affect the other types of brown bear as well.

In Europe, part of the problem lies with shepherds; over the past two centuries, many sheep and goat herders have gradually abandoned the more traditional practice of using dogs to guard flocks, which have concurrently grown larger. A shepherd is a person who tends to feeds or guards Sheep, especially in flocks The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order Typically they allow the herds to graze freely over sizeable tracts of land. As bears reclaim parts of their range, they may eat livestock. The shepherd is forced to shoot the bear to protect his livelihood.

Subspecies

Syrian Brown Bear in Jerusalem Biblical Zoo
Syrian Brown Bear in Jerusalem Biblical Zoo

There is little agreement on classification of brown bears. The Syrian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos syriacus) is the smallest Subspecies of Brown Bear. The Tisch Family Zoological Gardens in Jerusalem - The Biblical Zoo, (גן החיות התנ"כי حديقة Some systems have proposed as many as 90 sub-species while recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five clades. [20] DNA analysis has recently revealed that the identified subspecies of brown bears, both Eurasian and North American, are genetically quite homogeneous, and that their genetic phylogeography does not correspond to their traditional taxonomy. Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals [21] The subspecies of brown bears have been listed as follows: one of which (called clade I by Waits, et al. , part of the subspecies identified as U. a. sitkensis, by Hall and U. a. dalli by Kurtén) appears to be more closely related to the polar bear than to other brown bears. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas [21]

Hybrids

Polar/Brown Bear Hybrid, Rothschild Museum, Tring
Polar/Brown Bear Hybrid, Rothschild Museum, Tring

A grizzly–polar bear hybrid is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a union of a brown bear and a polar bear. The Tibetan Bear or Tibetan Blue Bear ( Ursus arctos pruinosus) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) found in the eastern The Syrian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos syriacus) is the smallest Subspecies of Brown Bear. A Grizzly–polar bear hybrid is a rare Ursid hybrid that has occurred both An ursid hybrid is an animal with parents from two different Species or Subspecies of the Ursidae ( Bear) family. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid in nature was confirmed by testing the DNA of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the Canadian arctic. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. [22] Previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and was considered a "cryptid" (a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild). Cryptozoology (from Greek κρυπτός kruptos, "hidden" + Zoology; literally "study of hidden animals" is the study of and search

Legal status

Bear encounters

There are an average of two fatal attacks a year in North America. [24] In Scandinavia, there are only four known cases during the last 100 years in which humans were killed by bears. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The two most common causes for bear attack are surprise and curiosity. [25] Some types of bears, such as polar bears, are more likely to attack humans when searching for food, while American black bears are much less likely to attack. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas The American Black Bear ( Ursus americanus) is the most common Bear Species native to North America.

The Alaska Science Center ranks the following as the most likely reasons for bear attacks:[25]

History of bear defense

Because of the unreliability of pepper spray, guns have been the preferred method of defense from bears. [26] Too often people do not carry a proper caliber weapon to neutralize the bear. According to the Alaska Science Center, a 12 gauge shotgun with slugs has been the most effective weapon. The Gauge or bore of a Shotgun or Rifle is a unit of measurement used to express the Diameter of the barrel. A shotgun (also known as a scattergun) is a Firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number For other meanings see Slug (disambiguation A slug is a term used for a solid ballistic projectile There have been fewer injuries as a result of only carrying lethal loads in the shotgun, as opposed to deterrent rounds. State of Alaska Defense of Life or Property (DLP) laws require you to report the kill to authorities, and salvage the hide, skull and claws. [27]

If a bear is killed near camp the bear’s carcass must be adequately disposed of, including entrails and blood if possible. Failure to move the carcass has often resulted in it attracting other bears and further exacerbating a bad situation. [26]

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Bear Specialist Group (1996). Ursus arctos. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
  2. ^ a b c d Brown, Gary (1996). Great Bear Almanac, pp. 340. ISBN 1558214747.  
  3. ^ Learn to Identify Black Bears and Grizzly (Brown) Bears
  4. ^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0851122359
  5. ^ The Bear Facts - Types of bears in the Yukon
  6. ^ Macdonald, David (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals: 1, pp. 446. ISBN 0-04-500028-x.  
  7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4003325.stm.
  8. ^ Brown Bear Hunting in Russia
  9. ^ Animal Diversity Web - Ursus arctos
  10. ^ Brown Bear Reproduction
  11. ^ Mating Strategies in Relation to Sexually Selected Infanticide in a Non-Social Carnivore: the Brown Bear
  12. ^ http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/iwmag/2006/spring/personalencounter.pdf
  13. ^ Vratislav Mazak: Der Tiger. Nachdruck der 3. Auflage von 1983. Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben, 2004 ISBN 3 894327596http
  14. ^ a b Seryodkin, Ivan (2006). The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin (in Russian) pp. 1-252. Far Eastern National University, Vladivostok, Russia.
  15. ^ Matthiessen, Peter; Hornocker, Maurice (2001). Tigers In The Snow. North Point Press. ISBN 0865475962.  
  16. ^ Notes
  17. ^ adn.com | front : Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope
  18. ^ ABC News: Grizzlies Encroaching on Polar Bear Country
  19. ^ http://www.bearsmart.com/managingBears/Relocation.html.
  20. ^ U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (November 17, 2006). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designating the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Population of Grizzly Bears as a Distinct Population Segment; Removing the Yellowstone Distinct Population Segment of Grizzly Bears From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 69854-69884. Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 221. Retrieved on August 1, 2006.
  21. ^ a b Lisette P. Waits, Sandra L. Talbot, R. H. Ward and G. F. Shields (April 1998). Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography of the North American Brown Bear and Implications for Conservation 408-417. Conservation Biology. Retrieved on August 1, 2006.
  22. ^ "Wild find: Half grizzly, half polar bear: Hunter bags what expert 'never thought would happen' in wild", MSNBC. MSN. com, May 11, 2006. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-05-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the  
  23. ^ Wilson, Don E. , and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. . Ursus arctos californicus. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved on April 1, 2008.
  24. ^ Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance, Stephen Herrero, revised edition, 2002.
  25. ^ a b WTom S. Smith, Ph. D. and Steven Herrero, Ph. D. . Ursus arctos californicus. Alaska Science Center - Biological Science Office. Retrieved on April 12, 2008.
  26. ^ a b Smith, Tom S. . Brown Bear Projects at the Alaska Science Center. Alaska Science Center - Biological Science Office. Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  27. ^ Alaska State Troopers Press Release of Monday, November 19, 2007 (Case Number: 07-96958). Alaska Department of Public Safety (2007-11-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks


Dictionary

brown bear

-noun

  1. a species of bears native to northern America, Europe and Asia having brownish fur (Ursus arctos)
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