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| Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) |
The brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, (sometimes called the eastern brook trout) is a species of fish in the Salvelinus/char family of order Salmoniformes. Samuel Latham Mitchill ( August 20, 1764 &ndash September 7, 1831) was an American Physician, naturalist and Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Salvelinus is a Genus of salmonid Fish, often called char or charr; many of the fish called " Trouts quot also In Biological classification, family ( Latin This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Salmonidae is a family of Ray-finned fish, the only living family of the order Salmoniformes. In many parts of its range, it is known as the speckled trout. A potamodromous population in Lake Superior are known as coaster trout or, simply, as coasters. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Though commonly called a trout, the brook trout is actually a char, along with lake trout, bull trout, Dolly Varden and the Arctic char. Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Salvelinus is a Genus of salmonid Fish, often called char or charr; many of the fish called " Trouts quot also Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) is a freshwater char living mainly in Lakes in northern North America. For the other subspecies see Southern Dolly Varden and Salvelinus malma miyabei. Arctic char or Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus) is both a Freshwater and saltwater Fish in the Salmonidae family
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Habits and range
The brook trout is native to small streams, creeks, lakes, and spring ponds. Some brook trout are anadromous. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers It is native to a wide area of eastern North America but increasingly confined to higher elevations southward in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, Canada from the Hudson Bay basin east, the Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence system, and the upper Mississippi River drainage as far west as eastern Iowa. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. [1]
pH range: 4. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. 8+ Unusual pH recordings: 3. 5, 9. 8[2]. Length 10 to 6 inches. Weight 11 ounces to 6 pounds.
Description
Coloration: green to brown basic colouration with a distinctive marbled pattern (called vermiculations) of lighter shades across the flanks and back and extending at least to the dorsal fin, and often to the tail. A dorsal fin is a Fin located on the backs of some Fishes Whales Dolphins and Porpoises as well as the (extinct There is a distinctive sprinkling of red dots, surrounded by blue haloes, along the flank. The belly and lower fins are reddish in colour, the latter with white leading edges. Often the belly, particularly of the males, becomes very red or orange when the fish are spawning. The species reaches a maximum recorded length of 86 cm (33 in) and a maximum recorded weight of 9. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 4 kg (14 lb). The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass It can reach at least seven years of age, with reports of 15-year-old specimens observed in California habitats to which the species has been introduced. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.
Environmental requirements
S. fontinalis prefers cool, clear waters of high purity and a narrow pH range in lakes, rivers, and streams, being sensitive to poor oxygenation, pollution, and changes in pH caused by environmental effects such as acid rain. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure Its diverse diet includes crustaceans, frogs and other amphibians, insects, molluscs, smaller fish, and even small aquatic mammals such as voles, worms and flys . Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 A vole is a small Rodent resembling a Mouse but with a stouter body a shorter hairy tail a slightly rounder head and smaller ears and eyes It provides food for seabirds and suffers attack by lampreys. Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eel) is a Jawless fish with a toothed funnel-like sucking mouth The brook trout is a short-lived species, rarely surviving beyond four or five years in the wild.
Individuals normally spend their entire life in fresh water, but some — colloquially called "salters" or "sea run" — may spend up to 100 months at sea in the spring, not straying more than a few kilometres from the river mouth. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The fish return upstream to spawn in the late summer or autumn. The female constructs a depression in a location in the stream bed, sometimes referred to as a "redd", where groundwater percolates upward through the gravel. A stream bed is the channel bottom of a Stream or River or creek the physical confine of the normal water flow Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations One or more males approaches the female, fertilising the eggs as the female expresses them. The eggs are slightly more dense than water. The female then buries the eggs in a small gravel mound. The eggs hatch in approximately 100 days.
A potamodromous population of brook trout native to Lake Superior, which run into inflowing rivers to spawn, are called "coasters". Coasters tend to be larger than most other populations of brook trout, often reaching 2 to 3 kg in size. Many coaster populations have been severely damaged by overfishing and by habitat alterations, especially by the construction of hydro-electric power dams, on their inflowing streams. Overfishing occurs when Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water In Ontario and Michigan, efforts are under way to restore and recover coaster populations. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America.
Angling and commercial use
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The brook trout is a popular game fish with anglers, particularly fly fishermen. Fly fishing is a distinct and ancient Angling method most renowned as a method for catching Trout and Salmon, but employed today for a wide variety of The bluefish ( Pomatomus saltatrix) called tailor in Australia, is a species of popular marine game- Fish found in all climates The brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, (sometimes called the eastern brook trout, Adirondack coaster lake trout) is a Species of Fish "Calico Bass" redirects here For the marine fish see Kelp Bass. The taimen ( Hucho taimen) also known as Siberian taimen and Siberian salmon, is a Species of Fish in the Salmon The largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides) is a Species of Fish in the sunfish family. The northern pike (known as the pike in Britain Esox lucius, is a Species of carnivorous Fish of the genus Esox (the pikes Peacock bass is the common name in English for several Species of Tropical, Freshwater fish of the Genus Cichla The shoal bass ( Micropterus cataractae) is a Species of Freshwater Fish in the sunfish family ( Centrarchidae) of The smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieui) is a Species of Freshwater Fish in the sunfish family ( Centrarchidae) The American shad or Atlantic shad, Alosa sapidissima, is a Species of Anadromous Fish in family Clupeidae For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Artificial fly is an Angling term closely associated with the sport of Fly fishing although artificial flies may be used in other forms of angling For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Fly fishing is a distinct and ancient Angling method most renowned as a method for catching Trout and Salmon, but employed today for a wide variety of Today, many anglers practice catch-and-release tactics to preserve remaining brook trout populations, and organizations such as Trout Unlimited have been in the forefront of efforts to institute air and water quality standards sufficient to protect the brook trout. Catch and release is a practice within Recreational Fishing intended as a technique of conservation. Trout Unlimited is an international Non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of freshwater Streams, Rivers, and associated Revenues derived from the sale of fishing licenses have been used to restore many sections of creeks and streams to brook trout habitat. Brook trout are also commercially raised in large numbers for food production, being sold for human consumption in both fresh and smoked forms. Because of its dependence on pure water and a variety of aquatic and insect life forms, the brook trout is also used for scientific experimentation in assessing the effects of pollution.
Partially as a result of its popularity as a game fish, the brook trout has been introduced in some areas to which it was not originally native, and has become established widely throughout the world. Game fish are Fish pursued for Sport by recreational Anglers. An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an Organism that is not indigenous to a given location but In some parts of the world, the brook trout has had a harmful effect on native species, and is a potential pest.
Hybrids
Brook trout can sometimes hybridise with other species and both natural and artificial hybrids are known. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa.
One such intergeneric hybrid, between the brook trout and the brown trout (genus Salmo) is the tiger trout. The brown trout ( Salmo trutta morpha fario and S trutta morpha lacustris) and the sea trout ( S See Salmo British Columbia for the Canadian village of the same name The tiger trout ( Salmo trutta X Salvelinus fontinalis) is a sterile Intergeneric hybrid of the Brown trout ( Salmo trutta) and the Tiger trout occur very rarely naturally but are sometimes artificially propagated. For the third season episode of Star Trek Enterprise, see " Hatchery (Star Trek Enterprise " Such crosses are almost always reproductively sterile. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception.
A less frequent natural hybrid is the splake, a hybrid between the brook trout and lake trout. The splake ( Salvelinus namaycush X Salvelinus fontinalis) is a hybrid of two fish species resulting from the crossing of a male Brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis Although uncommon in nature, some jurisdictions artificially propagate splake in substantial numbers for planting into brook trout or lake trout habitats. An example would be in Ontario, where both F1 splake and a fish known as the lake trout backcross have been planted for several years. F1 hybrid is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial Generation seeds/plants or animal [4] The backcross is the result of an F1 splake male being crossed with a female lake trout (i. e. , 75% lake tout and 25% brook trout).
Although splake were first described in 1880, Ontario began experimenting with the hybrids in the 1960s in an effort to replace collapsed lake trout stocks in the Great Lakes. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Due to mediocre results, the experiment never really progressed beyond Georgian Bay. Georgian Bay (French baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron, located in Ontario, Canada. The theory was that splake would grow more quickly and mature sooner than lake trout with the hope that they would be able to reproduce before being attacked by the invasive sea lamprey. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions The sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus) is a Parasitic Lamprey (a kind of Jawless fish) found on the Atlantic coasts of Unfortunately, although splake are relatively unusual among hybrids in that they are fertile, fertility in nature is behaviourally problematic — very few natural progeny are produced by introduced splake populations.
After some experimentation in the late 1970s, stocking in the Great Lakes and, especially, in Georgian Bay, was converted entirely to the so-called lake trout backcross in the early 1980s. Although the backcross program did succeed in creating some localised angling opportunities, it never achieved any degree of success in terms of natural reproduction — the backcross was only marginally better at reproducing than was the F1 splake. The F1 splake has proved to be a success, however, in providing angling opportunities in smaller lakes and most of the planting of splake in Ontario now goes to those situations. There are two general cases. In the first case, former brook trout waters which have become infested with spiny-rayed fish to the point where they no longer produce brook trout are stocked with splake. The splake grow more quickly than do wild-strain brook trout and become piscivorous at a younger age and, hence, are more tolerant of competitors than are brook trout. A Piscivore is a carnivorous animal which lives on eating Fish. In the second case, relatively small lake trout lakes that experienced poor recruitment due to insufficient deep-water juvenile lake trout habitat will support fairly good splake fisheries since splake are less dependent on extreme deep water than are the lake trout and they grow more quickly, providing a better return to anglers. Recruitment refers to the process of sourcing screening and selecting people for a job at an Organization or firm or for a vacancy in a volunteer-based organization In both cases, due to the behavioural sterility of splake, all such fisheries are entirely dependent on artificial propagation.
Human-caused habitat destruction
Brook-trout populations depend on cold, clear, well-oxygenated water of high purity. As early as the late 19th century, native brook trout in North America became extirpated from many watercourses as land development, forest clear-cutting, and industrialization took hold. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Local extinction is where a Species (or other Taxon) ceases to exist in the chosen area of study but still exists elsewhere Streams and creeks that were polluted, dammed, or silted up often became too warm to hold native brook trout, and were colonized by transplanted smallmouth bass and perch or other introduced salmonids such as brown and rainbow trout. The smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieui) is a Species of Freshwater Fish in the sunfish family ( Centrarchidae) Perca is the genus of fish referred to as perch or sometimes yellow perch, a group of freshwater Fish belonging to the family Percidae The brown trout ( Salmo trutta morpha fario and S trutta morpha lacustris) and the sea trout ( S The rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of Salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America The brown trout, a species not native to North America, has replaced the brook trout in much of the brook trout's native water. Brook trout populations, if already stressed by overharvest or by temperature, are very susceptible to damage by the introduction of exogenous species. Many lacustrine populations of brook trout have been extirpated by the introduction of other species, particularly percids but sometimes other spiny-rayed fishes. The Percidae are a family of Perciform fish found in fresh and Brackish waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, include about 40% of all bony Fish and are the largest order of vertebrates.
In addition to chemical pollution and algae growth caused by runoff containing chemicals and fertilizers, air pollution has also been a significant factor in the disappearance of brook trout from their native habitats. In the United States, acid rain caused by air pollution has resulted in pH levels too low to sustain brook trout in all but the highest headwaters of some Appalachian streams and creeks. [5]. Brook trout populations across large parts of eastern Canada have been similarly challenged; a subspecies known as the aurora trout was extirpated from the wild by the effects of acid rain. The aurora trout, Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis, is a subspecies of the Brook trout.
Today, in many parts of the range, efforts are underway to restore brook trout to those waters that once held native populations, stocking other trout species only in habitats that can no longer be recovered sufficiently to sustain brook trout populations.
Trivia
- The specific epithet fontinalis derives from the Latin fontīnālis (of or from a spring or fountain). In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
State fish
- The brook trout is the state fish of New Hampshire,Michigan, Virginia, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. This is a list of official and *unofficial US state fish:The only states lacking a state fish as of 2008 are Arkansas Indiana Kansas and Ohio New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by
References
- ^ Trout Science: "Science of Trout"
- ^ [1]
- ^ Gill, Theodore; Goode, G. Brown (1903). American Fishes-A Popular Treatise upon the Game and Food Fishes of North America. Boston: L. C. Page and Company.
- ^ http://publicdocs.mnr.gov.on.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=12760&Attachment_ID=25089 F1 Splake: An Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review (pdf)
- ^ Camuto, Christopher, A Fly Fisherman's Blue Ridge, Henry Holt & Company (1990)
- Salvelinus fontinalis (TSN 162003). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS) is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the Taxonomy of biological Species Retrieved on 30 January 2006. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- "Salvelinus fontinalis". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2005 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2005.
- Camuto, Christopher, A Fly Fisherman's Blue Ridge, Henry Holt & Company (1990)
and New Hampshire
See also
- Aurora trout - A subspecies of Brook trout
- Cuddebackville Dam
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