Lateral surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered.

Medial surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered.

A Brodmann area is a region of the cortex defined based on its cytoarchitecture, or organization of cells. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, Cytoarchitecture is the cellular composition of a bodily structure

Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by Korbinian Brodmann based on the organization of neurons he observed in the cortex using the Nissl stain. Korbinian Brodmann ( November 17, 1868 - August 22, 1918) was a German Neurologist who became famous for his definition Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information Franz Nissl ( September 9, 1860 &ndash August 11, 1919) was a German Neuropathologist. Staining is an auxiliary Technique used in Microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909, along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and laminar organization of the mammalian cortex. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, (The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate homologous areas. ) Although the Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century, they remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex. Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann's areas 1, 2 and 3 are the primary somatosensory cortex; area 4 is the primary motor cortex; area 17 is the primary visual cortex; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to primary auditory cortex. The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the Parietal lobe of the human Brain and an important landmark The primary motor cortex (or M1) works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or The primary auditory cortex is the region of the Brain that is responsible for processing of auditory ( Sound) information Higher order functions of the association cortical areas are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by neurophysiological, functional imaging, and other methods (e. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, Neurophysiology (from Greek grc νεῦρον neuron, "nerve" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI is a type of specialized MRI scan g. , the consistent localization of Broca's speech and language area to the left Brodmann areas 44 and 45). Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in Language processing, speech or sign production and comprehension

Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e. g. , "23a" and "23b". ^[1]

Brodmann areas for human & non-human primates

• Areas 1, 2 & 3 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)
• Area 4 - Primary Motor Cortex
• Area 5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex
• Area 6 - Pre-Motor and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)
• Area 7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex
• Area 8 - Includes Frontal eye fields
• Area 9 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Area 10 - Anterior prefrontal cortex (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
• Area 11 - Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)
• Area 12 - Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
• Area 13 and Area 14^* - Insular cortex
• Area 15^* - Anterior Temporal Lobe
• Area 17 - Primary visual cortex (V1)
• Area 18 - Secondary visual cortex (V2)
• Area 19 - Associative visual cortex (V3)
• Area 20 - Inferior temporal gyrus
• Area 21 - Middle temporal gyrus
• Area 22 - Superior temporal gyrus, of which the caudal part participates to Wernicke's area
• Area 23 - Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex
• Area 24 - Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex
• Area 25 - Subgenual cortex
• Area 26 - Ectosplenial area
• Area 27 - piriform area
• Area 28 - Posterior Entorhinal Cortex
• Area 29 - Retrosplenial cingular cortex
• Area 30 - Part of cingular cortex
• Area 31 - Dorsal Posterior cingular cortex
• Area 32 - Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
• Area 33 - Part of anterior cingulate cortex
• Area 34 - Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
• Area 35 - Perirhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
• Area 36 - Parahippocampal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
• Area 37 - Fusiform gyrus
• Area 38 - Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri)
• Area 39 - Angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area
• Area 40 - Supramarginal gyrus part of Wernicke's area
• Areas 41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex
• Area 43 - Subcentral area (between insula and post/precentral gyrus)
• Area 44 - pars opercularis, part of Broca's area
• Area 45 - pars triangularis Broca's area
• Area 46 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Area 47 - Inferior prefrontal gyrus
• Area 48 - Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
• Area 52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)

(*) Area only found in non-human primates. The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the Parietal lobe of the human Brain and an important landmark Brodmann area 4 comprises the Primary motor cortex of the human Brain. Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann 's Cytologically defined regions of the brain Human Brodmann area 6, or BA6 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. Brodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann 's Cytologically defined regions of the brain Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann 's Cytologically defined regions of the brain The frontal eye fields (FEF is a region located in the Premotor cortex, which is part of the frontal cortex of the primate Brain. Human Brodmann area 9, or BA9 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC is the last area (45th to develop ( myelinate) in the human cerebrum Brodmann area 10, or BA10 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. Brodmann area 10, or BA10 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. Brodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann 's Cytologically defined regions of the brain The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC is a region of association cortex of the Human brain involved in cognitive processes such as Decision-making. Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the Cerebral cortex of the Guenon defined on the basis of Cytoarchitecture. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC is a region of association cortex of the Human brain involved in cognitive processes such as Decision-making. Brodmann area 13 is a subdivision of the Cerebral cortex as defined on the Guenon monkey and on the basis of Cytoarchitecture. Brodmann's Area 14 is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the Cerebral cortex in the Brain. The insular cortex (abbrev insula) is a structure of the Human brain. Brodmann's Area 15 is one of Brodmann 's subdivisions of the Cerebral cortex in the Brain. The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or Human Brodmann area 18, or BA18 is part of the occipital cortex in the Human brain. The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or Human Brodmann area 19, or BA19 is part of the Occipital lobe cortex in the Human brain. The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or Human Brodmann area 20, or BA20 is part of the temporal cortex in the Human brain. The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the Middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the Inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral Human Brodmann area 21, or BA21 is part of the temporal cortex in the Human brain. Middle temporal gyrus is a Gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe Brodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann 's Cytologically defined regions of the brain The superior temporal gyrus is one of three (sometimes two gyri in the Temporal lobe of the human Brain. Wernicke's area is a part of the Human cerebrum that forms part of the cortex, on the posterior section of the Superior temporal gyrus, encircling the Brodmann area 23 (BA23 is a region in the Brain corresponding to some portion of the Posterior cingulate cortex. The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the Cingulate cortex, lying behind the Anterior cingulate cortex. Brodmann area 24 is part of the Anterior cingulate in the Human brain. The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC is the frontal part of the Cingulate cortex, which resembles a "collar" form around the Corpus callosum, the fibrous Brodmann area 25 (BA25 is an area in the Cerebral cortex of the Brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics Brodmann area 26 is the name for a small part of the Brain. Human In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a Rostral part of the Parahippocampal gyrus of the Guenon Guenon Brodmann area 28 is a subdivision of the Cerebral cortex of the Guenon defined on the basis of Cytoarchitecture. The entorhinal cortex (EC is an important Memory center in the Brain. Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the Retrosplenial region of the Cerebral Brodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Retrosplenial region of the Cerebral Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Cingulate region of the Cerebral The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the Cingulate cortex, lying behind the Anterior cingulate cortex. The Brodmann area 32, also known in the Human Brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC is the frontal part of the Cingulate cortex, which resembles a "collar" form around the Corpus callosum, the fibrous Brodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Cingulate region of Cerebral cortex. The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC is the frontal part of the Cingulate cortex, which resembles a "collar" form around the Corpus callosum, the fibrous This area is known as dorsal entorhinal area 34. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Hippocampal region of the human Cerebral cortex. The entorhinal cortex (EC is an important Memory center in the Brain. The parahippocampal gyrus (or hippocampal gyrus) is a Grey matter cortical region of the Brain that surrounds the Hippocampus. Brodmann area 35, together with Brodmann area 36, is most frequently referred to as Perirhinal cortex. Perirhinal cortex is a cortical region in the Medial temporal lobe that is made up of Brodmann areas 35 and 36. The parahippocampal gyrus (or hippocampal gyrus) is a Grey matter cortical region of the Brain that surrounds the Hippocampus. Ectorhinal area 36 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Temporal region of Cerebral cortex. The parahippocampal gyrus (or hippocampal gyrus) is a Grey matter cortical region of the Brain that surrounds the Hippocampus. The parahippocampal gyrus (or hippocampal gyrus) is a Grey matter cortical region of the Brain that surrounds the Hippocampus. Brodmann area 37, or BA37 is part of the temporal cortex in the Human brain. The fusiform gyrus is part of the Temporal lobe. It is also known as the (discontinuous occipitotemporal gyrus. Brodmann area 38, or BA38 is part of the temporal cortex in the Human brain. Brodmann area 39, or BA39 is part of the parietal[[cerebral cortex|cortex]] in the Human brain. The angular gyrus is a region of the Brain in the Parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the Temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the Wernicke's area is a part of the Human cerebrum that forms part of the cortex, on the posterior section of the Superior temporal gyrus, encircling the Brodmann area 40, or BA40 is part of the parietal[[cerebral cortex | cortex]] in the Human brain. Wernicke's area is a part of the Human cerebrum that forms part of the cortex, on the posterior section of the Superior temporal gyrus, encircling the The primary auditory cortex is the region of the Brain that is responsible for processing of auditory ( Sound) information Human In the human subcentral area 43 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined postcentral region of Cerebral cortex. Brodmann area 44, or BA44 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. In the Human brain the Pars opercularis (literally "the part that covers" is the part of the Inferior frontal gyrus that lies between the inferior Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in Language processing, speech or sign production and comprehension Brodmann area 45 ( BA45) is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. Pars triangularis (pt is a region of Broca's area in the left Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG of the frontal lobe in the Human brain mapping to Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in Language processing, speech or sign production and comprehension Brodmann area 46, or BA46 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC is the last area (45th to develop ( myelinate) in the human cerebrum Brodmann area 47, or BA47 is part of the frontal cortex in the Human brain. Retrosubicular area 48 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Hippocampal region of the Cerebral cortex. Parainsular area 52 (H is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined Temporal region of Cerebral cortex. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye

Criticism

When von Bonin and Bailey were to construct a brain map for the macaque monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote:

Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published^[2]

They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas published in 1925^[3] which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex". The macaques (məˈkæk constitute a genus ( Macaca, /məˈkækə/ of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. Constantin von Economo ( August 21 1876 - October 21 1931) one of the foremost brain scientists of the twentieth century was born Georg N Koskinas (1885-1975 was a Greek neurologist-psychiatrist

See also

• Brain
• Cortical area
• List of regions in the human brain

References

External links

• brodmann x func — Functional categorization of Brodmann areas.
• Brodmann, Mark Dubin pages on Brodmann areas.
• Brodmann areas of cortex involved in language